Hudson Valley
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Hudson Valley | |
Hudson River Valley | |
Region | |
Name origin: River valley for the Hudson River | |
Country | United States |
---|---|
State | New York |
Counties |
11
|
Cities and towns | 13 and 143 |
Area | 7,228 sq mi (18,720 km2) |
Population | 1,170,483 (2013) |
Density | 161.4 / sq mi (62 / km2) |
Timezone | EST (UTC−5) |
- summer (DST) | Eastern Daylight Time (UTC−4) |
Wikimedia Commons: Hudson Valley | |
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
The Hudson Valley comprises the valley of the Hudson River and its adjacent communities in the U.S. state of New York, from the cities of Albany and Troy southward to Yonkers in Westchester County.[1] Depending upon the definition delineating its boundaries, the Hudson Valley encompasses a growing metropolis which is home to between 3 and 3.5 million residents centered along the north-south axis of the Hudson River.
Contents
Geology and physiography
The Hudson River valley runs more or less north to south down the eastern edge of New York State, cutting through a series of rock types including Triassic sandstones and redbeds in the south and much more ancient Precambrian gneiss in the north (and east). In the Hudson Highlands, the river enters a fjord cut during previous ice ages. To the west lie the extensive Appalachian highlands. In the Tappan Zee region, the west side of the river has high cliffs produced by an erosion-resistant diabase; these cliffs range from 400–800 feet in height.[2]
The Hudson Valley is one physiographic section of the larger Ridge-and-Valley province, which in turn is part of the larger Appalachian physiographic division.[3] The northern portions of the Hudson Valley fall within the Eastern Great Lakes and Hudson Lowlands Ecoregion.
During the last ice age, the valley was filled by a large glacier that pushed south as far as Long Island. Near the end of the last ice age, the Great Lakes drained south down the Hudson River, from a large glacial lake called Lake Iroquois.[4] Lake Ontario is the remnant of that Lake. Large sand deposits remain from where Lake Iroquois drained into the Hudson; these are now part of the Rome Sand Plains.
History
Colonial era
At the time of the arrival of the first Europeans in the 17th century, the area of Hudson Valley was inhabited primarily by the Algonquian-speaking Mahican and Lenape Native American peoples,[6][7] known collectively as River Indians.[8]
The first Dutch settlement was in the 1610s with the establishment of Fort Nassau, a trading post (factorij) south of modern-day Albany, with the purpose of exchanging European goods for beaver pelts. Fort Nassau was later replaced by Fort Orange. During the rest of the 17th century, the Hudson Valley formed the heart of the New Netherland colony operations, with the New Amsterdam settlement on Manhattan serving as a post for supplies and defense of the upriver operations.[9]
During the French and Indian War in the 1750s, the northern end of the valley became the bulwark of the British defense against French invasion from Canada via Lake Champlain.[10]
The valley became one of the major regions of conflict during the American Revolution. Part of the early strategy of the British was to sever the colonies in two by maintaining control of the river.[11]
In 1797, the state capital of New York was established permanently at Albany.
19th century
Following the building of the Erie Canal, the area became an important industrial center. The canal opened the Hudson Valley and New York City to commerce with the Midwest and Great Lakes regions.[12] However, in the mid 20th century, many of the industrial towns went into decline.[13]
In the early 19th century, popularized by the stories of Washington Irving, the Hudson Valley gained a reputation as a somewhat gothic region inhabited by the remnants of the early days of the Dutch colonization of New York (see, e.g., The Legend of Sleepy Hollow). The area is associated with the Hudson River School, a group of American Romantic painters who worked from about 1830 to 1870.[14]
The natural beauty of the Hudson Valley has earned the Hudson River the nickname "America's Rhineland",[15][16] a comparison to the famous 40 mile (65 km) stretch of Germany's Rhine River valley between the cities of Bingen and Koblenz. A similar 30-mile (48 km) stretch of the east bank in Dutchess and Columbia counties has been designated a National Historic Landmark.
Tourism became a major industry as early as 1810, as elite visitors frequented the mineral water at Ballston Spa and Saratoga Springs for their health. With convenient steamboat connections in New York City, and numerous attractive hotels in romantic settings, tourism became an important industry. Early guidebooks providing suggestions on their itinerary. Middle-class people who read James Fenimore Cooper's novels, or saw the paintings of the Hudson River School, were especially attracted.[17]
Major industries
Tech Valley
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Tech Valley is a marketing name for the eastern part of New York State, including the Hudson Valley and the Capital District.[18] Originated in 1998 to promote the greater Albany area as a high-tech competitor to regions such as Silicon Valley and Boston, it has since grown to represent the counties in New York between IBM's Westchester County plants in the south and the Canadian border to the north. The area's high technology ecosystem is supported by technologically focused academic institutions including Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the State University of New York Polytechnic Institute.[19] Tech Valley encompasses 19 counties straddling both sides of the Adirondack Northway and the New York Thruway,[18] and with heavy state taxpayer subsidy, has experienced significant growth in the computer hardware side of the high-technology industry, with great strides in the nanotechnology sector, digital electronics design, and water- and electricity-dependent integrated microchip circuit manufacturing,[20] involving companies including IBM in Armonk and its Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown, GlobalFoundries in Malta, and others.[19][21][22] Westchester County has developed a burgeoning biotechnology sector in the 21st century, with over US$1 billion in planned private investment as of 2016,[23] earning the county the nickname Biochester.[24]
Winemaking
The Hudson Valley is the oldest wine making and grape-growing region in the United States, with roots established as early as 1677, and has experienced a resurgence in viticulture in the 21st century. Many wineries are located in the Hudson Valley, offering wine-tasting and other tours.[25] Numerous wine festivals are held in the Hudson Valley, with themes often varying by season.[26]
Demographics
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Orthodox Judaism
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, the majority of American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. The most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland and Orange counties in the Hudson Valley, including the communities of Monsey, Monroe, New Square, and Kiryas Joel.
