King of the Gods

In polytheistic systems there is a tendency for one divinity, usually male, to achieve pre-eminence as King of the Gods. This tendency is paralleled with the growth of hierarchical systems of political power, in which a monarch eventually comes to assume ultimate authority for human affairs. Other gods come to serve in a Divine Council or pantheon, usually linked by family ties from union of a single husband or wife, or else from an androgynous divinity who is responsible for the creation.

Historically, subsequent social events, such as invasions or shifts in power structures sees the previous "King of the Gods" displaced by a new divinity, who assumes the previous God's attributes and functions.

Examples of this displacement of Kings of the Gods include

• In the Mesopotamian Anunnaki, Enlil displaces Anu and is in turn replaced by Marduk.
• The Ancient Egyptian Ennead and Ogdoad where Osiris assumes pre-eminence, to be displaced by Seth or Sutekh, who is in turn replaced by Horus, son to Osiris and Isis
• The Canaanite panthon, in which Baʿal (Hadad) displaces El
• The Hurrian/Hittite pantheon in which Kumarbi is displaced by Teshub or Tarhunt or Arinna.
• In the Armenian Ar, later - Aramazd.
• In the Historical Vedic religion, the King of the Gods was Indra. Though Indra still retains the title of the king of the gods and the ruler of heaven, the Trinity of Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu assume his protective functions as the Vedic religion evolved into Brahmanical Hinduism. Indra is often considered inferior to the Trinity.
• The Ancient Greek Olympian Gods, in which Cronus displaces Uranus, and Zeus in turn displaces Cronus

There is also a tendency for kings of the Gods to assume more and more importance, syncretistically assuming the attributes and functions of lesser divinities, who come to be seen as aspects of the single supreme deity. Examples of this include

• Ancient Iranian Ahura Mazda of the Zoroastrians
• Hinduism where Brahma, Shiva, and Vishnu are seen as comprising the essence of all other divinities, and are considered aspects of the same monist reality, an impersonal force called Brahman.
• Judaism where Angelology sees previous divinities becoming aspects of a single supreme creator's powers.

Here a list of the leaders of the various pantheons

• Australian Aboriginal pantheon: Baiame
• Algonquin pantheon: Gitche Manitou
• Ashanti pantheon: Nyame
• Aztec pantheon: Huitzilopochtli or Ometeotl or Quetzalcoatl
• Canaanite pantheon: Originally El, later Baʿal (now usually identified with Hadad)
• Carthaginian pantheon: Baʿal Hammon
• Celtic pantheon: Dagda
• Chinese pantheon: Yuanshi Tianzun, Jade Emperor, Shangdi, Tian
• Dahomey pantheon: Nana Buluku
• Egyptian pantheon: Ra a.k.a Amun-Ra, followed by Osiris, Set and finally Horus.
• Finnic pantheon: Ukko
• Germanic pantheon: Týr or Wōden
• Greek pantheon: Zeus
• Guarani pantheon: Tupa
• Haida pantheon: Raven
• Hindu pantheon: Brahma, Shiva, Vishnu or Brahman
• Hittite pantheon: Arinna or Teshub
• Hopi pantheon: Angwusnasomtaka
• Inca pantheon: Viracocha or Inti
• Inuit pantheon: Anguta or Anigut but only among the Greenlandic Inuit
• Japanese pantheon: Amenominakanushi, Izanagi-no-Mikoto, then Amaterasu-Ōmikami.
• Latin pantheon: Janus, then Jupiter
• Lakota pantheon: Wakan Tanka or Inyan
• Lusitanian pantheon: Endovelicus
• Māori pantheon: Tāne
• Mayan pantheon: Hunab Ku
• Mesopotamian pantheon: Sumerian: An, later Enlil; Babylonian: Marduk
• Miwok pantheon: Coyote
• Turco-Mongol pantheon: Tengri and Kayra
• Nabatean pantheon: Dushara
• Norse pantheon: Odin
• Persian pantheon: Ahura Mazda
• Pre-Monotheistic Jewish pantheon: originally El or Elyon, later Yahweh
• Sami pantheon: Beaivi
• Slavic pantheon: Perun
• Tagalog/Filipino pantheon: Bathala
• Vodou pantheon: Bondye
• Yoruba pantheon: Olorun

Characteristics

The following are the characteristics shared by virtually all Kings of the Gods:

• Creation: Most of these gods derive their power from the fact that they created the world, formulated its laws and/or created life forms notably humans. Ex: Ra, Odin.

• Dominion over the sky: Many such deities hold control over all aspects of the sky, such as weather, rain, thunderstorms, air, winds and celestial objects like stars. They also control some aspects of earth like harvest, fertility, plants or mountains. Ex: Zeus, Indra, Perun.

• Lightning Bolts as personal weapons: Commonly seen with Sky gods.

• Divine Wisdom: Some Kings of Gods possess superior wisdom and clairvoyance, compared to most beings. Ex: Ra, Odin.

• God of the Sun, Daylight or Celestial Fire: Some Kings of gods are associated with the Sun, as it is life giving and is a powerful symbol of order. They are said to be in charge of celestial fire which are purifying by nature. Daylight is also an important phenomenon as most events take place under its presence. Ex: Ra, Dyeus Pitr.

• Conquest, Law, Justice, Order, Time and Fate: Most kings of gods have the ability to control the events of battle and grant victory to those who deserve it. They are seen as paragons of law and promote order. They are seen as powerful manifestations of their respective civilizations. Some gods either possess great skill in war or tremendous physical strength. Some of them have some control over time and regulate it with seasons. Others have limited control over the fate of a human. Ex: Zeus, Odin, Ra.

• Divine Authority over other gods: This maybe because he concerned head of the pantheon is the father or creator of many gods and goddesses who swear allegiance to him. As a result, the king of the gods makes sure that all deities function properly, punish them for misdeeds, grant or take away immortality from lesser gods etc. Ex: Zeus.

• Divine Rival: In some cases, there maybe another god, who is equal in supernatural power and thinks he can do a better job than the current king. This often results in conflict, and in extreme cases, war. Ex: Ra and Apophis; Osiris, Set and Horus; Perun and Veles; Indra and the Asuras; Zeus and Poseidon; Kronos and Ouranos; Typhon and Zeus etc.

See also

• Henotheism
• Kingship and kingdom of God