Jaunpur district

Jaunpur district जौनपुर ज़िला جون پور ضلع
District of Uttar Pradesh
Location of Jaunpur district in Uttar Pradesh
Country	India
State	Uttar Pradesh
Administrative division	Varanasi
Headquarters	Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh
Tehsils	Badlapur, Shahganj, Machhali Shahar, Jaunpur, Mariahu and Kerakat
Government
• Lok Sabha constituencies	Jaunpur,Machhlishahr
Area
• Total	2,356 km2 (910 sq mi)
Population (2011)
• Total	4,476,072
• Density	1,900/km2 (4,900/sq mi)
• Urban	489,456
Demographics
• Literacy	73.66%
• Sex ratio	1018
Average annual precipitation	987 mm
Website	Official website

Jaunpur (Hindi: जौनपुर ज़िला, Urdu: جون پور ضلع‎) is a district in the Varanasi Division in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Jaunpur is the administrative centre. It lies in eastern part of state. Jaunpur city is situated at the bank of Gomati river. District have 2 Lok sabha, one Rajya sabha and 9 Vidhan sabha seats. According to 2011 census report Jaunpur have 1024 female on per thousand male which is highest in Uttar Pradesh.

Geography

The geographical area of the district is 4,038 square kilometres (1,559 sq mi). Its altitude varies from 261 feet (80 m) to 290 feet (88 m) above sea level. Jaunpur lies in middle Ganga plain. Alluvial type of soil found in all over district.

Climate

Jaunpur district has a climate consistent with that of the Northern Plain and Central Highlands including the Aravalli range, hot semi-arid eco-region 4.3 and hot dry ecoregion 9.2. The temperature varies between about 4 °C (39 °F) and 44 °C (111 °F). The annual normal rainfall is 1,098 millimetres (43.2 in). The monsoon season occurs from the third week of June to the first week of October. Normally, there are 46 rain days per year of which 31 occur in the monsoon season. The district regularly suffers drought and pestilence.

Topography

The topography of the district is a flat plain undulating with shallow river valleys. The main permanently flowing rivers are the Gomti and the Sai. The rivers of Jaunpur flow from northwest to southeast and the land slopes in the same direction. Thus, there is a more elevated area in the northwest and a less elevated area of land in the south east.

Geology

Beneath the surface of the district of Jaunpur, is a thick mantle consisting of the quaternary sediments (silt, sand and clay) of the Ganga river system. Below is vindhya range bedrock. Mineral deposits are rare but there is limestone as a conglomerate kanker in nodular and block forms. The lime can be used in building. Earthquakes have been recorded, the largest in 1927 and 1954.

Economy

Distrist's main economical activity is agriculture and allied sector. Jaunpur is fastest developing area in eastern uttar pradesh with skill development, quality education and good infrastructure .

Agriculture

The main field crops of Jaunpur district are: rice, maize, pigeon pea, pearl millet, blackgram wheat and chickpea. Other crops are onion and potato and crops for fodder. The crops are grown with both rainfall and irrigation. There are cattle (both local low yielding and crossbred), and local low-yielding buffalo as well approximately 29% of Jaunpur's population is employed.[72] Approximately 40% of those employed work in manufacturing, 26% work in trade and commerce, 19% work in other services, 8% work in transport and communication, 4% work in agriculture, 2% work in construction, and 2% are marginal workerss goats, sheep, backyard chickens and pigs and occasional dairy farms. There are 43 government reservoirs and many more private water sources. At Gujartal lake, 2 miles (3.2 km) west of Kheta Sarai, pisciculture is conducted.

Industry

There is little heavy industry in Jaunpur. The Varanasi Jaunpur highway allows for some industrial economic development. A cotton mill is operational near Karanja Kala and there are some textile manufacturers. Other manufactured products include perfume (jasmine oil and attar) and incense, furniture, carpets, chemical fertiliser and cement. Tertiary and service industries include repair workshops, print shops and internet cafes., There is a special economical zone located at Allahabad road near Mungra Badshahpur the Sathariya Industrial area or SIDA. Although all units of SIDA is not in function but maximum are doing work. Jaunpur have problem of infrastructure development. Like many other districts of eastern uttar pradesh Jaunpur have poor road quality and lack of electricity supply. National highway number 56 between Lucknow and Varanasi cross from Jaunpur.

