Kabye language

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Kabiye
Region Togo, Benin, Ghana
Ethnicity Kabye
Native speakers
 1.0 million (2012)[1]
Niger–Congo
Latin (Kabiye alphabet)
Kabiye Braille
Language codes
ISO 639-3 kbp
Glottolog kabi1261[2]

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Not to be confused with Kabyle language.

Kabiye ([kàbɪjɛ̀]; also rendered Kabiyé, Kabiyè, Kabye, Kabyé, Kabyè, Cabrais) is an Eastern Gurunsi Gur language spoken primarily in northern Togo. Throughout the 20th century, there was extensive emigration to the centre and south of Togo and also to Ghana and Benin. According to the Lomé statistics office, Kabiye speakers made up over 23% of the Togolese population in 1999.[3]

Status

Kabiye is one of two national languages of Togo (along with Ewe). In the Togolese context, "national language" currently means that the language is promoted in national media and, in the formal education sector, as an optional exam subject in grades 9 and 10.[4]

Linguistic research

The missionary-linguist Jacques Delord published the first descriptive grammar of Kabiye in 1976.[5] This was followed by Keziye Lébikaza's descriptive grammar in 1999,[6] which remains the key reference work in Kabiye linguistics. There is also a Kabiye-French dictionary.[7] Other topics that have been the focus of research include: Comparative linguistics,[8][9][10][11] Discourse analysis,[12][13] Language contact,[14] Lexicology,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Morphology[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] Phonology,[39][40][41][42][43] Sociolinguistics,[44][45][46][47][48][49] Syntax,[50] Tone orthography,[51][52][53][54][55] Tonology,[56][57][58][59][60][61][62] and the verb system.[63][64][65][66][67][68][69]

Publications in Kabiye

The earliest known publications in Kabiye appeared in the 1930s.[70][71][72] Altogether there have been about 200 publications in Kabiye, though not all of these are still in print or easily available for purchase. For an inventory up to the turn of the century see Pouwili, 1999.[73] Publications include two books of proverbs,[74][75] folktales,[76][77][78][79] poetry[80] medical booklets,[81][82][83][84][85][86][87] agricultural booklets,[88][89] translations of the Bible,[90][91] political tracts,[92][93][94] religious tracts,[95][96] a short novel,[97] primers,[98][99] and other pedagogical materials.[100][101]

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Labial-velar Glottal
Stop voiceless p t ʈ k k͡p
voiced d
Fricative voiceless f s h
voiced z
Affricate tʃ
Approximant l j w
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ

Vowels

Short vowels

Front Back
Unrounded Rounded
-ATR +ATR -ATR +ATR
Close ɪ i ʊ u
Mid ɛ e ɔ o
Open a

Long vowels

Front Back
Unrounded Rounded Unrounded
-ATR +ATR -ATR +ATR -ATR +ATR
Close ɪ: i: ʊ: u: ɯ̙: ɯ̘:
Mid ɛ: e: ɔ: o: ɤ: ʌ:
Open a: ɑ:

The long back unrounded vowels only occur at morpheme boundaries.

Tones

Kabiye is a tonal language, meaning that pitch differences are used to distinguish one word from another. These contrasts may be lexical (e.g. ɖálʋ́ elder brother ~ ɖálʋ̀ intestinal worm) or grammatical (e.g. ɛɛkɔŋ́ he isn't coming ~ ɛɛ́kɔŋ (when) he comes ~ ɛ́ɛkɔ́ŋ if he doesn't come).

There are two tones, High (H) and Low (L). Six tone melodies are possible on mono- and disyllabic nouns /H, L, HL, LH, HLH, LHL/ and three on the imperative form of the verb /H, L, HL/.

Kabiye also has automatic downstep, where a H following a L is always pronounced on a lower pitch than the preceding H within the same phonological phrase. Numerous tonal processes occur once words are placed in context.

The melody /HLH/ always surfaces as [H↓HH] ~ [HH↓H] (depending on the CV structure that it associates to). This is a postlexical process that occurs where ever the context permits, within words and across word boundaries.

There is lexical L tone spreading in the verb phrase and the associative noun phrase.

Vowel harmony

Kabiye has vowel harmony, meaning that the quality of the vowel in an affix is determined by that of the root vowel. There are two kinds:

1. ATR vowel harmony, in which words contain either the -ATR vowels /ɩ, ɛ, ʋ, ɔ, a/ (e.g. ɛ-ñɩmɩ́-yɛ his key) or the +ATR vowels /i, e, u, o, a/ (e-kalími-yé his chicken).