Regions
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
The Hudson Valley is divided into three regions: Lower, Middle, and Upper. The following is a list of the counties within the Hudson Valley sorted by region.[27] The Lower and Mid Hudson Valley is typically considered part of the Downstate New York region due to its geographical and cultural proximity to New York City.
Lower Hudson |
Mid-Hudson |
Upper Hudson/Capital District |
Communities
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Infrastructure
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
The Hudson Valley is served by Interstate 87 (the New York State Thruway), Interstate 95, Interstate 287, and Interstate 684. Parkways in the region include the Bronx River Parkway, the Cross County Parkway, the Hutchinson River Parkway, the Saw Mill River Parkway, the Sprain Brook Parkway, and the Taconic State Parkway. The Tappan Zee Bridge connects Tarrytown, New York in Westchester County to South Nyack in Rockland County across the Hudson River. A $4 billion replacement bridge began construction in 2013.[28] The Bear Mountain Bridge crosses the Hudson River from Cortlandt in Westchester County to Bear Mountain State Park at the northern edge of Rockland County. The combination of these numerous highways, proximity to New York City, and the region's large population all lead to substantial traffic enforcement.
Commuter rail service in the region is provided by Metro-North Railroad (operated by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority). Metro-North operates three lines in the region; west to east, they are the Hudson, the Harlem and the New Haven lines. These are former operations of the New York Central and the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroads, each of which stops in the Bronx between Westchester and Manhattan. Amtrak serves Croton-Harmon, New Rochelle, and Yonkers. There are proposals for a cross-county rail line to connect all three lines and provide easier access to Stamford, Connecticut.
NY Waterway also operates a ferry service between Haverstraw in Rockland County and Ossining.
Westchester County Airport is adjacent to White Plains.
-
Franklin D. Roosevelt Mid-Hudson Bridge, connecting Poughkeepsie and Highland
-
The pedestrian Walkway over the Hudson, also connecting Poughkeepsie and Highland
-
Bear Mountain Bridge, connecting northern Westchester and Rockland counties
-
The Tappan Zee Bridge, presently connecting southern Westchester and Rockland counties
Sports
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
The Hudson Valley Renegades is a minor league baseball team affiliated with the Tampa Bay Rays. The team is a member of the New York–Penn League and plays at Dutchess Stadium in Fishkill. The Rockland Boulders of the independent Can-Am League play in Rockland County.
See also
Footnotes
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Van Diver, B.B. 1985. Roadside Geology of New York. Mountain Press, Missoula. p. 59-63.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Eyles, N. Ontario Rocks: Three Billion Years of Environmental Change. Fitzhenry & Whiteside, Markham, Ontario. 339 p.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Gehring, Charles T.; Starna, William A., "Dutch and Indians in the Hudson Valley: The Early Period". Wermuth et al., pp. 13–29.
- ↑ Thomas, A and Smith, P; Upstate down: thinking about New York and its discontents University Press of America 2009, p78
- ↑ Glatthaar, Joseph T., and Martin, James Kirby (2007). Forgotten Allies: The Oneida Indians and the American Revolution, p. 39. Macmillan. ISBN 0-8090-4600-8.
- ↑ Stanne, Stephen P., et al. (1996). The Hudson: An Illustrated Guide to the Living River, p. 120. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2271-4.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Richard H. Gassan, The Birth of American Tourism: New York, the Hudson Valley, and American Culture, 1790–1835 (2008)
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Silverman, B et al; Frommer's New York State Frommer's 2009, p196
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Further reading
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Jacobs, Jaap and L.H. Roper (eds.) (2014). The Worlds of the Seventeenth-Century Hudson Valley. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.),Exploring Historic Dutch New York. New York: Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, 2011.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
External links
- Hudson Valley Directory
- Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area
- Hudson River Valley Greenway
- Hudson River Valley Heritage: digital collection of historical materials
- Livingston-Svirsky Archive (LiSA)
- Geobox usage tracking for region type
- Articles using small message boxes
- New York articles missing geocoordinate data
- Hudson Valley
- Physiographic sections
- Upstate New York
- Regions of New York
- River valleys of the United States
- Valleys of New York
- Landforms of New York County, New York
- Landforms of Bronx County, New York
- Landforms of Essex County, New York
- Landforms of Hudson County, New Jersey
- Landforms of Bergen County, New Jersey
- Landforms of Westchester County, New York
- Landforms of Rockland County, New York
- Landforms of Putnam County, New York
- Landforms of Dutchess County, New York
- Landforms of Orange County, New York
- Landforms of Ulster County, New York
- Landforms of Sullivan County, New York
- Landforms of Columbia County, New York
- Landforms of Greene County, New York
- Landforms of Rensselaer County, New York
- Landforms of Albany County, New York
- Landforms of Washington County, New York
- Landforms of Saratoga County, New York
- Landforms of Warren County, New York