John Wyndham (1558–1645)

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For other people named John Wyndham, see John Wyndham (disambiguation).
File:SirJohnWyndhamWatchet.jpg
Sir John Wyndham, gilt-bronze cast relief plaque, on his purbeck marble slab, east wall of north aisle, St Decuman's Church, Watchet, Somerset
Arms of Wyndham: Azure, a chevron between three lion's heads erased or

Sir John Wyndham (1558–1645), JP, of Orchard Wyndham in the parish of Watchet in Somerset, was an English landowner who played an important role in the establishment of defence organisation in the West Country against the threat of Spanish invasion.

Origins

File:JohnWyndham Died1572 and FlorenceWadham WatchetChurch Somerset.PNG
Monumental brasses in St Decuman's Church, Watchet, set into slabs of Portland marble, to Sir John Wyndham (d.1572), of Orchard Wyndham and his wife Florence Wadham (1538–1597), erected by their son Sir John Wyndham (1558–1645). Displaying the arms of Wyndham and Wadham Gules, a chevron between three roses argent

He was born at Orchard Wyndham, the only child and heir of Sir John Wyndham (d.1572) of Orchard Wyndham, by his wife Florence Wadham (1538–1597), a co-heiress of her brother Nicholas Wadham (1531/2-1609), of Merryfield, Ilton, in Somerset and of Edge, Branscombe, in Devon, who with his wife Dorothy Petre (1534/5-1618), eldest daughter of Sir William Petre, principal secretary to King Henry VIII, founded Wadham College, Oxford. In memory of his parents Sir John erected a pair of almost life-size monumental brasses in St Decuman's Church, Watchet, and also erected an almost identical pair (considered the finest of their style in England), also set into Purbeck marble, in memory of his uncle Nicholas Wadham and his wife on their chest tomb in the Wadham Chapel in St Mary's Church, Ilminster. Sir John Wyndham was one of the heirs to the large fortune of his uncle Nicholas Wadham and helped to put into effect his plans for the founding of Wadham College. Sir John Wyndham also erected similar brasses, but much smaller, in St Margaret's Church, Felbrigg, Norfolk, to his cousin Thomas Windham (d.1599) (in the nave), from whom he inherited Felbrigg Hall, and to Thomas's sister Jane Coningsby (d.1608) (in the chancel). The inscriptions in accomplished verse on all these monuments are believed to have been written by Wyndham himself.[1]

Early origins

His grandfather was Sir John Wyndham (died 1573) of Felbrigg (second son of Sir Thomas Wyndham (d. 1521) by his first wife Eleanor Scrope, daughter and heiress of Richard Scrope of Upsall Castle, Yorkshire) who inherited Orchard, Somerset from his wife Elizabeth Sydenham (d. 1 January 1571), daughter and co-heiress of Sir John Sydenham of Orchard, Somerset.[2]

Heraldic achievement

File:WyndhamHeraldicAchievementWatchet.jpg
Heraldic achievement of Sir John Wyndham, Watchet Church

The ancestry of Sir John Wyndham is illustrated by the heraldic achievement shown on his monument in Watchet Church. It consists of a crest: A lion's head erased within a fetterlock or, a crest formerly belonging to the Felbrigg family of Felbrigg, Norfolk, Felbrigg Hall having been the second earliest known home of the Wyndham family (alias de Wymondham which originated at the manor of Wymondham in Norfolk), and nine quarters as follows:

  • WyndhamArmorials.PNG 1st & 9th: Azure, a chevron between 3 lion's heads erased or (Wyndham);
  • 50px 2nd: Azure, a bend or (Scrope), the paternal arms of his great-grandmother Eleanor Scrope (d. circa 1505), daughter of Sir Richard Scrope (1442–1485) of Upsall Castle, Yorks;
  • ArgentASaltireEngrailedGules.png 3rd: Argent, a saltire engrailled gules (Tiptoft), the paternal arms of Margaret Tiptoft (d. 1402 or 1431), wife of Roger Scrope, 2nd Baron Scrope of Bolton (1348–1403) (from whom Eleanor Scrope (d. 1505) was 4th in descent) and co-heiress of her father Robert de Tibetot, 3rd Baron Tibetot (d. 1372) of Nettlestead, Suffolk;
  • 50px 4th: Argent, a chevron between 3 rams passant sable a mullet for difference (Sydenham[3] of Orchard Sydenham, later Orchard Wyndham);
  • 5th: Argent, a fess between three mens' legs couped sable, canting arms of Gambon of Moorstone in the parish of Halberton, Devon.[4] Moorstone was an estate listed in the Domesday Book (1086) and in 1406 the Gambons were licensed by the Bishop of Exeter to have a private chapel in "their mansion of Morston".[5] Substantial remains of the mediaeval manor house survive.[6] Tempore Edward IV (1461–1483) Elizabeth Gambon the heiress of Moorstone, married John Sydenham of Orchard, which eventually brought the estate to the Wyndhams, who still owned it c.1630.[7]
  • WadhamArms.png 6th: Gules, a chevron between 3 roses argent (Wadham);
  • PophamArms.jpg 7th: Argent, on a chief gules two stag's heads cabosed or (Popham of Huntworth, North Petherton, Somerset, from which family the Wadhams inherited Ilton in Somerset where they built their seat of Merryfield.
  • PollardEscallopArms.PNG 8th: Argent, a chevron sable between three escallops gules (Pollard of King's Nympton, Devon.

Birth & Childhood

Sir John Wyndham is the ancestor of every living member of the widespread Wyndham family (except perhaps for one branch in the United States)[8] and therefore had he not been born the dynasty would have failed. However, he was born following a near miraculous rising from the dead by his mother. The famous story is that one year after her marriage and already pregnant, Florence Wyndham became ill, was thought to have died and was left that evening in a coffin in the Wyndham Chapel in St Decuman's Church, about half a mile east of her husband's home at Kentsford Manor House, and two miles north of her father-in-law's home at Orchard Wyndham, awaiting a funeral the following day.[9] That night a "covetous sexton" crept into the church and in attempting to remove a valuable ring, cut the lady's finger, thereby awakening her from a cataleptic trance. "The sexton fled, leaving his lantern behind him, and with its aid she made her way home to her astounded family"[10] at Kentsford.[11] The story was composed in verse as "Lady Wyndham's Return", by Rev. Lewis H. Court, Vicar of St Decuman's. (See full text on wikisource s:Lady Wyndham's Return). Soon after she gave birth to Sir John, who would be her only child. He was a minor aged twelve at the death of his father and as a tenant-in-chief his wardship and marriage reverted to the crown, Queen Elizabeth I, to be granted to whom she pleased. His grandfather however was able to buy-back his wardship which prevented a forced marriage.

Home defence against Spain

He played an important role in the defence organisation of Somerset, the substantial growth of which is shown by the muster in 1580 being 12,000 able footmen, double the total twenty years earlier. The special census of horses taken on 26 August 1583 shows that their number had also increased to forty-seven great horses and 308 light horses. While the defeat of the Spanish Armada saved England from the feared invasion, the significance and value of the defence movement was in keying up the nation and teaching it to realise the heritage it had to defend.

Justice of the Peace

He served as one of the County Justices and as such shared effective responsibility for local government and administration, acting as the representative and general agent of the central government, as well as sitting in quarter sessions.

Civil War

At the start of the Civil War his sympathies appear to have been with the Parliament, which is borne out by a foray made by his cousin Sir Francis Wyndham, 1st Baronet (d. 1676), governor of Dunster Castle, in June 1644 against Orchard Wyndham, as the manor is now known, which resulted in £4,000 worth of plunder being seized for the Royalist cause. Three months after this event he gave £4,000 each for safe keeping to his eighth and ninth sons, Sir Hugh Wyndham and Sir Wadham Wyndham.

