Jeffrey Sachs

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Jeffrey Sachs
FMSTAN & SPIDER Global meeting in Austrian Foreign Ministries in Vienna (49120446508) (cropped).jpg
Sachs in 2019
Born (1954-11-05) November 5, 1954 (age 68)
Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
Institution Columbia University
Field Political economics
International Development
School or tradition
 Keynesian economics[1]
Alma mater Harvard University (BA, MA, PhD)
Influenced Nouriel Roubini
Contributions Millennium Villages Project

Jeffrey David Sachs (/sæks/; born November 5, 1954) is a Jewish-American economist, academic, public policy analyst and former director of The Earth Institute at Columbia University, where he holds the title of University Professor.[2][3] He is known as one of the world's leading experts on sustainable development, economic development, and the fight against poverty.[4][5]

Sachs is Director of the Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University and President of the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network.[6] He is an SDG Advocate for United Nations (UN) Secretary-General António Guterres on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a set of 17 global goals adopted at a UN summit meeting in September 2015. From 2001 to 2018, Sachs served as Special Advisor to the UN Secretary General, and held the same position under the previous UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and prior to 2016 a similar advisory position related to the earlier Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),[7] eight internationally sanctioned objectives to reduce extreme poverty, hunger and disease by the year 2015. In connection with the MDGs, he had first been appointed special adviser to the UN Secretary-General in 2002 during the term of Kofi Annan.[7][8]

Sachs is co-founder and chief strategist of Millennium Promise Alliance, a nonprofit organization dedicated to ending extreme poverty and hunger. From 2002 to 2006, he was director of the United Nations Millennium Project's work on the MDGs. He is co-editor of the World Happiness Report with John F. Helliwell and Richard Layard. In 2010, he became a commissioner for the Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development, whose stated aim is to boost the importance of broadband in international policy.[9] Sachs has written several books and received several awards. He has been criticized for his views on economics and China.

Early life and education

Sachs was raised in Oak Park, a suburb of Detroit, Michigan, the son of Joan (née Abrams) and Theodore Sachs, a labor lawyer.[10] His family is Jewish. He graduated from Oak Park High School and attended Harvard College, where he received his Bachelor of Arts summa cum laude in 1976.[11] He went on to receive his M.A. and Ph.D. in economics from Harvard with his thesis titled Factor Costs and Macroeconomic Adjustment in the Open Economy: Theory and Evidence[12] and was invited to join the Harvard Society of Fellows while still a Harvard graduate student.

Academic career

Harvard University

In 1980, Sachs joined the Harvard faculty as an assistant professor and was promoted to associate professor in 1982. A year later at the age of 28, he became a professor of economics with tenure at Harvard.[13]

During the next 19 years at Harvard, Sachs became the Galen L. Stone Professor of International Trade,[14] director of the Harvard Institute for International Development at the Kennedy School of Government (1995–1999) and director of the Center for International Development (1999–2002).[15]

Columbia University

Professor Sachs serves as the Director of the Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University. He is University Professor at Columbia University. From 2002 to 2016, Sachs served as director of the Earth Institute of Columbia University,[7][11] a university-wide organization of more than 850 professionals from natural science and social science disciplines with a common mission to address complex issues facing the Earth, in support of sustainable development. Sachs's classes are taught at the School of International and Public Affairs and the Mailman School of Public Health, and his course "Challenges of Sustainable Development" is taught at the undergraduate level.[16]

Sachs has consistently advocated for the expansion of university education on sustainable development. He helped to introduce the PhD in sustainable development at Columbia University, one of the first PhD programs of its kind in the United States and championed the new[when?] Masters of Development Practice (MDP) which led to a consortium of major universities around the world offering the new degree. The Earth Institute also guided the adoption of sustainable development as a new major at Columbia College.[citation needed]

Scholarship and commentary

Academic work

In 2011, Sachs called for the creation of a third American political party, the Alliance for the Radical Center.[17]