2. Lip rounding vowel harmony, in which some affixes contains either unrounded vowels /i, ɩ, e, ɛ/ or rounded vowels /u, ʋ, o, ɔ, a/. This process is much more limited, occurring in some TAM suffixes (e.g. è-kpéz-íɣ́ he coughs / è-ɖóz-ùù he dreams) and some adjectival prefixes (e.g. kɩ́-kpɛ̀d-ʋ̀ʋ́ black kʋ́-hʋ̀lʋ̀m-ʋ́ʋ̀ white).

A limited number of prefixes undergo both vowel harmony processes (e.g. the first person plural subject pronoun: pà-kàǹdà-á they prohibited, pà-kpàzá-à they coughed, pɛ̀-wɛ̀ɛ́tà-à they whispered, pà-ɖàzà-á they dreamt, pɔ̀-cɔ́nà-à they looked).

Orthography

Kabiye was first written in the 1930s,[102][103][104] but it was in the early 1980s that the Comité de Langue Nationale Kabiyè (now the Académie Kabiyè), an organ of the Togolese Ministry of Education, standardized the orthography. Kabiye is written in modified Roman script based on the character inventory of the African reference alphabet. An alternative orthography, devised and promoted by R.P. Adjola Raphaël, is widely used among Catholics.[105] The following tables show the grapheme-phoneme correspondences in the Standard orthography.

Consonants

Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Labial-velar Glottal
Stop voiceless P p T t K k KP kp
voiced B b D d Ɖ ɖ G g GB gb
Fricative voiceless F f S s H h
voiced V v Z z
Affricate voiceless C c
voiced J j
Approximant L l Y y W w
Flap R r
Nasal M m N n Ñ ñ Ŋ ŋ

The orthography contains a significant amount of overspecification, since the 5 voiced obstruent graphemes b, g, gb, v, j are superfluous from a strictly phonemic point of view.

The grapheme "r" is reserved for loanwords.

Vowels

Short vowels

Front Back
Unrounded Rounded
-ATR +ATR -ATR +ATR
Close Ɩ ɩ I i Ʋ ʋ U u
Mid Ɛ ɛ E e Ɔ ɔ O o
Open A a

Long vowels

Front Back
Unrounded Rounded Unrounded
-ATR +ATR -ATR +ATR -ATR +ATR
Close ƖƖ ɩɩ II ii ƲƲ ʋʋ UU uu ƖƔ ɩɣ IƔ iɣ
Mid ƐƐ ɛɛ EE ee ƆƆ ɔɔ OO oo ƐƔ ɛɣ EƔ eɣ
Open AA aa AƔ aɣ

Tones

The standard orthography of Kabiye does not generally mark tone. The single exception is the spelling of two subject pronouns that are tonal minimal pairs:

Speech Writing Meaning
3rd person singular [ɛ̀ ~ è] ɛ ~ e he
2nd person plural [ɛ́ ~ é] ɩ ~ i you (pl.)

Punctuation

The hyphen is used in the standard orthography in order to distinguish homophones. It appear between the possessive pronoun and the noun in the associative noun phrase, and between the verb root and the object pronoun in the verb phrase, e.g. :[106]

ɛsaŋ [ɛzáŋ] he praises

ɛ-saŋ [ɛzáŋ] his showers

ɛsa-ŋ [ɛzáŋ] he scratched you

Grammar

Kabiye is an SVO language. The possessive precedes the head noun. Adjectives, numerals, demonstratives, locatives and relative clauses follow the head noun.

Noun classes

Kabiye has ten noun classes. The first eight are grouped in pairs of singulars and plurals that are sometimes referred to as genders. Some limited cross-pairing occurs. Class 9 contains uncountables (leaves, dust, mosquitos...), while class 10 contains liquids (milk, blood, oil...). There are certain other semantic tendencies (e.g., humans in classes 1-2, tools in classes 3-4), but these are by no means systematic. The class of any noun is identifiable by its class suffix and by the agreement of other potential elements in the sentence with it, such as pronouns, demonstratives, interrogatives, adjectives, determiners and the numerals 1-5. The following table gives an example of a noun+determiner construction from each class. In each case, the class suffix is separated from the root with a hyphen:

class example translation
1 [hàl-ʋ́ nɔ̀ɔ́yʋ̀] a certain woman
2 [hàl-áà nàbɛ̀yɛ̀] certain women
3 [hàk-ʋ́ nàkʋ́yʋ̀] a certain hoe
4 [hàk-ɩ́ŋ̀ nɩ̀ɩ́yɛ̀] certain hoes
5 [sùmɑ̀-ɑ́ nàkɛ́yɛ̀] a certain bird
6 [sùmá-sɩ̀ nàsɩ́yɛ̀] certain birds
7 [hɩ́-ɖɛ̀ nàɖɩ́yɛ̀] a certain name
8 [hɩ̀-lá nàáyɛ̀] certain names
9 [há-tʋ̀ nàtʋ́yʋ̀] certain leaves
10 [càlɩ́-m̀ nàbʋ́yʋ̀] certain blood

