Itopride

Itopride

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Systematic (IUPAC) name
N-[[4-(2-Dimethylaminoethoxy)phenyl]methyl]-3,4-dimethoxybenzamide
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
Legal status	℞ (Prescription only)
Routes of administration	Oral (film-coated tablets)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	~60% (Tmax = 35±5 min)
Protein binding	96%
Metabolism	Extensive hepatic (FMO1 and FMO3), primarily N-oxidation
Biological half-life	5.7±0.3 hours
Excretion	Renal (3.7–4.1% as unchanged itopride, 75.4–89.4% as itopride-N-oxide)
Identifiers
CAS Number	122898-67-3 Y
ATC code	none
PubChem	CID: 3792
ChemSpider	3660 N
UNII	81BMQ80QRL Y
KEGG	D08094 Y
Chemical data
Formula	C20H26N2O4
Molecular mass	358.43 g/mol
SMILES CN(C)CCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)CNC(=O)C2=CC(=C(C=C2)OC)OC
InChI InChI=1S/C20H26N2O4/c1-22(2)11-12-26-17-8-5-15(6-9-17)14-21-20(23)16-7-10-18(24-3)19(13-16)25-4/h5-10,13H,11-12,14H2,1-4H3,(H,21,23) N Key:QQQIECGTIMUVDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N N
NY (what is this?)  (verify)

Itopride (INN, trade name Ganaton) is a prokinetic benzamide derivative unlike metoclopramide or domperidone. These drugs inhibit dopamine and have a gastrokinetic effect. Itopride is indicated for the treatment of functional dyspepsia and other gastrointestinal conditions.

Itopride is not currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the United States, nor is it yet approved in the United Kingdom. This may explain the apparent lack of patient information available in English compared to other similar classes of medication.

Clinical use

File:Ganaton2a.jpg

A blister package of Ganaton (Itopride) 50 mg tablets intended for distribution in the Slovak Republic.

Typically, itopride is indicated in the treatment of GI symptoms caused by reduced GI motility:

• dyspepsia of a non-ulcer/dysmotility type (gastric "fullness", discomfort, and possible pain)
• gastroparesis (delayed gastric emptying)
• anorexia
• heartburn
• regurgitation
• bloating
• nausea and vomiting
• other possible gastric, prolactin, or dopamine related conditions

Itopride is typically taken three times a day. The dose is usually taken on an empty stomach about an hour before meals. However, the dosage and details of administration may vary depending on the patient's age, symptoms, and other factors.

Itopride was shown to significantly improve symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia and motility disorders in placebo-controlled trials.

These studies concluded that the reduction in the severity of symptoms of functional dyspepsia after 8 weeks of treatment with itopride indicated that itopride was significantly superior to placebo and that itopride yielded a greater rate of response than placebo in significantly reducing pain and fullness.

Contraindications and precautions

Itopride is a relatively new drug and it is not currently approved for normal prescribed use nor OTC use in either the US nor the UK. However, this does not necessarily indicate that itopride is not effective or safe.

Patients taking itopride should report any side-effects to their treating physician.

Itopride is contraindicated in hypersensitivity to itopride or benzamides; lactation, GI hemorrhage, obstruction or perforation. Itopride may not be indicated for those suffering from Parkinson's disease or other conditions involving dopamine regulation issues. Itopride should be used with special caution in the young and the elderly. Little information is available at this time regarding the safe use of itopride during pregnancy.

Adverse drug reactions

The most common side-effects of itopride include mild to moderate abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Some other side effects that may occur include: rash, giddiness, exhaustion, back or chest pain, increased salivation, constipation, headache, sleeping disorders, dizziness, galactorrhea, and gynecomastia.

Other side effects may also be present.

Leukopenia, a reduction in the normal level of white blood cells, can be a potentially life-threatening reaction to itopride.

Central nervous system adverse effects do not tend to occur due to poor penetration across the blood brain barrier, although a slight raising of prolactin levels may occur. Raising of prolactin levels is more common with high dose regimes of itopride.

Cardiac studies

Itopride belongs to the same benzamide group as cisapride, a drug found to affect QT interval and possibly predispose those using it to cardiac arrhythmias. However, itopride does not have any adverse effect on the QT interval.

Later, in a study conducted with healthy adult volunteers, itopride was shown as unlikely to cause cardiac arrhythmias or ECG changes in part to the lack of significant interaction and metabolism via the cytochrome P450 enzyme pathway, unlike cisapride and mosapride, as it is metabolized by a different enzyme set. New molecular studies on guinea pig ventricular myocytes also supported the cardiac safety profile of itopride, as it did not affect certain potassium mechanisms that may have been affected by cisapride or mosapride. Moreover, itopride has no affinity for the 5-HT₄ receptors, unlike other benzamides such as cisapride and mosapride, which are 5-HT₄ agonists. The affinity of cisapride for 5-HT₄ receptors in the heart has been implicated in the undesirable cardiac effects of cisapride itself.

The conclusion of this study revealed that itopride is devoid of any abnormal effect on QT interval. Therefore it may be possible that itopride could be considered as a better and certainly safer prokinetic agent than either cisapride or mosapride, and itopride should also be considered a welcome treatment addition for symptomatic nonulcer dyspepsia and other gastric motility disorders.

Pharmacology

There is evidence that itopride may have prokinetic effects throughout the gastrointestinal tract from the stomach to the end of the colon. The pharmacokinetics of itopride appear to differ between Asian and Caucasian populations, with Caucasians having 30-50 percent lower blood levels of itopride after oral administration. Itopride poorly penetrates across the blood brain barrier because of itopride's high polarity and thus itopride does not tend to cause any central nervous system adverse effects. Itopride has no effect on potassium channels.

Pharmacokinetics

After oral administration itopride undergoes rapid and extensive absorption with levels of itopride peaking in the blood plasma after only 35 minutes. Itopride is primarily eliminated via the kidneys having an elimination half-life of approximately 6 hours.

Mechanism of action

File:Ganaton1.jpg

Ganaton (Itopride) 50 mg tablets. Engraving says "HC 803"

Itopride increases acetylcholine concentrations by inhibiting dopamine D2 receptors and acetylcholinesterase. Higher acetylcholine increases GI peristalsis, increases the lower esophageal sphincter pressure, stimulates gastric motility, accelerates gastric emptying, and improves gastro-duodenal coordination.

Itopride given as a single dose study found that it also raises levels of motilin, somatostatin and lowers levels of cholecystokinin, as well as adrenocorticotropic hormone. These effects may also contribute to itopride's pharmacology.

Interactions

Anticholinergic agents reduce the action of itopride. It is worth noting that itopride is a relatively new drug and that it is, therefore, possible that other drugs may interact with itopride, rendering contraindications or side effects that are not currently known.

Trade names

Itopride is available under the brand names Ganaton ((JP, CZ, RU), Abbott Laboratories), Itomed ((RU, KR), PRO.MED.CS Praha a.s.) and others.

See also

• Benzamides

External links

• Itopride on www.cimsasia.com
• Abbott Labs "Ganaton"
• "Itopride in Functional Dyspepsia:a Dose Finding Study" at Clinicaltrials.gov