Bolivia

When Bolivia was shifting from a dictatorship to a democracy through national elections in 1985, Sachs was invited by the party of Bolivian dictator Hugo Banzer to advise him on an anti-inflation economic plan to implement once he was voted to office. This stabilization plan centered around price deregulation, particularly for oil, along with cuts to the national budget. Sachs stated that his plan could end Bolivian hyperinflation which had reached up to 14,000% in a single day.[18][non-primary source needed] Although Banzer ultimately lost the race to the party of former elected president and traditionally developmentalist Víctor Paz Estenssoro, Sachs's plan was still implemented through plans that excluded most of Paz's cabinet. Inflation quickly stabilized in Bolivia.[19][20]

When Sachs began advising Bolivia, it was the poorest country in South America and had an annual inflation rate of 24,000 percent. His suggestion for reducing inflation was to apply fiscal and monetary discipline and end economic regulation that protected the elites and blocked the free market. Hyperinflation reduced within weeks of the Bolivian government instituting his suggestions and the government settled its large debt to international lenders for about 11 cents on the dollar.[21]

Advising in post-communist economies

Sachs has worked as an economic adviser to governments in Latin America, Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. A practice trained macroeconomist, he advised a number of national governments in the transition from Marxism–Leninism or developmentalism to market economies.[citation needed]

In 1989, Sachs advised Poland's anticommunist Solidarity movement and the government of Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki. He wrote a comprehensive plan for the transition from central planning to a market economy which became incorporated into Poland's reform program led by Finance Minister Leszek Balcerowicz. Sachs was the main architect of Poland's debt reduction operation. Sachs and IMF economist David Lipton advised the rapid conversion of all property and assets from public to private ownership. Closure of many uncompetitive factories ensued.[22] In Poland, Sachs was firmly on the side of rapid transition to capitalism. At first, he proposed American-style corporate structures, with professional managers answering to many shareholders and a large economic role for stock markets. That did not bode well with the Polish authorities, but he then proposed that large blocks of the shares of privatized companies be placed in the hands of private banks.[23] As a result, there were some economic shortages and inflation, but prices in Poland eventually stabilized.[24][third-party source needed] The government of Poland awarded Sachs with one of its highest honors in 1999, the Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit.[25] He also received an honorary doctorate from the Cracow University of Economics.[14]

Sachs's ideas and methods of transition from central planning were adopted throughout the transition economies. He advised Slovenia (1991) and Estonia (1992) in the introduction of new stable and convertible currencies. Based on Poland's success, he was invited first by Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and then by Russian President Boris Yeltsin on the transition to a market economy. He served as adviser to Prime Minister Yegor Gaidar and Finance Minister Boris Federov during 1991–1993 on macroeconomic policies.[citation needed] Sachs' methods for stabilising economies became known as shock therapy and were similar to successful approaches used in Germany after the two world wars.[21] When Russia fell into poverty after adopting his market-based shock therapy in the early 1990's, some Western media called him cold-hearted neo-liberal.[26][27]

Work on global economic development

More recently,[when?] Sachs has turned to global issues of economic development, poverty alleviation, health and aid policy and environmental sustainability. He has written extensively on climate change, disease control and globalization. Since 1995, he has been engaged in efforts to alleviate poverty in Africa.[citation needed]

Sachs at a UN meeting in 2009

In his 2005 work The End of Poverty, Sachs wrote that "Africa's governance is poor because Africa is poor". According to Sachs, with the right policies and key interventions, extreme poverty—defined as living on less than $1 a day—can be eradicated within 20 years. India and China serve as examples, with the latter lifting 300 million people out of extreme poverty during the last two decades. Sachs has said that a key element to accomplishing this is raising aid from $65 billion in 2002 to $195 billion a year by 2015. He emphasizes the role of geography and climate as much of Africa is landlocked and disease-prone. However, he stresses that these problems can be overcome.[28][third-party source needed]

Sachs suggests that with improved seeds, irrigation and fertilizer, the crop yields in Africa and other places with subsistence farming can be increased from 1 ton per hectare to 3 to 5 tons per hectare. He reasons that increased harvests would significantly increase the income of subsistence farmers, thereby reducing poverty. Sachs does not believe that increased aid is the only solution. He also supports establishing credit and microloan programs which are often lacking in impoverished areas.[29] Sachs advocates the distribution of free insecticide-treated bed nets to combat malaria. The economic impact of malaria has been estimated to cost Africa $12 billion per year. Sachs estimates that malaria can be controlled for $3 billion per year, therefore suggesting that anti-malaria projects would be an economically justified investment.[30]