Verb Conjugations

The verb phrase is composed of an obligatory root and TAM (tense-aspect-mood) suffix. The TAM suffix may indicate Imperative (hàzɩ̀ sweep!), Aorist (ɛ́házɩ̀ ...and he swept), Perfective (ɛ̀hàzàá he swept), Imperfective present (ɛ̀házɩ̀ɣ̀ he is sweeping), Imperfective past (ɛ̀hàzàɣ́ "he was sweeping") or Infinitive (hàzʋ́ʋ̀ to sweep).

Kabiye is unusual in also having two designated paradigms for expressing comparatives in a subordinate clause: an imperfective form (ɛ̀zɩ́ ɛ̀hàzʋ̀ʋ̀ʋ́ yɔ́ as he sweeps) and a perfective form (ɛ̀zɩ́ ɛ̀hàzʋ́ʋ̀ yɔ́ as he swept).

The Perfective has two forms: unbound (not followed by a complement: ɛ̀hàzàá he swept)) and bound (followed by a complement: ɛ̀hàzá ɖèdè he swept yesterday)).

The verb phrase may also optionally include modal prefixes that add nuances of meaning: Adversative (ɛ̀tɩ́ɩ̀hàzɩ̀ɣ́ he swept in spite of it), Habitual (ɛ̀tɩ́ɩ́házɩ̀ɣ̀ he usually sweeps), Expectative (ɛ̀tɩ́ɩ́házɩ́ɣ́ he sweeps in the meantime), Immediative (ɛ̀tɩ̀hàzàá he swept straightaway), Pluperfect (ɛ̀ɛ̀hàzàá he had swept), Future (ɛ̀ɛ́hàzɩ̀ɣ̀ lɛ́ when he will sweep) and Negative (ɛ̀tàhàzɩ́ he didn't sweep). Some of these modal prefixes may also appear in combination with each other so that, for example, Negative + Adversative indicates a Negative Categorical meaning (ɛ̀tàtɩ́ɩ̀hàzɩ́ he didn't sweep at all).

The verb phrase may optionally add a subject pronoun prefix (written joined to the root or the modal prefix as in the examples above) and/or an object pronoun suffix (written joined to the root with a hyphen: ɛ̀hàzá-kɛ́ he swept it).

There is one modal suffix. It is used in conjunction with a Negative modal prefix to indicate a Provisional meaning. It is written joined to the verb root (ɛ̀tàhàzɩ̀tá he has not swept yet).

The verb phrase can also be extended by means of the suffix -náʋ̀ to indicate instrumentality, accompaniment, manner, simultaneity or conformity (ɛ̀hàzɩ́nàà he swept with).

All verb roots can be nominalised as agentive (házɩ́yʋ́ sweeper) or as locatives (ɖɩ̀hàzɩ̀yɛ́ the place where one sweeps).

Sample text

Man-kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ, ŋɖewa pɩfɛyɩ naʋ. Yee pɔyɔɔdʋʋ-ŋ nɛ ɛyʋ welesi yɔ, pɩwɛ-ɩ ɛzɩ wondu peteɣ. Ɛlɛ, yee ɛyʋ ɛwɛɛ nɛ ɛɛmaɣzɩɣ ñɔ-yɔɔ camɩyɛ yɔ, ɛɛnaɣ ñe-ɖeu. Nɔɔyʋ ewelesiɣ pɩŋŋ nɛ ɛnɩɩ pɔyɔɔdʋʋ-ŋ yɔ, pɩlakɩ-ɩ ɛzɩ ɛtazɩ nɛ ɛna ñɛ-wɛtʋ yɔ, pɩɩsaŋɩ-ɩ se eyele. Ŋwɛ yuŋ weyi nɛ ɛyʋ ɛɛtɛŋ ñɔ-tɔm yɔ, pɩtɩna nɛ ɛyʋ ɛɖɔkɩ-ŋ pɩfɛyɩ yebu ; Ñɛ-wɛtʋ lɩnɩ le nɛ paasɩŋ ñɔ-tɔm ? Tɔm kɔpɔzaɣ ŋga ɖicosuu-kɛ tobi. Ñɛ-wɛtʋ nɛ tɩ-tɩ solo, mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ɖooo ŋŋwɛɛ, natʋyʋ taasoki ña-taa se tɩpɩsɩ-ŋ nɔɔyʋjaʋ. Kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ, ña-pɩɣa canɩɣna-ŋ nɛ kewiliɣ-ŋ, nɛ kasaŋ-ŋ ño-yuŋ, ñe-ɖeu nɛ ñe-leleŋ yɔɔ.[107]

