Insubres

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Peoples of Cisalpine Gaul 391-192 BC.

The Insubres or Insubri were a Gaulish[citation needed] population settled in Insubria, in what is now the Italian region of Lombardy. They were the founders of Mediolanum (Milan). Though ethnically Celtic at the time of Roman conquest (at the beginning of the 2nd century BC), they were most likely the result of the fusion of pre-existing Ligurian, Celtic, Etruscan, and "Italic" population[citation needed] (such as the Golasecca culture) strata with Gaulish tribes who had come from what is now southern France.

Classical sources

The Insubres are mentioned by Cicero, Polybius, Livy, Pliny the Elder, Strabo and Caecilius Statius.

Ethnicity of the Insubres

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Approximate distribution of languages in Iron Age Italy during the 6th century BC.

Regarding the ethnic origin of the Insubres there are two main theories.[citation needed] The first sees them as a Celtic population, resulted from migrations of the 7th and 6th centuries BC of Gaulish Celtic tribes towards Northwest Italy and their intermixing with the natives. The second, and the most reliable being supported by archaeological findings and their analysis,[citation needed] sees them as part of the Italic people.

The Roman historian, Livy, wrote about the Insubres. According to his writings all of Northern Italy (between the northern and western Alpine watershed, the rivers Adda and Oglio at the east and Emilian Apennine to south) suffered in the course of centuries of repeated invasions by Celtic tribes from the region of Gaul. He claimed that before the invasion of the 4th century BC there was a previous one, dated around the late 7th and early 6th century BC.

This hypothesis, however, besides being supported only by Livy among the ancient historians, doesn't get any confirmation in archaeological terms. If the hypothesis of the Celtic invasion during the 7th/6th century is true there would have to be significant changes in habits and customs of the Golasecca culture people around that period.[citation needed][dubious ] The study of objects found in the funeral burials due to the Golasecca culture between the 10th and 4th century BC (date of the first established Celtic invasion of northern Italy), however, shows a gradual and slow cultural evolution without any radical change. There are effectively significant Celtic cultural elements from the areas north of the Alps, but there are also elements drawn from the Venetic, Halstatt and, mainly, Etruscan cultural districts which prove[citation needed][dubious ] that Celticization was the turnout of a cultural exchange, not of an invasion.

Finally, regarding their origin can be said that the Insubres, together with other peoples of the Culture of Golasecca, arrived in northern Italy in a period that goes from the 2nd millennium BC to the Bronze Age migrating from the south of modern France, occupying part of the Ligurian territory and then forming that stock of populations defined as Celtic-Ligurians.

Culture and society

The Insubres culture followed then what was a slow and of its own evolution. Thanks to the cultural and commercial exchanges with neighboring areas, such as Etruria, Venetia and Transalpine Gaul, the Insubres knew progress and created a distinct society of their own. In the light of archaeological findings it can be also assumed that it was an oligarchic society, where power was in the hands of a few Lords.

History

The History of the Insubres, like that of other Gauls and of Italic peoples, was written by ancient Roman and Greek writers. Apart from from Livy's section on the Gallic Invasion of northern Italy, their writings came in the context of their covering Roman history and concentrated on battles between the Romans and the Insubres and other Gallic tribes in northern Italy

In 225 BC the Insubres and the Boii, their Gallic neighours to the south of the River Po, decided to rebel against Rome. This was prompted by developments which started in 283 BC, when unspecified Celts besieged Arretium (Arezzo in Tuscany) and defeated a Roman force which came to the aid of the city. The Romans sent envoys to negotiate the release of Roman prisoners, but the envoys were killed. A Roman army was sent to the ager gallicus (the name the Romans gave to an area on the Adratic coast which had been conquered by the Senone Gauls), routed a Senone force, occupied their territory, killed most of the Senones and drove the rest out of their land. Afraid that the same fate might occur to them, the neighbouring Boii joined the Etruscans in a rebellion, but their combined force was defeated at the Battle of Lake Vadimo in the same year.[1]

What prompted the Insubers to join the Boii in another rebellion was a law passed in Rome which provided for the subdivision of the ager gallicus into Roman administrative units. This created fears among the Boii and Insubres that the Romans were now fighting wars to exterminate and expel the enemy and annex their territory [2]