Demographics

In 2011, an official census was made in Jaunpur district. It recorded a population of 4,476,072 of which 2,258,437 were female and 2,217,635 male. The population density is 1113 people per square km. Between 2001 and 2011, the population of Jaunpur district grew 14.89 percent. Literacy increased from 59.84 to 73.66 percent. In 2011, 86.06 percent of men were literate and 61.7 percent of women. There were 1018 women for every 1000 men, in comparison to 940 across India. Children under six years formed 14.37 percent of the population.

Governance

Divisions

Within the district, there are 2 national lower house constituencies, Lok Sabha, of which Jaunpur constituency is entirely in the district, and 9 state lower house constituencies, Vidhan Sabha. Jaunpur district has six administrative subdivisions (Tahsils).

• Shahganj
• Badlapur
• Machhali Shahar
• Jaunpur
• Mariahu
• Kerakat(Vidhan Sabha constituency) .

Jaunpur district is further divided into twenty-one "development blocks".

• Sondhi (Shahganj)
• Suithakala
• Khutahan
• Karanja Kala
• Badlapur
• Maharajganj
• Sujanganj
• Baksha
• Mungrabadshahpur
• Machhalishahar
• Madiyahun
• Barsathi
• Rampur
• Ramnagar
• Jalalpur
• Kerakat
• Dobhi
• Muftiganj
• Dharmapur
• Sikrara
• Sirkoni

There are also twenty-seven police districts (Thanas).

• Kotwali
• Sadar
• Line Bazar
• Jafrabad
• Khetasarai
• Shahganj
• Sarpatahan
• Kerakat
• Chandwak
• Jalalpur
• Sarai Khwaja
• Gaurabadshahpur
• Badlapur
• Khutahan
• Singramau
• Baksha
• Sujanganj
• Maharajganj
• Mungrabadshahpur
• Pawara
• Machhalishahar
• Meerganj
• Sikrara
• Madiyahun
• Rampur
• Barsathi
• Nevadhiya
• Sureri

baserawan kaserawan jainghai

History

Etymology and origins

The Etymology of Jaunpur is uncertain. It may be derived from the word Jamadagni a famous Hindu scribe (rishi) or it may be derived from the Muslim name Jauna. Archaeological evidence of Jaunpur district dates to the late Vedic period (1500 - 500 BC). In the 6th century BC, Jainism and Buddhism were introduced to the region. Buddha, the sage from the Himilayan foothills, was present in the Uttar Predesh area in this early time.

Gupta empire

Coin hoards of the Gupta empire (320 - 550 AD) have been found in Jaunpur district. During the reign of the Gupta empire, Hinduism became a more prominent religion. Gupta inscriptions use Sanskrit whereas in previous times, Prakrit was used. In the late 6th century, the region fell into chaos due to war between the Guptas, Huns and Maukaris. The Gupta kings included:

• Chandra Gupta I 320
• Samudra Gupta (Chandra's son)

Hashavardana

The history of the region from the fall of the Gupta empire to the 9th century is uncertain due to a paucity of surviving historical sources. Hashavardana of Thanesar who invaded in about 640 AD may have been the ruler of a first Rajput kingdom. Iswar Varma of Magadha was a king of Jaunpur in the 8th century.