My Kabiye language, you are so beautiful! When anyone pronounces you and another listens, you are like a song. But anyone who does not ponder you deeply will not perceive your beauty. Anyone who listens attentively when you are being spoken must, as it were, dig deeply to discover your character. It is because of this inexhaustible weightiness that we cannot let go of you. From where does this impenetrable character come? We can reply straight away to this question. Your character is unique, because ever since you came into being, you have never suffered any outside influences which could turn you into something else. Kabiye language, your child is glad for you, cherishes and praises you, because of your strength, your beauty and your sweetness.

References

  1. ↑ Kabiye at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (1999). Grammaire kabiyè: une analyse systématique - phonologie, tonologie et morphosyntaxe, p.33. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
  4. ↑ Roberts, David (2011). The development of written Kabiye and its status as one of the "national" languages of Togo. In ed. Ochieng Orwenjo & Obiero Ogone, Language and politics In Africa: Contemporary issues and critical perspectives, 468-494. Newcastle-on-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  5. ↑ Delord, Jacques (1976). Le kabiyè. Lomé: lnstitut national de la recherche scientifique.
  6. ↑ Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (1999). Grammaire kabiyè: une analyse systématique - phonologie, tonologie et morphosyntaxe. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe.
  7. ↑ Marmor, Thomas (ed.) (1999). Tɔm kpou kabɩyɛ-fransɩɩ (Dictionnaire kabiyè-français). Lomé: Comité de Langue Nationale Kabiyè and SIL Togo.
  8. ↑ Delord, Jacques (1988). Les dialectes kabiyè : étude synoptique et comparative. Lomé: Université du Bénin (devenue Université de Lomé).
  9. ↑ Delord, Jacques (1968). Le Kauré de la Polyglotta Africana et le Kabrè d'aujourd'hui. African Language Review 7.114-139.
  10. ↑ Padayodi, Cécile Mamalinani (1997). A Contrastive Analysis of Derivation in Kabiye and English Lexical Formation Processes. Lomé: Université de Lomé. MA thesis.
  11. ↑ Tchazim, Essohouna Hyacinthe (1997). A comparative analysis of modifiers in English and Kabiye. Lomé: Université du Bénin. Mémoire de maîtrise.
  12. ↑ Karan, Mark E. (1983). Comparaison entre les discours narratifs kabiyè et lukpa. In ed. Jacques Nicole, Études linguistiques préliminaires dans quelques langues du Togo, 158-164. Lomé: Société Internationale de Linguistique.
  13. ↑ Marmor, Thomas W. (1980). A comparison of kabiye adult and child narrative discourse. Arlington, TX: University of Texas at Arlington. MA thesis.
  14. ↑ Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (1994). Linguistic interference: the case of the interference of Kabiyè into English. Lomé: Université de Lomé. Mémoire de maîtrise.
  15. ↑ Lébikaza, Kézié K. (1992). L'interférence des termes de parenté français dans le kabiyè des locuteurs natifs scolarisés. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 32.65-84.
  16. ↑ Mouzou, Palakyém (2010). Terminologie linguistique français - kabiyè. Kara: Université de Kara. Mémoire de maîtrise.
  17. ↑ Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2004). Approche lexico-sémantique du système onomastique du kabiyè, langue gur du Togo. Lomé: Université de Lomé. Thèse de doctorat.
  18. ↑ Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (1996). L'onomastique kabiyè : lexicologie des anthroponymes. Lomé: Université de Lomé. Mémoire de DEA.
  19. ↑ Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2007). Dynamique du lexique kabiyè. Sciences sociales et humaines, revue du C.A.M.E.S. Nouvelle Série B, 9:2.65-76.
  20. ↑ Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2007). Les pratiques lexicographiques kabiyè: bilan et perspectives. Mosaïque, Revue interafricaine de philosophie, littérature et sciences humaines 7.55-75.