In 225 BC, the Boii and Insubres paid large sums of money to Gaesatae mercenaries led by Aneroëstes and Concolitanus. The Gaesatae were Gauls from Gallia Transalpina (the Roman name for what is now southern France). A force of up to 70,000 men ravaged Etruria. The Gauls and troops of Roman allies met near Clusium (Chiusi). The Gauls did not engage them and withdrew to Feasulae (Fiesole) at night. They then defeated the Romans at the Battle of Faesulae (225 BC). However, they were routed by the combined forces of the two Roman consuls, Lucius Aemilius Papus and Gaius Atilius Regulus, at the Battle of Telamon.[3]

After the Battle of Telamon, the Romans attacked and defeated the Boii and forced them to submit to Rome.[4] In 224 BC the Romans attacked Insubre territory. In 223 BC the Insubres sued for peace, but the Romans turned this down and attacked them. The Romans were now determined to be in control of Gallia Cisalpina (the Roman name for the area where the Gallic tribes of northern Italy lived). In 222 BC the Romans besieged Acerrae, an Insubre fortification on the right bank of the River Adda between Cremona and Laus Pompeia (Lodi Vecchio). The Insubres could not relieve Acerrae because the Romans controlled all the strategic points around it. Therefore, they hired 30,000 Gaesatae mercenaries and, led by Viridomarus (or Britomartus), they besieged Clastidium, and important and strategically well placed town of the Marici (a Ligurian people who were Roman allies), hoping that this would force the Romans to lift their siege. Instead, the Romans split their forces. The consul Marcus Claudius Marcellus headed for Clastidium and his colleague Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus continued the siege of Acerrae. At the Battle of Clastidium Marcus Claudius defeated the Gallic forces and killed Viridomarus in a single battle. Meanwhile Gnaeus Cornelius took Acerrae. With the fortress taken and the Insubre king dead, the Romans then easily took the capital of the Insubres, which they named Mediolanum (Milan). The Insubres surrendered and were forced to become Roman allies. The Romans founded garrisoned colonies at Cremona and Placentia (Piacenza). The former was on the north bank of the River Po and the latter was close to its south bank (in Insubre and Boii territory respectively). This was done to secure the crossing of the river and the gateway to Liguria. They also established a garrison at Mutina (Modena) which was to become a colony in 182 BC.[5][6]

In 218 BC the Insubres and the Boii rebelled in anticipation of Hannibal's invasion of Italy in the Second Punic War (218-201 BC). They attacked Cremona and Placentia, forcing the settlers to flee to Mutina, which was besieged. The praetor Lucius Manlius Vulso set off from Ariminum with 20,000 infantry and 1,600 cavalry. He was ambushed twice on the way. He relieved the siege of Mutina, but was in turn besieged nearby. The consul Publius Cornelius Scipio was sent to support him with fresh troops. Meanwhile Hannibal reached Italy. He defeated Publius Scipius at the Battle of Ticinum, in Insubre territory [7][8] and the other consul, Tiberius Sempronius Longus, at the Battle of the Trebia, near Placentia.[9][10] Hannibal wintered near Placentia and then moved on to central and southern Italy. We next hear of the Gauls during the Second Punic War in relation to the Battle of the Metaurus (207 BC). Hannibal's brother, Hasdrubal Barca, was bringing reinforcements from Spain for his brother who was in southern Italy. He passed through northern Italy and recruited Gallic soldiers. Hasbrubal's forces, including his Gauls were routed at this battle in central Italy.[11][12] At this point, Hannibal's campaign in Italy came to a dead end.

After several other clashes, the Insubres made an alliance with Rome in 194 BC, maintaining some autonomy. In 89 BC they obtained Latin citizenship and, in 49 BC, Roman citizenship. The Romanisation of the Insubres was probably quick owing to the presence of Roman colonies and to Julius Caesar using Mediolanum as a staging post for his conquest of Gaul (58–50 BC). Caecilius Statius (c. 220 BC – c. 166 BC), a Roman comic poet was born in Insubria, possibly in Mediolanum. He was originally a slave and was probably a war captive who was taken to Rome. Caeciulus was the name of his patron, probably a member of the powerful Metelli clan. His work was greatly acclaimed.

References

  1. Polybius, The Histories, 2.19-20
  2. Polybius, The Histories, 2.21.-9
  3. Polybius, The Histories, 2.22-27
  4. Polybius, The Histories, 2.31.7
  5. Polybius, The Histories, 2.32-35
  6. Berresfrord Ellis, Celt and Roman, pp. 163-66
  7. Livy, The history of Rome, 21.46
  8. Polybius, The Histories, 3.65
  9. Livy, The History of Rome, 21.53-55
  10. Polybius, The histories, 3.71-74
  11. Livy, The History of Rome, 27.48-49
  12. Polybius, The Histories, 11.1-3

Bibliography

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