The Millennium Villages Project (MVP) which he directs operates in more than a dozen African countries and covers more than 500,000 people. The MVP has created controversy because critics have questioned both the design of the project and claims made for its success. In 2012, The Economist reviewed the project and concluded "the evidence does not yet support the claim that the millennium villages project is making a decisive impact".[31] Critics have pointed to the failure to include suitable controls that would allow an accurate determination of whether the MVP methods were responsible for any observed gains in economic development. A 2012 Lancet paper claiming a three-fold increase in the rate of decline in childhood mortality was criticized for flawed methodology and the authors later admitted that the claim was "unwarranted and misleading".[32]

Sachs works closely with the Islamic Development Bank to scale up programs of integrated rural development and sustainable agriculture among the bank's member countries. One such project supports pastoralist communities in Eastern Africa, with six participating nations, namely Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda and South Sudan.[citation needed]

Following the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000, Sachs was among the leading academic scholars and practitioners on the MDGs.[citation needed] He chaired the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (2000–2001) which played a pivotal role in scaling up the financing of health care and disease control in the low-income countries to support MDGs 4, 5 and 6. He worked with UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 2000–2001 to design and launch The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.[33] He also worked with senior officials of the George W. Bush administration to develop the PEPFAR program to fight HIV/AIDS and the PMI to fight malaria. On behalf of Annan, from 2002 to 2006 he chaired the UN Millennium Project which was tasked with developing a concrete action plan to achieve the MDGs. The UN General Assembly adopted the key recommendations of the UN Millennium Project at a special session in September 2005. The recommendations for rural Africa are currently[when?] being implemented and documented in the MVP and in several national scale-up efforts such as in Nigeria.[citation needed]

Previously a special adviser to secretary-general António Guterres,[7][8] Sachs is an advocate for the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals which build upon and supersede the MDGs.

File:Jeffrey D. Sachs - 2015 National Book Festival (3).jpg
Sachs in 2015

In his capacity as a special adviser at the UN, Sachs has frequently met with foreign dignitaries and heads of state. He developed a friendship with international celebrities Bono and Angelina Jolie, who traveled to Africa with Sachs to witness the progress of the Millennium Villages.[34]

Sachs has consistently criticised the International Monetary Fund and its policies around the world and blamed international bankers for what he says is a pattern of ineffective investment strategies.[35]

During the Greek government-debt crisis in July 2015, Sachs, Heiner Flassbeck, Thomas Piketty, Dani Rodrik and Simon Wren-Lewis, published an open letter to the Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel, regarding Greek debt.[36]

Sachs is one of the founders of the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project.[37]

In April 2018, he supported President Donald Trump's view that the United States should come out of Syria "very soon", adding: "It’s long past time for the United States to end its destructive military engagement in Syria and across the Middle East, though the security state seems unlikely to let this happen".[38]

Venezuela

A 2019 report authored by Sachs and Mark Weisbrot[lower-alpha 1] claimed that a 31% rise in the number of deaths between 2017 and 2018 was due to the sanctions imposed on Venezuela in 2017 and that 40,000 people in Venezuela may have died as a result.[43] The report states: "The sanctions are depriving Venezuelans of lifesaving medicines, medical equipment, food, and other essential imports".[43] Weisbrot stated that he "could not prove those excess deaths were the result of sanctions, but said the increase ran parallel to the imposition of the measures and an attendant fall in oil production".[43] A United States Department of State spokesperson commented that "as the writers themselves concede, the report is based on speculation and conjecture".[43] Harvard economist Ricardo Hausmann, Juan Guaidó's representative to the Inter-American Development Bank,[44] asserts that the analysis is flawed because it makes invalid assumptions about Venezuela based on a different country like Colombia, saying that "taking what happened in Colombia since 2017 as a counterfactual for what would have happened in Venezuela if there had been no financial sanctions makes no sense". Calling it "sloppy reasoning", the authors also state that the analysis failed to rule out other explanations and failed to correctly account for PDVSA finances.[45] When asked about the death toll of 40,000 brought on by sanctions during an interview on Democracy Now!, Sachs responded:

Let me be clear: Nobody knows. This was a very basic, simple calculation based on estimates of universities in Venezuela that mortality had increased by a certain proportion after the sanctions. I don't want anyone to think that there is precision in these numbers. What is certain, though, staring us in the face, is that there is a humanitarian catastrophe, deliberately caused by the United States, by what I would say are illegal sanctions, because they are deliberately trying to bring down a government and trying to create chaos for the purpose of an overthrow of a government.[46]

Critical reception

Economics

Sachs's economic philosophies have been the subject of both praise and criticism. Nina Munk, author of the 2013 book The Idealist: Jeffrey Sachs and the Quest to End Poverty, says that, although well intended, poverty eradication projects endorsed by Sachs have years later "left people even worse off than before".[47][dead link][48]

William Easterly, a professor of economics at New York University, reviewed The End of Poverty for The Washington Post, calling Sachs' poverty eradication plan "a sort of Great Leap Forward".[49] According to Easterly's cross-country statistical analysis in his book The White Man's Burden, from 1985 to 2006, "When we control both for initial poverty and for bad government, it is bad government that explains the slower growth. We cannot statistically discern any effect of initial poverty on subsequent growth once we control for bad government. This is still true if we limit the definition of bad government to corruption alone." Easterly deems the massive aid as proposed by Sachs to be ineffective, as its effect will be hampered by bad governance and/or corruption.[50]

Commenting on Sachs' $120 million effort to aid Africa, American travel writer and novelist Paul Theroux says these temporary measures failed to create sustained improvements. Theroux focuses on a project in a sparsely populated community of nomadic camel herders in Dertu, Kenya, funded by Sachs' Millennium Villages Project, which cost US$2.5 million over a three-year period. Theroux says that the project's latrines were clogged and overflowing, the dormitories it built quickly became dilapidated, and the livestock market it established ignored local customs and was shut down within a few months. He says that an angry Dertu citizen filed a 15-point written complaint against Sachs' operation, claiming it "created dependence" and that "the project is supposed to be bottom top approached but it is visa [sic] versa."[51]

China

In December 2018, Huawei Chief Financial Officer Meng Wanzhou was arrested in Canada at the request of the U.S., which was seeking her extradition to face charges of allegedly violating sanctions against Iran. Soon after Meng's arrest, Sachs wrote an article in which he said her arrest was part of efforts to contain China and accused the U.S. of hypocrisy for seeking her extradition. He wrote that none of the executives of several U.S. companies which had been fined for sanctions violations were arrested. After he was criticised for the article, Sachs closed his Twitter account, which had 260,000 followers.[52] Isaac Stone Fish, a senior fellow at Asia Society, noted that Sachs had written a foreword to a Huawei position paper, and questioned whether Sachs had been paid by Huawei. Sachs said he had not been paid for the work.[52]

In June 2020, Sachs said the targeting of Huawei by the US was not solely about security.[53] In their 2020 book Hidden Hand, Clive Hamilton and Mareike Ohlberg comment on one of Sachs' articles in which he accuses the U.S. government of maligning Huawei under hypocritical pretenses. Hamilton and Ohlberg write that Sachs' article would be more meaningful and influential if he did not have a close relationship with Huawei, including his previous endorsement of the company's "vision of our shared digital future". The authors also allege that Sachs has ties to a number of Chinese state bodies and the private energy corporation CEFC China Energy for which he has spoken.[54]

During a January 2021 interview, despite the interviewer's repeated prompting, Sachs evaded questions about China's repression of the Uyghurs by alluding to "huge human rights abuses committed by the U.S."[55] Subsequently, 19 advocacy and rights groups jointly wrote a letter to Columbia University questioning Sachs' comments.[55][56] The letter's signatories wrote that Sachs took the same stance as China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, a digression to the history of U.S. rights violations as a way to avoid discussions of China's mistreatment of Uyghurs. The rights groups went on to say that Sachs "betrayed his institution's mission" by trivializing the perspective of those who were oppressed by the Chinese government.[55][56] Stephan Richter, editor-in-chief at The Globalist, and J.D. Bindenagel, a writer, wrote that Sachs is actively promoting "a classic Communist propaganda ploy".[57]