  21. ↑ Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2007). Le discours de la déprécation en kabiyè (langue gur du Togo) : étude lexicométrique et sémantique. Annales de l'Université de Lomé, séries lettres et sciences humaines 27:1.43-55.
  22. ↑ Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2008). Structuration du temps dans la langue kabiyè, de la notion de evemiye "journée" et ses macro-/microespaces : étude morpho-sémantique. in Mosaïque, revue interafriacaine de philosophie, littérature, et sciences humaines 8.1-13.
  23. ↑ Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2010). La mémoire lexicale du concept d'esclave dans quatre langues togolaises : yom en kabiyè, yom en tem, yomg en moba et uyumbu en ncam. Geste et voix, revue scientifique de l'Université d'Abomey Calavi au Bénin 10.40-75.
  24. ↑ Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2010). Contribution des systèmes de numération et monétaire des langues africaines à la maîtrise des concepts mathématiques en français par les élèves : le cas du kabiyè. Journal de le recherche scientifique de l'Université de Lomé, série lettres et sciences humaines Série B, 12:1.13-27.
  25. ↑ Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2010). Problématique de la néologie dans les langues africaines : le cas du kabiyè. Geste et voix, revue scientifique de l'Université d'Abomey Calavi au Bénin 9.37-85.
  26. ↑ Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2011). Lexical Categorisation and Cognitive Experience of Designating Colours in Kabiyè. Geste et voix (GEVOIX-BENIN), revue de l'Université d'Abomey Calavi au Bénin 12.2-21.
  27. ↑ Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2012). Structure du calendrier kabiyè, ses sous-systèmes et son intérêt au plan acquisitionnel de la terminologie liée. Particip'Action, revue Interafricaine de littérature, linguistique et philosophie 4:1.169-189.
  28. ↑ Samah, Essossolam (1995). Structures du lexique kabiyè. Lomé: Université de Lomé. Mémoire de DEA.
  29. ↑ Delord, Jacques (1974). Morphologie abrégée du kabrè (manuel à l'usage des classes secondaires). Dakar, Sénégal: Université de Dakar.
  30. ↑ Kassan, Balaïbaou Badameli (1984). Les système des pronoms personnels en kabiyè. Lomé: Université du Bénin (devenue Université de Lomé).
  31. ↑ Kassan, Balaïbaou Badameli (1987). La morphologie du verbe kabiyè : les temps simple. Lomé: Université du Bénin (devenue Université de Lomé). memoire de maîtrise.
  32. ↑ Kassan, Balaïbaou Badameli (2001). Morphologie des noms propres de personne en kabiyè. Journal de la Recherche Scientifique de l’Université de Lomé (Togo) 5:2.67–78.
  33. ↑ Kassan, Balaïbaou (2001). Des constructions prédicatives injonctives et interrogatives pour former des noms propres en Kabiyè. Annales de l’Université de Lomé, Séries Lettres 21:2.229-312.
  34. ↑ Lébikaza, Kézié K. (1996). Les locatifs relationnels en kabiyè; leurs propriétés sémantiques et morphosyntactiques. The Journal of West African Languages 26:1.103-119.
  35. ↑ Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (1998). The item NA, a multifunctional syntactic relator. Annales de l’Université du Bénin - Séries Lettres 18.51-71.
  36. ↑ Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (2003). Réanalyse : le trait locatif latent dans les substantifs et ses implications sématico-syntaxiques. In ed. Kézié Koyenzi Lébikaza, Actes du 3e Congrès Mondial de Linguistique Africaine (Lomé 2000), 177–188. Cologne: Rüdige Köppe.
  37. ↑ Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (2005). Deictic categories in particles and demonstratives in three Gur languages. In ed. Erhard F.K. Voeltz, Typological Studies in Language Studies in African Linguistic Typology, 64, 229–249. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
  38. ↑ Pali, Tchaa (1999). Le syntagme adverbial et la fonction adverbiale en kabiyè. Lomé: University of Lomé. Mémoire de maîtrise.
