Electrical mobility

For other uses, see electric vehicle.

For the electrical mobility of an electron or hole in solid-state physics, see Electron mobility.

Electrical mobility is the ability of charged particles (such as electrons or protons) to move through a medium in response to an electric field that is pulling them. The separation of ions according to their mobility in gas phase is called Ion mobility spectrometry, in liquid phase it is called electrophoresis.

Theory

When a charged particle in a gas or liquid is acted upon by a uniform electric field, it will be accelerated until it reaches a constant drift velocity according to the formula:

$\,v_d = \mu E$

where

• $\, v_d$ is the drift velocity (m/s)
• $\, E$ is the magnitude of the applied electric field (V/m)
• $\, \mu$ is the mobility (m²/(Vs))

In other words, the electrical mobility of the particle is defined as the ratio of the drift velocity to the magnitude of the electric field:

$\,\mu = \frac{v_d}{E}$

Electrical mobility is proportional to the net charge of the particle. This was the basis for Robert Millikan's demonstration that electrical charges occur in discrete units, whose magnitude is the charge of the electron.

Electrical mobility of spherical particles much larger than the mean free path of the molecules of the medium is inversely proportional to the diameter of the particles; for spherical particles much smaller than the mean free path, the electrical mobility is inversely proportional to the square of the particle diameter.

Mobility in gas phase

Mobility is defined for any species in the gas phase, encountered mostly in plasma physics and is defined as:

$\mu = \frac{q}{m\, \nu_m}$

where

• $\, q$ is the charge of the species,
• $\, \nu_m$ is the momentum transfer collision frequency, and
• $\, m$ is the mass.

Mobility is related to the species' diffusion coefficient $\, D$ through an exact (thermodynamically required) equation known as the Einstein relation:

$\mu = \frac{q}{k\, T}D$,

where

• $\, k$ is the Boltzmann constant,
• $\, T$ is the gas temperature, and
• $\, D$ is a measured quantity that can be estimated. If one defines the mean free path in terms of momentum transfer, then one gets:

$D = \frac{\pi}{8}\lambda^2 \nu_m$.

But both the momentum transfer mean free path and the momentum transfer collision frequency are difficult to calculate. Many other mean free paths can be defined. In the gas phase, $\, \lambda$ is often defined as the diffusional mean free path, by assuming a simple approximate relation is exact:

$D = \frac{1}{2}\lambda \,v$,

when $\, v$ is the root mean square speed of the gas molecules:

$v = \sqrt {{3\, k\, T}\over{m}}$

where $\, m$ is the mass of the diffusing species. This approximate equation becomes exact when used to define the diffusional mean free path.

Applications

Electrical mobility is the basis for electrostatic precipitation, used to remove particles from exhaust gases on an industrial scale. The particles are given a charge by exposing them to ions from an electrical discharge in the presence of a strong field. The particles acquire an electrical mobility and are driven by the field to a collecting electrode.

Instruments exist which select particles with a narrow range of electrical mobility, or particles with electrical mobility larger than a predefined value. The former are generally referred to as "differential mobility analyzers". The selected mobility is often identified with the diameter of a singly charged spherical particle, thus the "electrical-mobility diameter" becomes a characteristic of the particle, regardless of whether it is actually spherical.

Passing particles of the selected mobility to a detector such as a condensation particle counter allows the number concentration of particles with the currently selected mobility to be measured. By varying the selected mobility over time, mobility vs concentration data may be obtained. This technique is applied in scanning mobility particle sizers.