James Carroll (New Zealand politician)

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The Honourable
Sir James Carroll
KCMG
JamesCarroll1914.jpg
James Carroll, c. 1914
Member of the New Zealand Parliament
for Eastern Maori
In office
1887–1893
Preceded by Wi Pere
Succeeded by Wi Pere
Member of the New Zealand Parliament
for Waiapu
In office
1893–1908
Preceded by New Electorate
Succeeded by Electorate abolished
Member of the New Zealand Parliament
for Gisborne
In office
1908–1919
Preceded by New Electorate
Succeeded by Douglas Lysnar
Member of the New Zealand Legislative Council
In office
2 September 1921 – 18 February 1926
Personal details
Born 20 August 1857
Wairoa, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand
Died Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist.
Auckland, Auckland Region, New Zealand
Political party Independent
Liberal
Spouse(s) Heni Materoa Carroll
Military service
Allegiance Ngāti Kahungunu
Battles/wars Te Kooti's War[1]

Sir James Carroll KCMG (20 August 1857 – 18 October 1926), known to Māori as Timi Kara, was a New Zealand politician of Irish and Ngāti Kahungunu (Māori) descent. Beginning his career as an interpreter and land agent, Carroll was elected to the Eastern Maori seat in 1887. He was acting Colonial Secretary (equivalent to the Minister of Internal Affairs) from 1897 to 1899. He was the first Māori to hold the cabinet position of Minister of Native Affairs, which he held between 1899 and 1912. He was held in high regard within the Liberal Party and was acting prime minister in 1909 and 1911.

Early life

James Carroll was born at Wairoa, one of eight children of Joseph Carroll, born in Sydney of Irish descent, and Tapuke, a Māori woman of the Ngāti Kahungunu tribe. He was educated both at whare wananga (traditional Māori college) and the Wairoa native school but left early to be a farm worker. In 1870, while no more than thirteen, he was part of the Māori force pursuing Te Kooti in the Urewera, and his bravery was mentioned in dispatches. He became a cadet for the Native Department in Hawke's Bay and later in Wellington but was back on a farm by 1875. In 1881 he married Heni Materoa and they settled in Gisborne. The couple adopted several children but had none of their own.[1]

Political career

Parliament of New Zealand
Years Term Electorate Party
1887–1890 10th Eastern Maori Independent
1890–1893 11th Eastern Maori Independent
1893–1896 12th Waiapu Liberal
1896–1899 13th Waiapu Liberal
1899–1902 14th Waiapu Liberal
1902–1905 15th Waiapu Liberal
1905–1908 16th Waiapu Liberal
1908–1911 17th Gisborne Liberal
1911–1914 18th Gisborne Liberal
1914–1919 19th Gisborne Liberal
James Carroll (second row, far right). Front row from left: Richard Seddon, Premier; Mahuta Tāwhiao, Māori King. Second row from left: Tupu Taingakawa Te Waharoa, Māori Kingmaker; Henare Kaihau, MP. Taken at Huntly, New Zealand in 1898

Carroll first stood for Parliament in 1884, unsuccessfully contesting the Eastern Maori electorate against Wi Pere.[1] By the 1887 election, John Ballance's paternalistic Native Land Administration Act of 1886, which proposed leasing Māori lands through a government commissioner, was a major issue. Carroll, an opponent of the act, won the electorate. He was confirmed in the next election in 1890. In the 1893 election, he stood in the Waiapu electorate. From 1908, he represented the Gisborne electorate, until he was defeated in 1919.[2]

Entering Parliament, Carroll wanted to create equality for Māori by allowing them to lease land and use the revenue to invest in their own farms. The settler preference was for freehold title, and this solution was favoured by the Atkinson Government. He was appointed in March 1892 a member of the Executive Council representing the native race, and had to support the government in compulsory acquisition.

Te Kotahitanga Māori MPs crtitcised Carroll's stance, and he decided to stand for the General Electorate of Waiapu. He won this seat in 1893, the first time a Māori was elected to a General Electorate seat.

Te Kotahitanga continued to promote a separate law-making assembly for Māori, and Carroll travelled to Māori communities speaking out against separatism. In 1899, he became Native Minister in the Liberal Government, the first person of Māori descent to hold this office. He established the Māori Councils Act, which allowed local Māori committees to deal with health, sanitation and liquor control, and the Māori land councils, controlled by Māori and which could sell or lease land.

The settler view was that much of the North Island under Māori control should be developed, and Carroll as Native Minister to 1912 was under pressure to allow more land sales. Many Māori consider that he made too many concessions, but he always fought for the rights of Māori at a time when there was little support for his views.

Twice in the Liberal Government, Carroll acted as Prime Minister, and his status was confirmed by the awarding in 1911 of the KCMG, becoming the first Maori to be knighted. Carroll continued to represent the general electorate of Gisborne until 1919, when he was defeated by Douglas Lysnar.[3]

On 2 September 1921, Carroll was appointed to the Legislative Council by Prime Minister William Massey.[4] From the Upper House of New Zealand, he was able to support Apirana Ngata and other rising Māori leaders.[1]

He died suddenly in Auckland from kidney failure on 18 October 1926. His body was returned to Gisborne, where he was buried at Makaraka.[1]

Farmer and politician Turi Carroll was a nephew.

Further reading

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Notes

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  2. Wilson 1985, p. 188.
  3. Wilson 1985, p. 213.
  4. Wilson 1985, p. 151.

References

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New Zealand Parliament
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Eastern Maori
1887–1893
Succeeded by
Wi Pere
New constituency Member of Parliament for Waiapu
1893–1908
Constituency abolished
Member of Parliament for Gisborne
1908–1919
Succeeded by
Douglas Lysnar