  39. ↑ Delord, Jacques (1966). Nasale préposée dans les noms kabrè. Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental de l'Afrique Noire (IFAN) 28:1-2.476-480.
  40. ↑ Goss, Nisha Merchant & Amanda R. Doran (2003). Voicing of stops in Kabiye. MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) working papers in linguistics 45.131–145.
  41. ↑ Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (1989). L'alternance consonantique et le problème de l'interaction entre traits segmentaux et suprasegmentaux en kabiye. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 19:147-163.
  42. ↑ Padayodi, Cécile M. (2010). A revised phonology of Kabiye segments and tones. Arlington, TX: University of Texas at Arlington. PhD dissertation
  43. ↑ Pèrè-Kewezima, Essodina (2009). Essai d'analyse contrastive des phonèmes du kabiyè et de l'anglais. Annales de l'Université de Lomé (Série Lettres et Sciences Humaines) 29:2.77-85.
  44. ↑ Delord, J. (2000). La langue kabiyè et ses divers aspects : correspondance avec le Comité de Langue Nationale Kabiyè. Lomé: Editions Haho.
  45. ↑ Essizewa, Komlan E. (2006). A Sociolinguistic Survey of Language Contact in Togo: a Case Study of Kabiye and Ewe. Journal of West African Linguistics 33:1.35-51.
  46. ↑ Essizewa, Komlan E. (2007). Language Contact Phenomena in Togo: A Case Study of Kabiye-Ewe Code-switching. In ed. Doris Payne & Jaime Pena, Selected Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 30-42. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
  47. ↑ Essizewa, Komlan Essowe (2007). Sociolinguistic aspects of Kabiye-Ewe bilingualism in Togo. New York: New York University. PhD dissertation.
  48. ↑ Essizewa, Komlan E. (2009). The Vitality of Kabiye in Togo. Africa Spectrum 44:2.53-76.
  49. ↑ Marmor, Thomas W. (1979). Enquete sur le langage des enfants kabiyè. Lomé: Ministère de l'éducation nationale et de la recherche scientifique, Institut national de la recherche scientifique.
  50. ↑ Collins, Chris & Komlan E. Essizewa (2007). The syntax of verb focus in Kabiye. In ed. Doris Payne & Jaime Peña, Selected Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 191-203. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
  51. ↑ Roberts, David (2008). L'orthographe du ton en kabiyè au banc d'essai. Thèse de doctorat (INALCO, Paris). Villeneuve d'Ascq: Atelier national de reproduction des thèses.
  52. ↑ Roberts, David (2010). Hidden morpheme boundaries in Kabiye: a source of miscues in a toneless orthography. Writing Systems Research 2:2.139–153.
  53. ↑ Roberts, David & Steven L. Walter (2012). Writing grammar rather than tone: an orthography experiment in Togo. Written Language & Literacy 15:2.226-253.
  54. ↑ Roberts, David (2010). Exploring written ambiguities can help assess where to mark tone. Writing Systems Research 2:1.25-40.
  55. ↑ Roberts, David (2013). A tone orthography typology. In ed. Susanne R. Borgwaldt & Terry Joyce, Typology of Writing Systems, 85-111. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  56. ↑ Delord, Jacques (1968). Sur le kabrè du Togo - jeux de tons. Bulletin de l'IFAN 30b:7.256-269.
  57. ↑ Essizewa, Komlan E. (2003). Aspects of Kabiye tonal phonology and implications for the correspondence theory of faithfulness. MIT working papers in linguistics, Cambridge MA 45.35-47.
  58. ↑ Kassan, Balaïbaou Badameli (2000). De l'influence du ton consécutif dans les formes de l'aoriste en kabiyè. Cahiers voltaïques / Gur Papers 5.13-22.
  59. ↑ Roberts, David (2002). Les classes tonales du verbe en kabiyè: Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle, Paris III. Mémoire de maîtrise.
  60. ↑ Roberts, David (2003). La tonologie des préfixes de modalité en kabiyè: Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle, Paris III. Mémoire de DEA.
  61. ↑ Roberts, David (2003). Tone spreading in the Kabiye associative noun phrase. Cahiers voltaïques / Gur Papers 6.95-100.