Personal life

Sachs lives in New York City with his wife Sonia Ehrlich Sachs, a pediatrician. They have three children, named Lisa, Adam[58] and Hannah Sachs.[59][60][61] Sachs endorsed Bernie Sanders in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries and has provided advice to Sanders.[62]

Awards and honors

In 2004 and 2005, Sachs was named one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World by Time. He was also named one of the "500 Most Influential People in the Field of Foreign Policy" by the World Affairs Councils of America.[63]

In 1993, the New York Times called Sachs "probably the most important economist in the world."[21] In 2005, Sachs received the Sargent Shriver Award for Equal Justice. In 2007, he was awarded the Padma Bhushan, the third highest civilian honor bestowed by the government of India.[64] Also in 2007, he received the Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution International Advocate for Peace Award and the Centennial Medal from the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences for his contributions to society.[25]

In 2007, Sachs received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.[65]

From 2000 to 2001, Sachs was chairman of the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health[66] of the World Health Organization (WHO) and from 1999 to 2000 he served as a member of the International Financial Institution Advisory Commission established by the United States Congress. Sachs has been an adviser to the WHO, the World Bank, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the International Monetary Fund, and the United Nations Development Program. He is a member of the Institute of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Harvard Society of Fellows, the Fellows of the World Econometric Society, the Brookings Panel of Economists, the National Bureau of Economic Research and the Board of Advisers of the Chinese Economists Society, among other international organizations.[25] Sachs is also the first holder of the Royal Professor Ungku Aziz Chair in Poverty Studies at the Centre for Poverty and Development Studies at the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia for 2007–2009. He holds an honorary professorship at the Universidad del Pacifico in Peru. He has lectured at the London School of Economics, the University of Oxford and Yale University and in Tel Aviv and Jakarta.[25]

In September 2008, Vanity Fair ranked Sachs 98th on its list of 100 members of the New Establishment. In July 2009, Sachs became a member of the Netherlands Development Organisation's International Advisory Board.[67] In 2009, Princeton University's American Whig-Cliosophic Society awarded Sachs the James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service.[68]

In 2016, Sachs became president of the Eastern Economic Association, succeeding Janet Currie.[69]

In 2017, Sachs and his wife were the joint recipients of the first World Sustainability Award.[70] In 2015, Sachs was awarded the Blue Planet Prize for his contributions to solving global environmental problems.[71]

In May 2017 Sachs was awarded the Boris Mints Institute Prize for Research of Strategic Policy Solutions to Global Challenges.[72]

Honorary degrees

Sachs has received honorary degrees from Bryant University,[73] the College of the Atlantic, Connecticut College, the Cracow University of Economics in Poland, Iona College, Lehigh University, Lingnan College in Hong Kong, McGill University, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Ohio Wesleyan University, Pace University, St. John's University, Simon Fraser University, Southern Methodist University, Southern New Hampshire University, the State University of New York, the University of Brescia in Italy,[74][75] the University of St. Gallen in Switzerland, the University of Economics Varna in Bulgaria,[25]Ursinus College, Whitman College, the University of Michigan and the ADA University.[citation needed]

Publications

Sachs has written hundreds of academic articles and many books, including three The New York Times bestsellers, namely The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (Penguin, 2005), Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet (Penguin, 2008) and The Price of Civilization: Reawakening American Virtue and Prosperity (Random House, 2011). More recent books include The Age of Sustainable Development (Columbia University Press, 2015), Building the New American Economy (Columbia University Press, 2017), A New Foreign Policy: Beyond American Exceptionalism (Columbia University Press, 2018), and The Ages of Globalization: Geography, Technology, and Institutions (Columbia University Press, 2020).

Sachs writes a monthly foreign affairs column for Project Syndicate, a nonprofit association of newspapers around the world that is circulated in 145 countries.[76] He is also a frequent contributor to such major publications as the Financial Times,[77][78] Scientific American, Time and The Huffington Post.