Oversees founding of Wadham College

Although Dorothy Wadham was largely responsible for overseeing the foundation and building of Wadham College, Oxford[12] a nephew, possibly Sir John Wyndham, is recorded as attending on his dying uncle Nicholas Wadham (1531/2-1609). A detailed record, preserved in the College archives, was drawn up by Wyndham of a discussion held with his uncle four days before his death in 1609 as follows:

"I was sent for after dinner unto my Uncle Wadham by Mr. Bartlett there beinge present only with him my Aunte, Mr. Bartlett and Mr. Arnold. In the presence of them he told me of the greate care that he had for the erecting of a Colledge in Oxforde, as he had hearetofore often times acquainted me. that for the performance thereof, he had in Mr. Arnold's hands £4,000 with the £500 of Sr. Henry Hawley's, and in Mr. Bartlett's hands which would shortly made up £2,000 which as he thought would be sufficient to procure above £300 p ann; that he had £400 the yeare in Essex, which he left unto my Aunte his wife duringe her life, yet hoped that out of her benevolence consideringe howe well he had dealt with her, that she would imparte a portion of it unto his Colledge during her life. That his desire was to conferre it upon Gloster hall if St Johns Colledge and the Principal might reasonably be compounded withall, otherwise he did appointe it unto Jhesus Colledge. That for the buildinge of a Chappell with buttery sellar and kitchinge he appointed £2,000, whereof (as I understood him) one £1,000 was in his Studye, and the other £1,000 was to be made out of Hewnebeare. That also (as I understood him) he appointed the moitie of the Parsonage of Abbotsbury unto the Colledge. That he must entreat me for the bestowinge of my Travayle and pains for the seinge of all things performed accordinge unto his Intention, as he had often heretofore discoursed with me about it for he did trust me only with it and reposed himself absolutely uppon me, and meant not that it shoulde be any wayes chargeable unto me, for I should have my charges absolutely defrayed in a liberall and a worthie manner to the uttermost"...[13]

Felbrigg inheritance

File:Felbrigg Hall NT from the south - geograph.org.uk - 102687.jpg
Felbrigg Hall, viewed from the south, as rebuilt circa 1620-4 by Sir John Wyndham for his 3rd son Thomas

In 1599 he succeeded to the Felbrigg estate in Norfolk, including Felbrigg Hall, from his father's first cousin Thomas Wyndham (d. 1599), who like his two brothers Sir Roger and Francis (d. 1592), Judge of Common Pleas (whose monument exists in St Peter Mancroft in Norwich) died without issue. Felbrigg was the seat of the senior line of the Wyndham family. In gratitude he placed a monumental brass inlaid in Purbeck marble, in Felbrigg Church inscibed as follows: Here lieth the body of Thomas Windham, Esq., 3d son of Sir Edmund, who lived a single life and died 20 December 1599 to whose memory Sir John Windham of Orchard in Somersetshire, his cosen and heir, hath set this marble.[14] Sir Edmund Wyndham (d. 1568) was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Wyndham (eldest son of Sir John Wyndham (beheaded 1503 on Tower Hill with James Tyrrell) by his first wife Lady Margaret Howard, 4th daughter of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk (d. 1485)) by his first wife Alianore Scrope, daughter and heiress of Richard Scrope of Upsall, Yorks. Sir John also placed a monumental brass inlaid in Purbeck marble in Felbrigg Church to Thomas Wyndham's sister Jane Wyndham (d. 1608): Here lyeth the body of Jane Coningsbye, widow, one of the daughters of Sir Edmund Wyndham, knight, first married to John Pope of Oxford, Esq. and after to Hump. Coningsby, Esq. and died without issue 22 November 1608, aged 67, in memory of whom Sir John Windham of Orchard in Somersetshire, her cosin and heir, hath placed this marble. Both brasses are in the same style, but much smaller, as those Sir John erected in Watchet church to his parents and in Ilminstaer Church to his uncle Nicholas Wadham. The original accounts conerning the shipping and laying down of the Felbrigg brasses survive in the Wyndham papers at Felbrigg Hall, and although the brasses are known to have been purchased in London, the maker's name is not recorded.[15] Sir John gave Felbrigg to his third son Thomas Wyndham (d. 1653), for whom he rebuilt the manor house, completed in 1624,[16] which survives today. The arms of father (impaling Portman) and son (impaling Lytton: Ermine, on a chief indented azure three[17] ducal coronets or) survive sculpted in stone side by side above the front door.[18]