  62. ↑ Roberts, David (2004). Tonal processes in the Kabiye verb phrase. Paper presented at the 24th West African Linguistics Congress, 1–6 August 2004, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
  63. ↑ Kassan, Balaïbaou Badameli (1996). Système verbal et énonciation en kabiyè. Paris: Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris III. Thèse de doctorat.
  64. ↑ Kassan, Balaïbaou Badameli (1989). Aperçu sur le système verbal du kabiyè (Togo). Paris: Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle Paris III. Mémoire de DEA.
  65. ↑ Lébikaza, Kézié K. (1998). Les verbes à arguments prééminents et arguments symétriques, et la forme stimuli-passive en kabiyè. Gur papers / Cahiers voltaïques 3.63-76.
  66. ↑ Lébikaza, Kézié K. (2000). Les contraintes exercées par les propriétés sémantiques des verbes dans la dérivation et au niveau des catégories TAM. Cahiers voltaïques / Gur Papers 5.103-114.
  67. ↑ Lébikaza, Kézié Koyenzi (1996). L'aspect, la référence temporelle et le processus de grammaticalisation dans les langues du gurunsi oriental (kabiye, tem, lamba,dilo). Afrika und Ubersee 79:1.37-56.
  68. ↑ Roberts, David (2013). La conjugaison des verbes en kabiyè, une langue du Togo : tableaux-types, règles d’emploi et index kabiye-̀ français français-kabiyè des verbes. Paris: Harmattan.
  69. ↑ Rongier, Jacques (1987). Quelques aspects du système verbal en kabiyè. Lomé: Ministère de l'éducation nationale et de la recherche scientifique, Université du Bénin.
  70. ↑ Brungard, Antoine (1932). Taakayã kɔɔnɔŋga. Lomé: Mission Catholique, vicariat apostolique du Togo.
  71. ↑ Brungard, Antoine (1937). Dictionnaire kabiyè-français. Lomé: Imprimerie ND de la providence.
  72. ↑ Brungard, Antoine (1937). Takayo Kiɖeɖea ta tom. In Histoire Sainte. The holy book. Rome: La solidarité de St Pierre Claver.
  73. ↑ . Entre l'oral et l'écrit : naissance de la littérature kabiyè. Lomé: Université du Bénin (devenue Université de Lomé). Mémoire de maîtrise.
  74. ↑ Batchati, Bawubadi (1997). Culture kabiyè à travers ses proverbes, volume 1. Kara: SIL-Togo.
  75. ↑ Batchati, Bawubadi (2003). Culture kabiyè à travers ses proverbes, volume 2 : « du temps où les animaux parlaient ». Kara: SIL-Togo.
  76. ↑ AFASA (1998). Mʋya takayaɣ. In Livre de contes. Folktales. Kara: Association des femmes pour l'alphabétisation, la santé et les activités génératrices de revenus.
  77. ↑ Kamuki, S. Abalo (1982). Kabɩyɛ mʋya. (Contes kabiyè, Kabiyè folktales). Kara: Ministère des affaires sociales et la condition féminine avec le concours de la SIL.
  78. ↑ Kijeu, Tomasi & Kémarè Borone (1983). Yaɣdɛ sɔsaa tɔm (L'histoire des aïeux de Yadè. Stories of the old men of Yadè). Kara, Togo: Comité régional de langue kabiyè, SIL-Togo.
  79. ↑ MAS (1983). Kabɩyɛ mʋya. In (Contes kabiyè. Kabiyè folk-tales). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè du ministère de la santé publique et des affaires sociales avec le concours de la SIL.
  80. ↑ Baza, Mao (1989). Kabɩyɛ koosi. In Poèmes kabiyè. Kabiye poems. Kara: Commission régionale de langue nationale.
  81. ↑ AFASA (1996). Aseɣɖe takayaɣ : halaa kʋdʋmɩŋ tɔm (ed.) Témoignages sur les santé des femmes. Testimonies about women's health issues. Kara, Association des femmes pour l'alphabétisation, la santé et les activités génératrices de revenus.
  82. ↑ MAS (1987). Ɛzɩma pɛfɛkɩ kɩcɩkpʋʋ (Comment soigner une plaie. How to treat a wound). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè du ministère des affaires sociales et de la condition féminine avec le concours de la SIL.
  83. ↑ MAS (1989). Pɔtʋ kʋdɔŋ. (Le paludisme. Malaria). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè du ministère des affaires sociales et de la condition féminine avec le concours de la SIL.