Selected works

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Articles in The New York Times,[39] USA Today[40] and The Washington Post[41] describe Weisbrot as supportive of the policies implemented during Hugo Chávez's presidency. In a 2016 National Review article about Venezuela's deterioration following the Bolivarian Revolution, Weisbrot was described as one of the "leftist admirers of Venezuela" and an "ardent cheerleader" of Chávez's policies.[42]

References

  1. ↑ Janet Shan, "Keynesian Economist, Jeffrey Sachs Says President Obama's Stimulus has Failed", June 7, 2010, Hinterlandgazette.com, 2010-06-07, archived from the original on April 13, 2017, retrieved 2014-02-19<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>[unreliable source?]
  2. ↑ Jacobson, Lindsey (2020-08-24). "Economists offer bleak view of President Trump's first term, citing deglobalization trends and 'protectionism'". CNBC. Retrieved 2020-09-15.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  3. ↑ "China's yuan 10 years from being on par with US dollar, says US economist". South China Morning Post. 2019-11-28. Retrieved 2020-09-15.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  4. ↑ "Buenos Aires Times | Jeffrey Sachs: 'This is not a game for BlackRock to get an extra percentage point – that's absurd'". www.batimes.com.ar. Retrieved 2020-09-16.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  5. ↑ "'Greedy' companies profit from digital addiction despite health impact, summit hears". The National. 10 February 2019. Retrieved 2020-09-16.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  6. ↑ "SDSN Association Board of Directors". Sustainable Development Solutions Network. September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 16, 2020.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Jeffrey D. Sachs" UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose. University College London. ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Shaw, Adam (April 10, 2017). "UN tensions with Trump administration mount as both sides dig in". Fox News. foxnews.com. Retrieved 2017-07-17. "Guterres' spokesman Stephane Dujarric confirmed ... this week that Jeffrey Sachs, a world-renowned economist who has served as a senior U.N. adviser since 2002, will continue in that role."
  9. ↑ "Commissioners". Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development. Retrieved 2017-07-18.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  10. ↑ "Theodore Sachs Labor Lawyer, 72 – New York Times". Nytimes.com. 2001-03-13. Retrieved 2014-02-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Jeffrey D. Sachs". Earth Institute, Center for Sustainable Development. Columbia University. csd.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2017-07-19.
  12. ↑ "Factor Costs and Macroeconomic Adjustment in the Open Economy: Theory and Evidence". Harvard University Library.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  13. ↑ Uchitelle, Louis (5 April 2002). "Columbia gets Star Professor from Harvard". The New York Times.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Jeffrey D. Sachs." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2016. Retrieved via Biography in Context database, 2017-07-19.
  15. ↑ "Developmental Troubles". Harvard Magazine. harvardmagazine.com. September–October 2002. Retrieved 2017-07-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  16. ↑ "Undergraduate Program in Sustainable Development".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  17. ↑ Sachs, Jeffrey R. (2011). The Price of Civilization: Reawakening American Virtue and Prosperity. Random House, pp. 247–48. ISBN 978-0-8129-8046-2.
  18. ↑ Sachs, Jeffrey D. (2005). Economic Possibilities for Our TimeThe End of Poverty. New York: Penguin. pp. 90–93.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  19. ↑ Conaghan and Malloy (1994). Unsettling Statecraft: Democracy and Neoliberalism in the Central Andes. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 198.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  20. ↑ Bridges, Tyler (June 29, 1987). "Dallas Morning News". Bolivia Turns to Free Enterprise Among Hard Times.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Passell, Peter (27 June 1993). "Dr. Jeffrey Sachs, Shock Therapist". The New York Times.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  22. ↑ Hardy, Jane (2009). Poland's New Capitalism. London: Pluto Press.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  23. ↑ Doug Henwood. "Left Business Observer #111, August 2005". Leftbusinessobserver.com. Retrieved 2014-02-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  24. ↑ Jeffrey Sachs and David Lipton (1990-06-01). "Lipton, David and Sachs, Jeffrey. Foreign Affairs, 1990". Foreignaffairs.org. Archived from the original on 2009-01-06. Retrieved 2014-02-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 "The Earth Institute at Columbia University, 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved 2008-07-22.