Wadham inheritance

File:WyndhamAlmshouses IltonSomerset.JPG
Almshouses on Merryfield Lane, Ilton, built by Sir John Wyndham (1558–1645), believed to have been made from materials from the demolished Merryfield House.[19]

He inherited part of the lands of his uncle Nicholas Wadham, his mother having been one of his sisters and co-heiresses. Amongst the manors which fell to his share were:

  • Ilton in Somerset, in which he promptly demolished the former Wadham seat of Merryfield. According to Collinson (1791):[20]
"When John Wyndham came to the estate, disliking the situation of the house, because it was surrounded with wood, he pulled it down, and with the materials built a farm-house at a little distance, now called Woodhouse, and likewise an alms-house in the village of Ilton. There now remains no part of the ancient edifice, except an old wall on the east side. The seat was formerly moted round, and the buildings exhibited many striking indications of remote antiquity".
  • Silverton in Devon, where his descendant George Wyndham, 4th Earl of Egremont (1786-1845) built "Silverton Park" (or "Egremont House"), a large neoclassical mansion, demolished in 1901. He built it to compensate himself for having been excluded from the inheritance of Petworth House in Sussex by his uncle the 3rd Earl who bequeathed it instead to his illegitimate son and adopted heir Col. George Wyndham, ancestor of the present Baron Leconfield and Egremont.
  • Wadham in the parish of Knowstone in Devon, the earliest seat of the Wadham family.

Marriage & progeny

File:JoanPortmanWyndhamAtWatchet.jpg
Joanna Portman (d. 13 September 1633), wife of Sir John Wyndham. Gilt-bronze cast relief plaque, on purbeck marble slab, Watchet Church
File:OrAFleurDeLysAzure.png
Arms of Portman:Or, a fleur-de-lis azure[21]

Sir John Wyndham married Joan Portman, daughter of Sir Henry Portman (d. 1590), of Orchard Portman, Somerset, son of Sir William Portman (d. 1557), Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, by whom he had nine sons and six daughters:

Sons

  • Henry Wyndham (1583–1613), eldest son, scholar in civil law, predeceased father. Erected joint mural monument with effigies of himself and his 7th brother George Wyndham (1592–1624), extant in Watchet Church.
  • John Wyndham (d. 1649), 2nd son, married Catherine Hopton, daughter of Robert Hopton of Witham, Somerset and sister of Ralph Hopton, 1st Baron Hopton (d. 1652). Their first son was Sir William Wyndham, 1st Baronet (d. 1683), of Orchard.
  • Thomas Wyndham (d. 1653), 3rd son, to whom his father gave Felbrigg Hall and jointly with him rebuilt the ancient manor house, completed in 1624.[22] The arms of father (impaling Portman) and son (impaling Lytton: Ermine, on a chief indented azure three[23] ducal coronets or) survive sculpted in stone side by side above the front door.[24] He married Elizabeth Lytton, daughter of Sir Rowland Lytton (d. 1615) of Knebworth House, Hertfordshire.
  • Humphrey, 6th (?) son.
  • George Wyndham (6th son) of Uffords Manor, Cromer, Norfolk, married (1) Anne Godfrey, relict of James Underwood of Uffords Manor, Cromer; (2) Frances Davy daughter of James Davy of Suffield. (See Clearwell, Gloucestershire, for descent of this branch of Wyndham).
  • George Wyndham ("senior"), (7th. son[25]), (1592–1624), soldier. Joint mural monument with effigies of himself and his eldest brother Henry Wyndham (1583–1613), extant in Watchet Church.
  • Hugh Wyndham (8th son), Baron of the Exchequer, married (1)Jane Wodehouse, daughter of Sir Thomas Wodehouse, 2nd Baronet (d. 1658) of Kimberley, Norfolk; (2)Elizabeth Mynne, daughter of Sir William Mynne (or Minn) (c. 1561–1618) of Woodcote Park, Epsom, Surrey,[26][27] the widow of Sir Henry Berkeley, 1st Baronet of Wymondham, Leicestershire; (3) Catherine Fleming, daughter of Sir Thomas Fleming (d. 1624) of North Stoneham, Hampshire.
  • Sir Wadham Wyndham (9th son), a judge of the King's Bench, married Barbara Clarke, daughter of Sir George Clarke (d. 1689) of Watford Manor, Watford, Northamptonshire, MP for Northamptonshire in 1661.[28] In 1658 he purchased as his seat the manor of Norrington, in Alvediston, near Salisbury, Wiltshire.[29]

