Kappa curve

File:Kappa curve with asymptotes - by Pt.png

The kappa curve has two vertical asymptotes.

In geometry, the kappa curve or Gutschoven's curve is a two-dimensional algebraic curve resembling the Greek letter ϰ (kappa). The kappa curve was first studied by Gérard van Gutschoven around 1662. In the history of mathematics, it is remembered as one of the first examples of Isaac Barrow's application of rudimentary calculus methods to determine the tangent of a curve. Isaac Newton and Johann Bernoulli continued the studies of this curve subsequently.

Using the Cartesian coordinate system it can be expressed as:

$x^2(x^2 + y^2)=a^2y^2$

or, using parametric equations:

$\begin{matrix} x&=&a\sin t\\ y&=&a\sin t\tan t \end{matrix}$

In polar coordinates its equation is even simpler:

$r=a\tan\theta$

It has two vertical asymptotes at $x=\pm a$, shown as dashed blue lines in the figure at right.

The kappa curve's curvature:

$\kappa(\theta)={8\left(3-\sin^2\theta\right)\sin^4\theta\over a\left[\sin^2(2\theta)+4\right]^{3\over2}}$

Tangential angle:

$\phi(\theta)=-\arctan\left[{1\over2}\sin(2\theta)\right]$

Tangents via infinitessimals

The tangent lines of the kappa curve can also be determined geometrically using differentials and the elementary rules of infinitessimal arithmetic. Suppose x and y are variables, while a is taken as a constant. From the definition of the kappa curve,

$x^2(x^2 + y^2)-a^2y^2 = 0$

Now, an infinitessimal change in our location must also change the value of the left hand side, so

$d (x^2(x^2 + y^2)-a^2y^2) = 0$

Distributing the differential and applying appropriate rules,

$d (x^2(x^2 + y^2))-d (a^2y^2) = 0$

$(2 x dx ) (x^2+y^2) + x^2 (2xdx + 2y dy) - a^2 2y dy = 0$

$( 4 x^3 + 2 x y^2) dx + ( 2 y x^2 - 2 a^2 y ) dy = 0$

$x ( 2 x^2 + y^2 ) dx + y (x^2 - a^2) dy = 0$

$\frac{ x ( 2 x^2 + y^2 ) }{ y (a^2 - x^2)} = \frac{dy}{dx}$

Derivative

If we use the modern concept of a functional relationship y(x) and apply implicit differentiation, the slope of a tangent line to the kappa curve at a point (x,y) is :

$2 x ( x^2 + y^2 ) + x^2 ( 2x + 2 y \frac{dy}{dx} ) = 2 a^2 y \frac{dy}{dx}$

$2 x ( x^2 + y^2 ) + x^2 ( 2x + 2 y \frac{dy}{dx} ) = 2 a^2 y \frac{dy}{dx}$

$2 x^3 + 2 x y^2 + 2 x^3 = 2 a^2 y \frac{dy}{dx} - 2 x^2 y \frac{dy}{dx}$

$4 x^3 + 2 x y^2 = (2 a^2 y - 2 x^2 y ) \frac{dy}{dx}$

$\frac{2 x^3 + x y^2}{a^2 y - x^2 y} = \frac{dy}{dx}$

External links

• Weisstein, Eric W., "Kappa curve", MathWorld.
• A Java applet for playing with the curve
• .