Kardzhali

Kardzhali Кърджали
Coat of arms
Kardzhali Location of Kardzhali
Coordinates:
Country	Bulgaria
Province (Oblast)	Kardzhali
Government
• Mayor	Hasan Azis Ismail (MRF)
Area
• Total	30.759 km2 (11.876 sq mi)
Elevation	275 m (902 ft)
Population (Census February 2011)
• Total	43,880
• Density	1,400/km2 (3,700/sq mi)
Time zone	EET (UTC+2)
• Summer (DST)	EEST (UTC+3)
Postal Code	6600
Area code(s)	0361
Website	Official website

Kardzhali (Bulgarian: Кърджали, Turkish: Kırcaali; sometimes spelt Kardzali or Kurdzhali) is a town in the Eastern Rhodopes in Bulgaria, centre of Kardzhali Municipality and Kardzhali Province. The noted Kardzhali Dam is located nearby.

Name

Named after the 14th-century Ottoman conqueror Kırca Ali, from the Turkish name Kirca and the Arabic name Ali, derived from an Arabic root which means "high" or "Elevated".

Geography

Kardzhali is located in the low eastern part of Rhodope Mountains, on both banks of the river Arda between the Kardzhali Reservoir to the west and the Studen Kladenets Reservoir to the east. The town is 260 km (162 mi) southeast of Sofia. It has a crossroad position from Thrace to the Aegean Sea — part of European transportation route 9, via the Makaza mountain pass.

Climate

Kardzhali has a Humid subtropical climate (Cfa) according to the (Köppen Climate Classification). It is mainly dry all year round with the wettest month being December with just ten days of rainfall. The city has hot summers and cold winters.

Climate data for Kardzhali (2000–)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	20.6 (69.1)	22.3 (72.1)	27.0 (80.6)	33.0 (91.4)	33.5 (92.3)	38.0 (100.4)	43.2 (109.8)	42.0 (107.6)	36.5 (97.7)	36.1 (97)	28.9 (84)	27.0 (80.6)	43.2 (109.8)
Average high °C (°F)	7.0 (44.6)	9.0 (48.2)	13.6 (56.5)	18.1 (64.6)	23.5 (74.3)	27.8 (82)	31.4 (88.5)	31.5 (88.7)	26.2 (79.2)	19.4 (66.9)	14.4 (57.9)	8.0 (46.4)	19.1 (66.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)	2.4 (36.3)	3.8 (38.8)	7.8 (46)	12.0 (53.6)	16.9 (62.4)	21.2 (70.2)	23.5 (74.3)	23.7 (74.7)	19.3 (66.7)	13.2 (55.8)	9.1 (48.4)	3.0 (37.4)	13.1 (55.6)
Average low °C (°F)	−2.2 (28)	−1.2 (29.8)	2.1 (35.8)	6.1 (43)	10.2 (50.4)	14.0 (57.2)	16.2 (61.2)	16.1 (61)	12.3 (54.1)	8.0 (46.4)	3.8 (38.8)	0.3 (32.5)	7.2 (45)
Record low °C (°F)	−17.8 (0)	−19.5 (−3.1)	−18.0 (−0.4)	−8.2 (17.2)	−1.6 (29.1)	1.0 (33.8)	4.2 (39.6)	5.6 (42.1)	2.1 (35.8)	−5.0 (23)	−9.5 (14.9)	−19.5 (−3.1)	−19.5 (−3.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	44.6 (1.756)	53.9 (2.122)	44.3 (1.744)	60.0 (2.362)	59.4 (2.339)	55.7 (2.193)	53.2 (2.094)	36.7 (1.445)	24.7 (0.972)	44.9 (1.768)	67.4 (2.654)	75.8 (2.984)	620.6 (24.433)
Average precipitation days	11.9	10.9	10.1	9.0	9.4	6.0	4.1	2.2	5.0	9.2	7.7	13.0	98.5
Average relative humidity (%)	81.7	77.5	74.2	71.6	69.2	67.1	59.3	57.3	65.1	75.8	78.8	83.7	71.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours	81	107	155	178	236	271	307	298	221	153	103	66	2,176
Source: Climatebase.ru

History

The area where the town of Kardzhali is now located has been inhabited since the Neolithic. Many artifacts, comprising ceramics and primitive tools, have been found during the archaeological excavations. Most of them are now exhibited in the local historical museum.

Later Thracian tribes settled in the area and developed a highly advanced civilization. They built many sanctuaries dedicated to the gods of the sun and the earth. Near the village of Nenkovo (northwest of Kardzhali), an artificial cave was found in 2001. It has the form of a woman's womb. Exactly at noon, when the sun is highest in the sky, a ray of light comes in through a stone slit forming a falitic shade in the cave. According to the Thracian beliefs, this is the conception of the new sun god. This cave is considered a complex astronomic facility (compared to Stonehenge in Great Britain) as the ray of light enters the cave on a single day of the year.