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  26. ↑ Bidder, Benjamin (10 November 2020). "Economist Jeffrey Sachs on the U.S. After the Election". www.spiegel.de. Retrieved 25 April 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  27. ↑ Marangos, John (2013), Marangos, John (ed.), "The Shock Therapy Process of Transition", Consistency and Viability of Islamic Economic Systems and the Transition Process, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 139–186, doi:10.1057/9781137327260_5, ISBN 978-1-137-32726-0, retrieved 2021-05-03<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  28. ↑ "United Nations Millennium Project, 2006". Unmillenniumproject.org. 2007-01-01. Retrieved 2014-02-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  29. ↑ "Booth, Mindy. UN Capital Development Fund, 2005". Archived from the original on June 8, 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-22.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  30. ↑ "Medical News Today, 2007". Medicalnewstoday.com. 2007-06-24. Retrieved 2014-02-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  31. ↑ "Jeffrey Sachs and the millennium villages: Millennium bugs". The Economist. 14 May 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  32. ↑ "Does It Take a Village?". June 24, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  33. ↑ Kidder, Tracy (2003). Mountains Beyond Mountains. New York: Random House. p. 257. ISBN 9780375506161.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  34. ↑ "Purcell, Myrlia. Look to the Stars: The World of Celebrity Giving, 2006". Looktothestars.org. 18 October 2006. Retrieved 2014-02-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  35. ↑ "Sachs, Jeffrey. The Financial Times, 1997". Uv.es. Retrieved 2014-02-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  36. ↑ "Jetzt ist der Zeitpunkt, die gescheiterte Sparpolitik zu überdenken". tagesspiegel.de. 2015-07-07. Retrieved 2015-07-08.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  37. ↑ Justin Gillis (1 December 2015). "A Path Beyond the Paris Climate Change Conference". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 December 2015. Dr. Sachs helped start what is perhaps the most serious effort to draw up a detailed road map for the energy transition: the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project, based in Paris and New York. Over the past couple of years, the effort enlisted teams from 16 countries, which account for the large majority of global emissions, to devise such plans.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  38. ↑ Trump is right about Syria: It’s time to leave, April 05, 2018, Jeffrey Sachs, The Boston Globe
  39. ↑ Romero, Simon (May 18, 2008). "Chávez Seizes Greater Economic Power". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2010. Mark Weisbrot, a Washington-based economist who is broadly supportive of Mr. Chávez’s economic policies, ...<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  40. ↑ "Polls: Support for Chavez government falling". USA Today. March 18, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2010. ... Weisbrot, who has supported Chavez's policies.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  41. ↑ Forero, Juan and Peter S. Goodman (23 February 2007). "Chávez Builds His Sphere Of Influence". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 March 2018. Some analysts supportive of Chávez's policies, like Mark Weisbrot, co-director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research in Washington ...<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  42. ↑ Cárdenas, José (18 May 2016). "In Venezuela, Socialism Is Killing Venezuelans". National Review.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 Buncombe, Andrew (26 April 2019). "US sanctions on Venezuela responsible for 'tens of thousands' of deaths, claims new report". The Independent. Retrieved 4 May 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  44. ↑ "Venezuela's Guiado pushes to name new representative to regional lender". Reuters. 4 March 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  45. ↑ Hausmann, Ricardo and Frank Muci (2 May 2019). "Don't blame Washington for Venezuela's oil woes: rebuttal". Americas Quarterly. Retrieved 5 May 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  46. ↑ "Economist Jeffrey Sachs: U.S. Sanctions Have Devastated Venezuela & Killed Over 40,000 Since 2017". Democracy Now!. May 1, 2019. Retrieved May 7, 2019.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  47. ↑ "Anna Maria Tremonti, "The Quest to End Poverty: Nina Munk", CBC Radio, 2013-09-10". Cbc.ca. 2013-09-10. Retrieved 2014-02-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  48. ↑ Feiger, Leah (August 13, 2020). "Celebrated Rwanda-Based Nonprofit Faces Harrowing Misconduct Accusations". Vice.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  49. ↑ "A Modest Proposal". Washingtonpost.com. 2005-03-13. Retrieved 2014-02-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  50. ↑ Easterly, W.; Easterly, W.R. (2006). The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good. Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-037-3. Retrieved April 23, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  51. ↑ Theroux, Paul (November 30, 2013). "Africa's Aid Mess". Barron's. Retrieved April 25, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Columbia's Jeffrey Sachs Quits Twitter After Criticism of Huawei Article". Bloomberg News. January 1, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  53. ↑ Vaswani, Karishma (21 June 2020). "US China cold war 'bigger global threat than virus'". BBC News. Retrieved 24 April 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  54. ↑ Hamilton, C.; Ohlberg, M. (2020). "Chapter 11: Think tanks and thought leaders § Opinion-makers". Hidden Hand: Exposing How the Chinese Communist Party is Reshaping the World. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78607-784-4. Retrieved April 25, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (23 February 2021). "Rights groups question Columbia over professor's interview". Axios (website). Retrieved 21 April 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "Joint Letter from 19 Civil Society Organizations on Prof Jeffrey Sachs's Recent Comments". Hong Kong Global Connect. Retrieved 21 April 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  57. ↑ Richter, Stephan; Bindenagel, J.D. (March 4, 2021). "Jeffrey Sachs: Xi Propagandist?". The Globalist. Retrieved April 22, 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  58. ↑ "Bio". Adam Ehrlich Sachs. Retrieved 2017-08-10.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  59. ↑ Nadboy, Michelle (December 22, 2011). "The Many Pressures of Dr. Sonia Sachs: Mother of Three, Implementing Large Scale Poverty Eradication for Millions". Consilience: The Journal of Sustainable Development. Retrieved 2017-08-10.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  60. ↑ "Jeffrey Sachs's $200 Billion Dream". News. Target Health Global Blog. May 16, 2008. Retrieved 2017-08-10.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  61. ↑ "Page 888". Michigan Obituary and Death Notice Archive. GenLookups. Retrieved 2017-08-10. Sachs, Theodore, Beloved husband of Joan. Dear father of Andrea Sachs, Jeffrey (Dr. Sonia Ehrlich) Sachs. Grandmother of Lisa, Adam and Hannah Sachs. Brother of the late Maurice Sachs, the late Sidney Sachs, the late Sol Sachs, and the late Freda Handelsman. Brother-in-law of Dr. Gerald and Gloria Abrams, Mary Sachs.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  62. ↑ Chotiner, Isaac (21 April 2020). "Jeffrey Sachs on the Catastrophic American Response to the Coronavirus". The New Yorker. Retrieved 25 April 2021.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  63. ↑ "British Broadcasting Company, 2007". Bbc.co.uk. 2007-04-11. Retrieved 2014-02-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  64. ↑ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 15, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  65. ↑ "National Winners | public service awards". Jefferson Awards.org. Archived from the original on 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2014-02-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  66. ↑ "WHO | Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (CMH)". Who.int. Archived from the original on 2013-10-27. Retrieved 2014-02-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  67. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-01.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  68. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 9, 2009. Retrieved 2012-05-15.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  69. ↑ "Home". Eastern Economic Association.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  70. ↑ "MDPI Sustainability Foundation". wsforum.org. Retrieved 2019-03-27.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  71. ↑ "ブループラネット賞英米2経済学者に" (in 日本語). SciencePortal (Japan Science and Technology Agency). 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2015-08-09.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  72. ↑ ""The digital revolution and the distribution of income" with Prof…". Oxford Martin School. Retrieved 2020-08-07.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  73. ↑ Economist Jeffrey Sachs receives honorary degree, calls Bryant’s blend of business and liberal arts ‘truly pathbreaking’ Archived 2012-07-25 at the Wayback Machine, Bryant University News and Media Relations, May 19, 2012
  74. ↑ "Laurea Honoris Causa a Jeffrey D. Sachs" (in italiano). Retrieved 27 January 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  75. ↑ "Laurea Honoris Causa Jeffrey D. Sachs" (PDF) (in italiano). Retrieved 27 January 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  76. ↑ Project Syndicate, 2014
  77. ↑ i.e. ft.com April 29, 2013: Austerity exposes the global threat from tax havens
  78. ↑ "List of articles". Search.ft.com. 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2014-02-19.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>

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