Mediaeval rulers

Sharqi empire

After the Ghurid empire failed, the Sharqi rulers were able to establish rule and make Jaunpur independent from the Kingdom of Delhi. The Sharqi "Kings of the East" included:

• Malik (d. 1398)
• Kwaja-i-Jahan (Malik-ul-Shaq, "Lord of the East") 1394 - d. 1399 (an eunuch appointed by Mahmud II, Sultan of Delhi).
• Mubarik (Adopted son of Jahan) 1400 - d. 1401
• Ibrahim 1401 - 1441 (Younger son of Mubarik. Ibrahim saw Jaunpur township as a cultural and religious centre of Islam in India. There are archaeological coin finds from this period onwards.)
• Mahmud 1441 - 1451
• Muhammad (Bikhun Khan) 1451 - 1478
• Hussain 1452 - 1474

Lodi dynasty

• Barbak bin Buhlol Lodi 1474 - (Brother of Ibrahim)
• Sikander Lodi (father of Mahmud) 1479 - Destroyed most Sharqi structures, leaving the mosques.

Mughal empire

The Mughals had threatened India from the northwest for many years. The first to reach Jaunpur was Humuyan, crown prince of the Mughal ruler, Barbur. The Mughal rulers included:

• Barbur (b. 1483 - d. 1530) Although, from 1484 until 1525, Jaunpur itself was held by the Lodi dynasty.
• Humayun 1530 - 1540, d. 1556
• Sher Khan Suri 1540 - d. 1545, an Afghan general of Barbur who defeated Humuyan
• Akbar son of Humuyan, 1556 - d. 1605 (appointed Khan-i Khanan Muhammad Min'im Khan, a loyal noble, governor of Jaunpur in 1567 - d. 1575)
• Jahangir son of Akbah 1605 - d. 1627
• Shah Jahan (Kurrham) son of Akbah 1627 - 1657 (d. 1666)
• Aurangzeb 1658 - d 1707
• Bahadur Shah I 1707 - d. 1712

The Mughal empire in India began to fail due incompetence in governance as well as the pressures of Persian and Afghan invaders and local Hindu forces including the Jats, Sikhs and Marathass.

British rule

In 1775, Jaunpur was annexed by the British East India Company and company administration was imposed. In 1779, British Imperial rule was consolidated. In 1818, an official tax area under the Zamindar system was established. Through this time, British artists and writers in the Jaunpur area described the district in terms of "picturesque ruin". As well as an artistic statement, there was an underlying political notion that civilisation in the area had withered prior to the arrival of the British. The remnants of Jaunpur's past could be viewed with both "admiration and regret". During the revolt of 1857, Sikh troops from Jaunpur joined the Indian rebel side.

Historic places and sights

Shahi Qila

In 1162, Firoz Shah III built the Shahi Qila (the imperial fort). The Kerar Kot fort once stood on the same site in Jaunpur township on the left (north) bank of the Gomti river. It contained a mosque and a spacious and stylish set of baths (hammam) installed by Ibrahim, Firoz's brother. The layout of the fort is an irregular quadrangle enclosed in stone walls. The walls surround raised earthworks. Most of the remains of the original structures are buried or in ruin.

Main gate

The main gates face east. The largest inner gate is 14 metres (46 ft) in height. Its external surface is set with ashlar stone. A further, outer, gate was installed during the reign of the Mughal king, Akbar, under the patronage of the governor of Jaunpur, Min'im Khan in the 16th century. It is designed in the shape of a flanking bastion. The spandrels or spaces between the arches of the outer gate were decorated with blue and yellow tiles. Ornamental niches are built into the walls of the outer gate.

Palace

The two story residential and administrative building or "palace" was built in a square layout. An interior pillared verandah or aiwan overlooked the ground floor from the first.

Fort mosque

The mosque or masjid is likely the oldest building in Jaunpur township. It was a simple arcade of about 39.40 metres (129.3 ft) x 6.65 metres (21.8 ft). It was supported by pillars in the Bengali style. There are three low central domes and no minars. (There are two nearby stone pillars instead).

some more for people

The hammam or Bhoolbhulaiya is a part underground, domed structure made of stone. Despite its provincial location, the patrons of the baths at Jaunpur township had a supply of hot and cold running water. its a very beautiful places in jaunpur .

this time is shahi qila was protected under state government and jaunpur district nagar palika, and it's open morning 10 pm to 5 pm evening in winter session. here every Thursday more people coming here because in qila in small masque and every Thursday more people coming to prayer .

