Hilbert–Schmidt operator

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In mathematics, a Hilbert–Schmidt operator, named for David Hilbert and Erhard Schmidt, is a bounded operator A on a Hilbert space H with finite Hilbert–Schmidt norm

\|A\|^2_{HS}={\rm Tr} (A^{{}^*}A) := \sum_{i \in I} \|Ae_i\|^2

where \|\ \| is the norm of H, \{e_i : i\in I\} an orthonormal basis of H, and Tr is the trace of a nonnegative self-adjoint operator.[1][2] Note that the index set need not be countable. This definition is independent of the choice of the basis, and therefore

\|A\|^2_{HS}=\sum_{i,j} |A_{i,j}|^2 = \|A\|^2_2

for A_{i,j}=\langle e_i, Ae_j \rangle and \|A\|_2 the Schatten norm of A for p=2. In Euclidean space \|\ \|_{HS} is also called Frobenius norm, named for Ferdinand Georg Frobenius.

The product of two Hilbert–Schmidt operators has finite trace class norm; therefore, if A and B are two Hilbert–Schmidt operators, the Hilbert–Schmidt inner product can be defined as

\langle A,B \rangle_\mathrm{HS} = \operatorname{Tr} (A^*B)
= \sum_{i} \langle Ae_i, Be_i \rangle.

The Hilbert–Schmidt operators form a two-sided *-ideal in the Banach algebra of bounded operators on H. They also form a Hilbert space, which can be shown to be naturally isometrically isomorphic to the tensor product of Hilbert spaces

H^* \otimes H, \,

where H* is the dual space of H.

The set of Hilbert–Schmidt operators is closed in the norm topology if, and only if, H is finite-dimensional.

An important class of examples is provided by Hilbert–Schmidt integral operators.

Hilbert–Schmidt operators are nuclear operators of order 2, and are therefore compact.

References

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