John Alexander Low Waddell

For other people named John Waddell, see John Waddell (disambiguation).

John Alexander Low Waddell
File:John Alexander Low Waddell.jpg John Alexander Low Waddell
Born	1854 Port Hope, Ontario, Canada
Died	March 3, 1938 New York, New York, United States
Nationality	Canada
Fields	civil engineering

John Alexander Low Waddell (1854 – March 3, 1938, often shortened to J.A.L. Waddell and sometimes known as John Alexander Waddell) was an American civil engineer and prolific bridge designer, with more than a thousand structures to his credit in the United States, Canada, as well as Mexico, Russia, China, Japan, and New Zealand. Waddell’s work set standards for elevated railroad systems and helped develop materials suitable for large span bridges. His most important contribution was the development of the steam-powered high-lift bridge. His design was first used in 1893 for Chicago's South Halsted Street Lift-Bridge over the Chicago River; he went on to design more than 100 other movable bridges, and the company he founded continues to make movable bridges of various types. Waddell was a widely respected writer on bridge design, and an advocate of quality training of engineers. Many of Waddell's surviving bridges are now considered historic landmarks.

One of his most notable works is the ASB Bridge in Kansas City Missouri. It is only one of two of this design ever built, and is in use as a railroad bridge for the BNSF.

Biography

Waddell was born in Port Hope, Ontario, Canada in 1854. He obtained his first degree in civil engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York in 1875, and soon traveled to Canada to work with that country's Marine Department of the Dominion before spending some time with the Canadian Pacific Railway.

He returned to the United States where he designed mines for a West Virginian coal company. In 1878, he returned to Rensselaer and taught mechanics courses until 1880. Waddell then traveled west, obtaining additional degrees from McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, and spending some time working at the Raymond & Campbell firm in Council Bluffs, Iowa.

ASB Bridge in Kansas City, Missouri

In July 1882, he was hired as a foreign advisor by the Meiji government of the Empire of Japan and taught at the Tokyo Imperial University for a few years while he wrote two books.

Waddell returned to the United States in 1886, founding a new design company the next year in 1887 and establishing himself in Kansas City, Missouri. Waddell took on a number of challenging projects and soon demonstrated a strong ability.

Lifting and swinging bridges had been used for generations by this time, though not on the scale we know them today. Waddell was the first to come up with a modern design, originally intended to span a short channel across Minnesota Point into the harbor of Duluth, Minnesota. His design won a contest put on by the city in 1892, but the War Department objected to the design. The city built an aerial transporter bridge in that location in 1905. In 1929, it was remodeled into the Aerial Lift Bridge, similar to Waddell's design.

While the city of Chicago was the first to build a lift bridge of Waddell's design, completed in 1893, the second had to wait for his partnership with mechanical engineer John Lyle Harrington, formed in 1907. The firm of Waddell & Harrington designed a vertical lift bridge (since demolished) for the Iowa Central Railway over the Mississippi River at Keithsburg, Illinois, in 1909. The pair designed more than two dozen more vertical lift bridges over the next five years before dissolving their partnership in 1914. John Lyle Harrington founded Harrington, Howard & Ash (today HNTB Corporation) in 1914, while Waddell worked independently, joined in 1917 by his son, then doing business as Waddell & Son.

In 1920, Waddell moved to New York, and consulted on various projects there including the Goethals Bridge and Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge. In 1927, he formed a new partnership, Hardesty & Hanover, which company continues to exist.

Waddell was an adviser to the Ministry of Railways, Republic of China. When in China he along with Meloy was entrusted by MIT and Harvard University to talk over with National Southeastern University (later renamed National Central University and then Nanking University) and reached the agreement on founding Sino-American joint engineering college in Shanghai, but it soon ceased due to the wars outbroken in the area.

His wife died in 1934, and he died four years later, in 1938, in New York City.

Notable works

File:Waddell "A" Truss Bridge, Spanning Lin Branch Creek, Missouri cropped.jpg

Waddell "A" Truss Bridge (1898), spanning the Linn Branch Creek, Missouri. Removed to construct Smithville Lake.

(not necessarily an exhaustive list)

• South Halsted Street Lift-Bridge, Chicago, Illinois (1893)
• Waddell "A" Truss Bridge Parkville, Missouri (1898) (U.S. Patent 529,220)
• Hawthorne Bridge, Portland, Oregon (1910)
• Armour-Swift-Burlington Bridge, Kansas City, Missouri (1911)
• Steel Bridge, Portland, Oregon (1912)
• Colorado Street Bridge, Pasadena, California (1913)
• 11th Street Bridge (aka Murray Morgan Bridge), Tacoma, Washington (1913)
• Snowden Bridge, Bainville and Fairview, Montana (1913)
• Caddo Lake Drawbridge, Mooringsport, Louisiana (1914)
• Twelfth Street Trafficway Viaduct, Kansas City, Missouri (1915)
• Detroit-Superior Bridge, Cleveland, Ohio (1917)
• Interstate Bridge, Vancouver, Washington, and Portland, Oregon (1917)
• Washington Bridge, Milford and Stratford, Connecticut (1921)
• Memorial Bridge, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and Kittery, Maine (1923)
• CRRNJ Newark Bay Bridge, Elizabethport and Bayonne, New Jersey (1926)
• Outerbridge Crossing, Perth Amboy, New Jersey, and Staten Island, New York (opened June 29, 1928)
• Goethals Bridge, Elizabeth, New Jersey, and Staten Island, New York (opened June 29, 1928)
• Lower Hack Lift, Kearny and Jersey City, New Jersey (1928)
• Route 46 Hackensack River Bridge, Little Ferry and Ridgefield Park, New Jersey (1934)

Partial bibliography

• The Designing of Ordinary Iron Highway Bridges, [1884] (1891), 5th edition (in English). New York: John Wiley & Sons, 252 pages.
• System of Iron Railroad Bridges for Japan (1885). Tokyo: Tokyo University, 258 pages.
• De Pontibus: A Pocket-book for Bridge Engineers, (1898) 1st edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 403 pages.
• Bridge Engineering, Volume I and Volume II, (1916). New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2,177 pages.
• Economics of Bridgework: A Sequel to Bridge Engineering (1921). New York: John Wiley & Sons, 512 pages.
• Memoirs and Addresses of Two Decades, with Frank Woodward Skinner, edited by J.L. Harrington (1928). New York: Mack Printing Company, 1,174 pages.
• Vocational Guidance in Engineering Lines (1933) by the Committee on Engineering Education of the American Association of Engineers. Waddell was a contributor.

See also

• Waddell & Harrington

External links

• J. A. L. (John Alexander Low) Waddell information at Structurae