It's a very beautiful place ever for jaunpur. here stand and see to gomati river and some market near to gomati river .

Atala mosque

Firoz Shah III began the construction of the Atala mosque in 1393 .Atala mosque is model of Indo-Iran architecture.The Atala became a model for other mosques in the Jaunpur district. Architecturally, it retained and advanced the element of monumentalism. The height of the Atala mosque is over 100 feet (30 m). The perimeter is 248 feet (76 m). The entrance has three massive stone pylons. The central one consists of a high arch between two sloping towers. These are decorated with arched niches and stone screened windows.

Jhanjhari mosque

The Jhanjhari mosque, on the north bank of the Gomti river, was built by Ibrahim in the Sipah locatility of Jaunpur township. It was a residence of Ibrahim himself, as well as a place for saints, scholars (pandits) and the army (who kept animals such as elephants, camels, horses and mules). After human destruction and flood damage, only the facade remains. This consists of an arch, 35 feet (11 m) high and 32 feet (9.8 m) wide. Some of the stones from this mosque were used in the construction of the Shahi bridge.

Lal Darwaza mosque

Lal Darwaza Masjid, Jaunpur|This Mosque was build in 1447 (as per inscription of this mosque) at Begumganj, 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Jaunpur, during the reign of Sultan Mahmud Sharqi, by Queen Bibi Rajyi, dedicated to Maulana Sayyid Ali Dawood Kutubbudin, a celebrated saint (Maulana) of Jaunpur, whose descendent still live in the mohalla bazaar bhua Pandariba Jaunpur and mohalla Namaz Gah laldarwaza.. The mosque occupies 212 square feet (19.7 m²) x 188 square feet (17.5 m²) and has three entrances and a courtyard. It is also known as the "Red Portal Mosque".

• Maulana Sayyid Ali Dawood Kutubbudin

Jama mosque

The Jama mosque is another of the Sharqi dynasty period, started by Ibrahim and after a number of construction phases, completed by Hussain. It is located on the Shahganj road near the Purani bazaar at Madiyahun. The size of the mosque interior is 219 feet (67 m) x 217 feet (66 m). 27 steps climb to the top. There are four gates, one at each cardinal point. The eastern gateway was destroyed by Sikander Lodhi. The mosque is decorated with Egyptian style engravings and lotus, sunflower and rose motifs.

Shahi Pul

The Shahi Pul is a bridge over the Gomti river at Jaunpur township. It was built by Khankhana in 1564 for Akbar. The bridge is 26 feet (7.9 m) wide. At each end were pillboxes to house stalls. On a square platform in the middle of the bridge, there is a large sculpture of a lion with an elephant underneath its forepaws. The statue originated in a Buddhist monastery. There is an associated mosque at Idgah on the Allahabad road.

Other historic buildings of the district

• Khokri Masjid (An historical mosque at the banks of river Gortin - place where Syed Mohammed Jaunpuri Mahdi e Maud ahs met Khwaja Kirkby ahs)
• Rauza-e-Husain (A.S.)
• Shiv temple (built by king Sri Krishnadutta at Dharmapur)
• Hindi Bhavan)
• Kali temple (Kerakat)
• Shivlinga (Harshvardhan era)
• Gomteshwar Mahadev (Kerakat)
• Van Vihar (T.D. College Kuddupur Road)
• Paramhansa's Samidhi (Aunka village, Dhaniyamau)
• Gasuri Shankar temple (Sujanganj)
• Gurudwara (Rasmadal)
• Hanuman temple (Rasmadal)
• Sharda temple (Parmanatpur)
• Kabir Math (Basetha village, Machhalishahar)
• Sheetala Mata Mandir (Sheetala Chaukiya)
• Maihar Devi Mandir (Near Kalikutti Olandganj)

• Bajrangbali ka mandir (kalyanpur tilaura machhali shahar - janghai road)

External links

• Official website
• First website of Jaunpur in Hindi
• First website of Jaunpur in English