Daughters

Monument to sons Henry and George

File:WyndhamBrothersMonumentWatchet.jpg
Mural monument to Henry Wyndham (1583–1613) (front) and his brother George (1592–1624), Watchet Church, north wall of north aisle

An elaborate mural monument exists high on the north wall of the north aisle of Watchet Church, showing the kneeling effigies of Sir John's 1st and 7th sons Henry (1583–1613) and George (1592–1624), inscribed with the following text:

Hoc saxum effigies refert duorum fratrum Henrici Windham et Georgii senioris quos inter numerosam prolem suscepit Johannes Windham miles e conjuge Joanna filia Henrici Portman militis apud Oxon(iam) gradus academicos obtinuerunt unde translati ille ibi studiis civilibus nec non theologicis gnaviter nimis insudasset apud Orchard decubuit. Hic vero militiae amore incitatus primo instructa classe regia ultra Columnas Herculis contendit. Inde reversus Belgiam petiit ibiq(ue) praefectura brevi potitus inter milites ferventi morbo correptus huisdoni corruit. Ubi necessitati pauperum huius parochiae suppeditare et hoc in sui fratrisq(ue) memoriam extrure propriis sumptibus curavit. Henricus primognitus obiit 9.o Nove(mbris) 1613 an(n)o aetatis 30; Georgius septimogenitus (obiit) 3.o Junii 1624 an(n)o aetatis 32.

Translated as follows:

("This stone brings back the likenesses of the two brothers Henry Windham and of George senior whom amongst a numerous offspring John Windham, knight, received from his wife Joanna the daughter of Henry Portman, knight. At Oxford they obtained academic degrees whence they transferred, the former to civil studies there, yet no less did he sweat assidiously in theological studies; he laid down to sleep at Orchard. The latter, truly stirred up by love of soldiering, at first with the royal fleet having been prepared, he strove beyond the Columns of Hercules . Returned thence he sought Belgium and there for a short while he obtained a command amongst soldiers; he was seized violently by a fiery disease by which cause he fell to the ground. And at his own expense he took care to supply abundantly to the need of the poor of this parish and to construct this (monument) in memory of himself and of his brother. Henry the first-born died the ninth of November 1613 in the year of his age 30; George the seventh-born died on the 3rd of June 1624 in the year of his age 32.)

Death, burial & monument

File:WyndhamMonument1645Watchet.jpg
Monument to Sir John Wyndham and his wife Joan Portman, St Decuman's Church, Watchet. Immediately adjacent to the right is the monument to his father and mother

He died on 1 April 1645 and was buried in Watchet Church, Somerset, where exists a memorial to himself and his wife consisting of a large slab of purbeck marble erected vertically against the east wall of the north aisle chapel, containing inlaid plaques of gilt-bronze relief-sculpted portraits and armorial shields, reminiscent of the Renaissance relief-work on the doors of the Baptistry of the Duomo in Florence. It is incised in Roman capitals thus:

Veni Do(m)i(n)e Jhesu Veni Cito; Memoriae Johannis Windham equestri ordine insignis antiqua et illustri gente Windhamiorum de Felbrigg quo gavisus est jure hereditario in agro Norfolcienci oriundi; et charissimae uxoris Joannae filia Henrici Portman de Orchard juxta Taunton equitis aurati. Castissimo conjugio liberos susciperunt masculos novem sex filias. Quinquaginta duos annos continuos in hac parochia S(anc)ti Decumani in aedibus suis de Orchard familiam alverunt. Patriae judicio et populi testimonio pietate et probitate summe conspicui. Horum cineres hic clausi (a)eternum diem et suas animas et suum praestolantur redemptorem. Obiere(nt) ille 1 Apr(ilis) 1645 aetatis suae 87; illa 13 Sep(tembris) 1633 aetatis suae 68.