There are many stone castles and palaces that the Thracians built in the region — Perperek, Ustra, Vishegrad. The most magnificent is Perperikon, where a Thracian king resided. The place has become increasingly popular since the recent archaeological works rendered wealth of artifacts.

During the Byzantine period, Kardzhali was the center of a Christian eparchy — Achridos. During the reign of the Bulgarian Empire, Kardzhali was known as Zherkovo a name that was used by the Bulgarians until the 17th century. The Monastery of John the Precursor (Bulgarian: Йоан Продром or Йоан Предтеча) was built in the 6th-8th centuries and is now a monument of medieval architecture.

A couple of other monasteries were built during this era, with some of them remaining until the early 19th century. The area was of strategic importance for the Bulgarian Empire during the Middle Ages and the remains of numerous Medieval fortress scattered on the surrounding hills can still be seen.

The town developed largely due to its position on the trade routes during the period of Ottoman rule. However, it remained a small town. During the 18th century, Turkish brigands used this remote town as a hideaway and supply point, and the town was later named after their leader Kırca Ali. The best known of these units was led by Pazvantoğlu Osman Pasha, who ruled most of the northeastern Bulgarian lands and the Danube estuary until 1807.

Kardzhali and its neighborhood became part of the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia under the stipulations of the Berlin Congress of 1878, but, after the reunification of the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia in 1885, it was ceded back to the Ottoman Empire as a township of Gümülcine sanjak in Edirne vilayet. Ottoman rule ended during the First Balkan War when the town and the surrounding area were liberated by the Bulgarian General Vasil Delov on 21 October 1912. The day has been celebrated with concerts and commemorative events as a municipal holiday since 1937. Kardzhali was declared the center of Kardzhali Province, when it was created from the most southern part of Stara Zagora Province in 1949.

Demographics

Memorial to the Jewish community of Kardzhali

According to the 2011 census, Kardzhali has a population of 43,880, while the Kardzhali municipality (which in addition to the city also includes 117 villages) has a population of 67,846.

During Ottoman rule before 1912 most of the population of the city were Muslims - Turks, Muslim Bulgarians and Muslim Roma. After the Second Balkan war and the First World War, Bulgarian Christian refugees from Eastern and Western Thrace settled in Kardzhali. Some Turks immediately moved to the remains of the Ottoman Empire in 1913 in response to the Bulgarian return to their lands. Further emigration to Turkey continued between 1913 and 1989. This included two emigration waves in the 1930s and 1950s as a result of treaties between Bulgaria and Turkey and most notably in 1989 in response to the state sponsored Revival Process which saw the forced Bulgarisation of ethnic Turks.

After 1990 the deteriorating economic conditions in Bulgaria (and especially the region) during the post-communist transition led to significant emigration by both Bulgarians and Turks, with the Bulgarians moving to other parts of the country or abroad and with the Turks moving mainly to Turkey.

According to the last census in 2011 Kardzhali Province is the Bulgarian province with the highest relative proportion of ethnic Turks, though Kardzhali municipality and the city itself have a lower proportion of ethnic Turks than the rest of the province. According to the optional question on ethnic identification, the city itself has a Bulgarian majority of 61%, while Turks are 34.9% and others and undeclared are 4.1%. The Kardzhali municipality has a Turkish majority of 55.5%, while Bulgarians are 40.5% and others and undeclared are 4%. In 2001, the population of Kardzhali municipality consisted of 53% Turks, 42% Bulgarians and others and undeclared. The municipal government today is primarily in the hands of the Turkish-dominated Movement for Rights and Freedoms.

In December 1989 and January 1990 there were a series of demonstrations in Kardzhali against the liberalization of anti-Turkish laws. A particular issue of contention was whether Turkish should be taught in state schools as an elective. In response Turkish students boycotted schools until the ban on using their mother tongue was discontinued.

Kardzhali
Year	1887	1910	1934	1946	1956	1965	1975	1985	1992	2001	2005	2009	2011	2013
Population	c.650	c.2500	7,767	10,502	20,955	33,271	47,786	55,400	45,793	45,729	45,432	45,539	43,880	??
	Highest number ?? in ??
Sources: National Statistical Institute, „citypopulation.de“, „pop-stat.mashke.org“, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

Economy

The new open market

Formerly Kardzhali was a tobacco processing center, but for economic reasons some of the communist era industrial plants are no longer operative. The large deposits of lead and zinc ore in the area make the town an attractive location for the metallurgy and machine building industry.

