Jack Andraka

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Jack Andraka
Jack Andraka 2013.jpg
Andraka in 2013
Born Jack Thomas Andraka
(1997-01-08) January 8, 1997 (age 27)
Crownsville, Maryland, U.S.
Residence United States
Nationality American
Fields Cancer research, medical research, invention

Jack Thomas Andraka (born January 8, 1997) is an American inventor, scientist and cancer researcher. He is known for his award-winning work on a potential method for detecting the early stages of pancreatic and other cancers, which he performed while he was a high school student.[1] Andraka enrolled as a freshman at Stanford University for the 2015-2016 academic year.[2]

Career

Research

File:Jack Andraka - Detecting pancreatic cancer at 15.webm
Andraka talks about his work

Andraka claims to have invented a new type of sensor, similar to diabetic test strips, for early-stage pancreatic cancer screening. This paper sensor measures the level of mesothelin (a suspected cancer biomarker) in a sample to test for the presence of cancer in a patient. Andraka coated strips of filter paper with a mixture of single-walled carbon nanotubes, which made the paper conductive, and antibodies against human mesothelin. Samples containing mesothelin were applied to these paper test strips, and the binding of mesothelin to the antibody was quantified by measuring changes in the electrical properties of the strip.[3]

Andraka claimed that tests on human blood serum obtained from both healthy people and patients with chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (a precursor to pancreatic carcinoma), or pancreatic cancer showed a dose-dependent response. According to him, his method is 168 times faster, 1/26,667th as expensive, and 400 times more sensitive than ELISA, 25% to 50% more accurate than the CA19-9 test,[4] and over 90 percent accurate in detecting the presence of mesothelin.[5]

He has patented his method of sensing pancreatic cancer and is communicating with companies about developing an over-the-counter test.[1] According to Susan Desmond-Hellmann, oncologist and former chancellor of UCSF, any practical usefulness of the test remains to be seen. Much more testing, possibly over several years, is needed to demonstrate that the test can catch cases early and reliably enough.[6]

Criticism

A 2011 article published by Sharon et al.[7] refutes many of Andraka's claims about specificity of using mesothelin as a biomarker for pancreatic cancer. Specifically, the group showed that mesothelin serum levels in healthy donors were not statistically different from serum levels in pancreatic cancer patients. George M. Church, professor of genetics at Harvard University, has raised concerns about the cost, speed, and sensitivity claims.[6]

The novelty of Andraka's work has also been questioned. In 2005 (seven years before Andraka won the Intel ISEF), a group of researchers at Jefferson Medical College and the University of Delaware reported a carbon-nanotube based sensor for use in breast cancer diagnostics that uses a methodology nearly identical to Andraka's purportedly "novel" methodology.[8][9] In addition, a carbon-nanotube based sensor similar to Andraka's was reported in 2009 by Wang et al., a group of researchers at Jiangnan University and University of Michigan,[10] and a carbon-nanotube based sensor for applications in cancer diagnosis was reported in a 2008 paper by Shao et al. that used a methodology similar to Andraka's.[11]

While being an advocate for open access, he was criticized for not publishing his discovery openly for anyone to use and build upon, and moreover filing a patent[1] for it.

Background

Andraka in an interview with Francis Collins on open access.

Andraka noticed that one reason for the poor survival rate from pancreatic cancer was the lack of early detection and an effective screening method.[4] According to his account, his teenage optimism left him undeterred, and he went on to consult "a teenager's two best friends: Google and Wikipedia",[12] also drawing upon content from YouTube.[13] He began to think of various ways of detecting and preventing cancer growth and terminating the growth before the cancer cells become invasive.

In an interview with the BBC, Andraka said the idea for his pancreatic cancer test came to him while he was in biology class at North County High School, drawing on the class lesson about antibodies and the article on analytical methods using carbon nanotubes he was surreptitiously reading in class at the time.[1] Afterward he followed up with more research on nanotubes and cancer biochemistry aided by free online scientific journals. He then contacted 200 professors at Johns Hopkins University and the National Institutes of Health with a plan, a budget, and a timeline for his project, hoping to receive laboratory help. He received 199 rejection emails before he got a positive reply from Anirban Maitra, Professor of Pathology, Oncology, and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.[3]

Appearances

In October 2013, Andraka appeared as a guest on The Colbert Report.[14]

Personal life and family

Jack Andraka was born in Crownsville, Maryland and is of Polish ancestry.[15] He has given a number of accounts of what inspired him to work on pancreatic cancer, including the death of a family friend whom he described as almost an uncle.[16][17][18][19] These various narratives have been told by him as recently as his talk in TEDx Nijmegen 2013.[20]

File:Jack Andraka Capital Pride.jpg
Andraka at Capital Pride in 2014

Andraka has been openly gay since he was 13.[21][21][22][23] When asked to be interviewed about his sexual orientation, Andraka responded, "That sounds awesome! I’m openly gay and one of my biggest hopes is that I can help inspire other LGBT youth to get involved in STEM [Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics]. I didn't have many [gay] role models [in science] besides Alan Turing."[22]

He likes white-water kayaking and is a former member of the National Junior Wildwater Team, folds origami, and enjoys watching Glee and Bones.[24] He notes: "I suppose I'd want [people] to know I'm not a complete nerd. I actually get out and stuff. I go kayaking. I'm not the creepy guy that wears big glasses and hides out in the corner."[21]

Andraka's father, Steve, is a civil engineer and his mother, Jane, is an anesthetist. She told the Sun "... we're not a super-athletic family. We don't go to much football or baseball. Instead we have a million [science] magazines [and] sit around the table and talk about how people came up with their ideas and what we would do differently."[25]

Andraka's older brother, Luke, won $96,000 in prizes at the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair in 2010 with a project that examined how acid mine drainage affected the environment. In 2011, Luke won an MIT THINK Award which recognizes students whose science projects benefit their communities.[17]

Awards and recognition

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Serum mesothelin and megakaryocyte potentiating factor in pancreatic and biliary cancers. E Sharon, J Zhang, K Hollevoet, S M Steinberg, I Pastan, M Onda, J Gaedcke, B M Ghadimi, T Ried, R Hassan. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2012 April;50(4):721-5. doi: 10.1515/CCLM.2011.816. [1], PMID 22149739
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Simple, Rapid, Sensitive, and Versatile SWNT-Paper Sensor for Environmental Toxin Detection Competitive with ELISA. L Wang, W Chen, D Xu, B Shim, Y Zhu, F Sun, L Liu, C Peng, Z Jin, C Xu, N.A. Kotov. School of Food Science and Technology, State Key Lab of the Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University; Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan. 2009 Dec;9(12):4147–4152. doi: 10.1021/nl902368r. [2], PMID 19928776
  11. ↑ Shao, Ning, Eric Wickstrom, and Balaji Panchapakesan. "Nanotube–antibody Biosensor Arrays for the Detection of Circulating Breast Cancer Cells." Nanotechnology 19.46 (2008): 465101. [3], PMID 21836232
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ http://www.polishamericancenter.org/PANews/August12/page01.pdf
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nW7_cDU7Idk
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ http://www.scribd.com/doc/230251929/42ND-JEFFERSON-AWARDS-CELEBRATE-THE-IMPACT-OF-PUBLIC-SERVICE#scribd

External links

Notes and interviews


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