Translated as:

"Come O Lord Jesus, come quickly. To the memory of John Windham, distinguished by the order of knighthood, from the ancient and illustrious family of Windham of Felbrigg, where he rejoiced in the hereditary right, arisen in the land of Norfolk; and of his most dear wife Joanna the daughter of Henry Portman of Orchard near Taunton, golden knight. By a most chaste marriage they received nine male children, six daughters. During fifty-two continuous years in this parish of Saint Decuman in his house of Orchard they raised their family. By the judgement of his country and by the testimony of the people (he was) conspicuous in the highest piety and probity. The ashes of these were closed up here into eternal day and their souls await their Redeemer. They departed: he, the 1st of April 1645, of his age 87; she, on the 13th of September 1633, of her age 68".

See also

Sources

References

  1. ↑ Ketton-Cremer, Robert Wyndham, Felbrigg, the Story of a House, London, 1962, p.32
  2. ↑ Blomefield, op.cit. is in error as he does not derive the Orchard family from Eleanor Scrope, which ancestry is clearly shown in the heraldry in Watchet Church. He erroneously states John Windham (the husband of Elizabeth Sydenham) to be the younger brother of Sir Thomas Windham (d. 1521), therefore the brother-in-law, not son, of Eleanor Scrope
  3. ↑ Robson, Thomas, The British Herald, "Sydenham of Langford, Som."
  4. ↑ Pole, Sir William (d.1635), Collections Towards a Description of the County of Devon, Sir John-William de la Pole (ed.), London, 1791, p.484
  5. ↑ Hoskins, W.G., A New Survey of England: Devon, London, 1959 (first published 1954), p.402
  6. ↑ Pevsner, Nikolaus & Cherry, Bridget, The Buildings of England: Devon, London, 2004, p.467
  7. ↑ Pole, p.197
  8. ↑ Ketton-Cremer, p.31
  9. ↑ Emeny, Richard, A Description of Orchard Wyndham, 2000, p.2 (guide-booklet available at Orchard Wyndham)
  10. ↑ Ketton-Cremer, p.30
  11. ↑ She probably went to Kentsford Manor House, a secondary Wyndham seat a short distance west of the church, rather than back to Orchard Wyndham, about 2 miles south of the church
  12. ↑ T.G.Jackson; Wadham College Oxford
  13. ↑ Thomas Graham Jackson, Wadham College, Oxford, its Foundation, Architecture and History, with an Account of the Family of Wadham and their Seats in Somerset and Devon, Oxford, 1893, pp.12-13
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Ketton-Cremer, Robert Wyndham, Felbrigg, the Story of a House, London, 1962, p.32
  16. ↑ Ketton-Cremer, pp.35-6
  17. ↑ Shown as three coronets, bu arms of Earl of Lytton state two (Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p.721)
  18. ↑ Image
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p.898; Impaled (without tinctures) with Wyndham in Watchet Church, Somerset, 1645
  22. ↑ Ketton-Cremer, Robert Wyndham, Felbrigg, the Story of a House, London, 1962, pp.35-6
  23. ↑ Shown as three coronets, bu arms of Earl of Lytton state two (Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p.721)
  24. ↑ Image
  25. ↑ Stated to be seventh-born (septimogenitus) and Georgi(us) senior on his monument at Watchet
  26. ↑ A pedigree of Mynne in relation to the manor of Horton, of which Woodecote was a sub-manor, may be found in Manning and Bray's History of Surrey.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Burke's Landed Gentry, 1937, p.2511, pedigree of Wyndham
  30. ↑ http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/strode-john-1561-1642
  31. ↑ Bayley, A.R., The Great Civil War in Dorset 1642-1660, 1910. Quoted in: Miller, Alan J., Murder most foul: Alan J Miller investigates the killing of Lady Strode at Parnham during the Civil War, published in Dorset Life, November 2007 [1]

External links

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