  84. ↑ Tchala, Biyadema (1984). Mbʋ ɖɩla nɛ ɖalaa ɛtaakpa-ɖʋ yɔ. (Traduction et adaptation en kabiyè de la brochure "Comment éciter les ascaris" avec la permission de l'atelier de matériel pour l'animation, Yaoundé, Cameroun (ed.) Piyaɣtɛma Calaa. How to avoid getting worms. Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè du ministère de la santé publique des affaires sociales et de la condition féminine avec le concours de l'agence canadienne de développement international et le ministère canadien des affaires internationales intergouvernementales.
  85. ↑ Walla, Agba (1984). Ɖɩla we nɛ wɩsɩ kʋdɔŋ ɛtaakpa-ɖʋ. (Comment éviter le paludisme. How to avoid malaria). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè.
  86. ↑ Walla, Agba (1987). Ɛzɩma pɛfɛkɩ kicikpuu yɔ. (Comment soigner une plaie. How to dress a wound). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè.
  87. ↑ AFASA (1996). Dɩla ɛzɩma nɛ kahʋyaɣ ɖɩɣ. In Comment faire pour arrêter la diarrhée. Kara: Association des femmes pour l'alphabétisation, la santé et les activités génératrices de revenus.
  88. ↑ MAS (1974). Pɩsatʋ haɖaʋ Togo taa. (La culture cotonnière au Togo. Cotton farming in Togo). Lomé: Ministère de la santé publique et des affaires sociales.
  89. ↑ Atamon, Essi (2001). kpaŋgbandɩɖɛ. (L'arbre "Moringa". The Moringa tree). Kara: AFASA.
  90. ↑ Adjola, R.N. (1997). Takayaɣ Kiɖeɖea (Bible en kabiyè). Kinshasa: Verbum Bible.
  91. ↑ ABT (1997). Nɔɔ haʋ kɩfam takayaɣ (Nouveau testament en kabiyè. Kabiye New Testament). Lomé: Alliance Biblique du Togo.
  92. ↑ PNUD (2003). Ɛbɛ yɔɔ Sjɛya Kigbɛndʋʋ ŋgbɛyɛ (ONU) ɖʋwa se ɖɩlakɩ tʋma naayɛ pɩŋzɩ kuoku taa se pɩsɩna kedeŋga kpeekpe huu nʋmaʋ taa ? (Pourquoi l'ONU entreprend certain travaux pour la promotion de l'humanité entière dans une période de mille ans ?: Programme des nations unies pour le développement.
  93. ↑ RPT (date unknown). Ŋkpɛyɛ RPT taa-tʋ Takayaɣ kȋsȋnɣ. (Le livre du partisan du RPT. The RPT supporter's booklet).
  94. ↑ UNICEF (date unknown). Tɔm siŋŋ susuu : mbʋ pʋmʋnaa se ɛyʋ ɛtɩlɩ nɛ ɛcaɣnɩ fezuu camɩyɛ yɔ (La proclamation d'une vraie parole : ce que l'homme doit savoir pour vivre bien. The proclamation of the truth : what people need to know to live well). Lomé: Imprimérie de l'alphabétisation.
  95. ↑ ABT (1988). Anɩ lɛ Yeesu ? (Qui est Jésus ? Who is Jesus?) Lomé: Alliance Biblique du Togo.
  96. ↑ ABT (2005). Ɖɩkpɛlɩkɩ Ɛsɔtɔm takayaɣ taa (Apprenons dans la Bible. Let's learn about the Bible) Lomé: Editions cité, Alliance biblique du Togo.
  97. ↑ Azoti, S.B. (2008). Paamaala : suye maɖʋ sɔsɔ. Kara: AFASA (Association des Femmes pour Alphabétisation, la Santé et les Activités génératrices de revenus).
  98. ↑ MAS (1995). Nakaa tɛ : Kɔɔnaɣ takayaɣ (Chez Naka : syllabaire kabiyè, 1e volume. At Naka's house : kabiyè primer, part 1). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè et SIL.
  99. ↑ MAS (1984). Nakaa nɛ Kpacaa : takayaɣ kɩkɛlaɣ (Naka et Kpatcha : syllabaire kabiyè, 2e livre. Naka and Kpacha : kabiye primer, book 2). Kara: Commission régionale de langue kabiyè du ministère de la santé publique, des affaires sociales et de la condition féminine avec le concours de la SIL.
  100. ↑ AFASA (1996). ABC kabɩyɛ tɔm masɩ. In Abcédaire en langue kabiyè. Kabiye ABC booklet. Kara: Association des femmes pour l'alphabétisation, la santé et les activités génératrices de revenus.
  101. ↑ AFASA (1999). Kabɩyɛ
  102. ↑ Brungard, Antoine (1932). Taakayã kɔɔnɔŋga. Lomé: Mission Catholique, vicariat apostolique du Togo.
  103. ↑ Brungard, Antoine (1937). Dictionnaire kabiyè-français. Lomé: Imprimerie ND de la providence.
  104. ↑ Brungard, Antoine (1937). Takayo Kiɖeɖea ta tom. In Histoire Sainte. The holy book. Rome: La solidarité de St Pierre Claver.
  105. ↑ Roberts, David (2008). The Two Kabiye Orthographies: A Sociolinguistic and Linguistic Comparison. Written Language & Literacy 11:1.49-72.
  106. ↑ Roberts, David (2013). Parlons kabiyè. pp 47-48. Paris: Harmattan.
  107. ↑ Alou, Kpatcha (1990): Man-Kabɩyɛ kʋnʋŋ (Kabiye, my language). In Ɛbɛ Laba? The tri-annual journal of the CLNK, no. 8, p.2-3 and reprinted in (1997) no. 22, p.33.

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