Retail trade and services constitute the largest share of local production. The abundance of cultural and natural sights in the area also make it a promising area for tourism.

Culture and tourism

Mosque and tombe of the founder of the modern city of Kırcali is situated in the old city near the marketplace.

History Museum of Kardzhali (Pomerantsev, Moorish Revival, 1910s)

The Thracian town of Perperikon is located near the city on a rock high above the valley. It is interesting for the fact that it is cut in the rock.

The monastery from 11th century is located in the Vesselchane Quarter of the town. It was renovated in 2000 and a new bell tower was built.

The town clock is unique in Bulgaria because it sounds Bulgarian revolutionary songs every hour.

The Kardzhali Museum of History has one of the most extensive exhibitions in Southern Bulgaria. This includes pre-historic tools and ceramics from the Thracian cities of Perperikon and Tatul, Christian icons and ethnographic exhibits. It is located in the old konak (the Turkish town-hall built around 1870) with its period exterior architecture.

There are many open-air restaurants, offering a variety of drinks and cocktails in summer time on the dam. It is a popular place among fans of water sports and fishing.

The town has two drama theaters — "Dimitar Dimov" and "Kadrie Lyatifova", a puppet theater and a museum of history medrese, as well as an art gallery.

5 km (3 mi) from Kardzhali, near the village of Zimzelen, is a small badlands, where a series of white pillars have eroded out of the volcanic tuff which are referred to as the "Kardzhali Pyramids". Ensembles have been given names based on resemblances. One is known as "The Mushrooms" and another as the "Stone Wedding".

Kardzhali Point on Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Kardzhali.

Longdistance hiking path the Sultans Trail passes Kardzhali dam, city center and many villages.

Dams

The town is situated on the north and south banks of river Arda and it is bordered to the west by Kardzhali Dam, and by Studen Kladenets Dam to the east. When it is at its maximum capacity, the waters of the Studen Kladenets Dam extend up to the foot of the old Veselchane bridge. The concrete wall of the Kurdzhali Dam is located only about two kilometers (1.2 miles) upstream from that bridge. The banks of the river running through the town have been adjusted by the recently completed Water Mirror reservoir, creating environment for water sports and recreational activities.

In the 1970s, the reservoir of the Kurdzhali Dam was artificially seeded with sheatfish. Nowadays, specimens that reach 100 kg (220 lb) can be found. In later years 45,000 carp were introduced into the dam as well. Most recently it was artificially seeded with European perch. The fish were taken from the Ovčarica (Ovcharitsa) dam.

Notable natives

• Vasya Popova (b. 1989), singer, songwriter
• Mehmed Talat Pasha (1872–1921), one of the leaders of the Young Turks
• Tahsin Özgüç (1916–2005), Turkish archaeologist
• Paraskeva Simova (b. 1920), Bulgarian professor in physics
• Ali Osman Sönmez (1926–2001), businessman and former member of the Turkish Parliament
• Georgi Georgiev (seafarer) (1930–1980), The first Bulgarian to make a World tour on the sailboat "Carter-30" in 1976, a Guinness record for the time, for less than 202 days as a single seafarer.
• Mümin Gençoğlu (1932–1993), businessman and former member of the Turkish Parliament, founder and former leader of the Balkan Turks Association
• Tanya Gogova (b. 1950), Bulgarian volleyball player
• Ivo Papazov (b. 1952), Bulgarian clarinetist
• Zdravko Zhelyazkov (b. 1953), Bulgarian pop singer
• Angel Naydenov (b. 1958), spokesman of Bulgarian Socialist Party
• Naim Süleymanoğlu (b. 1967), Bulgarian and Turkish world and Olympic champion in weightlifting
• Houben R.T. (b. 1970), Bulgarian painter
• Emin Nouri (b. 1985), Turkish footballer
• Taner Sağır (b. 1985), Turkish world and Olympic gold medalist in weightlifting
• Enver Türkileri, Turkish coach in weightlifting
• Osman Nuri Efendi, Ottoman calligrapher and librarian

Gallery

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International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Bulgaria

Twin towns — sister cities

Kardzhali is twinned with:

• Gaziosmanpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
• Elkhart, Indiana, USA
• East Staffordshire, UK
• Vladikavkaz, Russia
• Vladimir, Russia

External links

• Kardzhali municipality website (Bulgarian), (English), (Turkish)
• Kardzhali Province — cities and villages
• Kardjali.info — news from Kardzhali and the region
• Yumer Lyutfi Turkish Cultural Organization (in Bulgarian and Turkish)
• News from Kardzhali (in Turkish and Bulgarian)
• Kardjali Press - Online News from Kardzhali