War Merit Cross

For other uses, see War Merit Cross (disambiguation).

War Merit Cross
250px War Merit Cross (2nd class, without swords)
Awarded by Nazi Germany
Type	Military medal
Eligibility	German military personal and civilians
Awarded for	Meritorious service at the front or behind the lines
Status	Obsolete
Statistics
Established	1939
Last awarded	1945
Precedence
Next (higher)	Iron Cross
Related	War Merit Medal
Ribbon

The War Merit Cross (German: Kriegsverdienstkreuz) was a decoration of Nazi Germany during the Second World War, which could be awarded to military personnel and civilians alike. By the end of the war it was issued in four degrees; and had a related civil decoration. It was reissued in 1957 by the Bundeswehr in a De-Nazified version for veterans.

Grades, award criteria and design

This award was created by Adolf Hitler in 1939 as a successor to the non-combatant Iron Cross which was used in earlier wars (same medal but with a different ribbon). The award was graded the same as the Iron Cross: War Merit Cross Second Class, War Merit Cross First Class, and Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross. The award had two variants: with swords given to soldiers for exceptional service in battle above and beyond the call of duty (but not worthy of an Iron Cross which was more a bravery award), and without swords for meritorious service behind the lines which could also be awarded to civilians. Recipients had to have the lower grade of the award before getting the next level.

Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross with Swords

The ribbon of the War Merit Cross was in red-white-black-white-red; that was, the red and black colors being reversed from the ribbon of the World War II version of the Iron Cross. The ribbon for the War Merit Medal was similar, but with a narrow red vertical red strip in the center of the black field. Soldiers who earned the War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords wore a small crossed-swords device on the ribbon. The War Merit Cross 1st Class was a pin-backed medal worn on the pocket of the tunic (like the Iron Cross 1st Class). The ribbon of the War Merit Cross 2nd Class could be worn like the ribbon of the Iron Cross 2nd Class (through the second buttonhole).

The Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross was a neck order and worn the same way as the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross.

Award history

Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross customarily received the medal from holders of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross, to symbolize the link between the combat soldier and their supporters, who helped maintain the war effort. Nonetheless combat soldiers tended to hold the War Merit Cross in low regard, referring to its wearers as being in 'Iron Cross Training', and prior to 28 September 1941, the War Merit Cross could not be worn with a corresponding grade of the Iron Cross, which took precedence.

A total of 118 awards of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross with swords, and 137 awards without swords were awarded. Considering the relative rarity of the award compared with the grades of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross, it took on extra meaning. The scarcity of the award gave it an "air of exclusiveness" it did not really deserve, as it ranked below the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross.For example, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring made a concerted effort to get Hitler to award him this order, much to Hitler's annoyance. In response, Hitler outlined a series of criteria governing the awarding of this decoration and the philosophy of such awards, and directed that "prominent party comrades" were not to be awarded with the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross (or similar decorations), and withdrew the proposed awards of this order to Gauleiter Erich Koch and State Secretary Karl Hanke. Directing his comments at Göring personally, Hitler ordered that such attempts to gain this award be stopped (from a letter dated 27 August 1943 from the Führerhauptquartier).

Also, six persons received two Knights Cross' of the War Merit Cross (each one with and one without Swords): Walter Brugmann, Julius Dorpmüller, Karl-Otto Saur, Albin Sawatzki, Walter Schreiber, and Walter Rohlandt.

Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross in Gold (without Swords). Awarded only to Franz Hahne and Karl-Otto Saur

There was one extra grade of the War Merit Cross, which was created at the suggestion of Albert Speer: The Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross in Gold (German: Goldenes Ritterkreuz des Kriegsverdienstkreuzes), but this was never officially placed on the list of national awards as it came about in 1945 and there was no time to officially promulgate the award before the war ended. The Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross in Gold (without swords) was awarded 'on paper' to two recipients on 20 April 1945: Franz Hahne and Karl-Otto Saur.

The wearing of Nazi era decorations was banned in Germany after the war, as was any display of the swastika. Veterans awarded the War Merit Cross were therefore unable to wear it, either in uniform or - publicly - on civilian dress. In 1957 the Federal Republic of Germany authorised alternative 'de-nazified' replacement versions of World War II period war decorations. These could be worn both on Bundeswehr uniform and in civilian dress. The new version of the War Merit Cross replaced the swastika on the obverse central disc of the cross with the date "1939" (as on the reverse disc of the original version), the reverse disc being blank. The wearing of Nazi era decorations in any form continued to be banned in the German Democratic Republic until German reunification in 1990.

War Merit Medal

War Merit Medal

Main article: War Merit Medal

Closely related to the War Merit Cross was the War Merit Medal (German: Kriegsverdienstmedaille), set up in 1940 for civilians in order to offset the large number of 2nd class without swords being awarded. It was usually given to those workers in factories who significantly exceeded work quotas. The War Merit Medal could also be awarded to women.

Notable recipients of the War Merit Cross

• Karl Böhm
• Philipp Bouhler
• Wernher von Braun
• Walter Brugmann (2-time Knights Cross)
• Friedrich Buchardt
• Günther Burstyn
• Adolf Butenandt
• Kurt Daluege
• Julius Dorpmüller (2-time Knights Cross)
• Karlfried Graf Dürckheim
• Karl von Eberstein
• Adolf Eichmann
• Reinhard Gehlen
• Otto Günsche
• Franz Hahne (Knights Cross in Gold)
• Karl Hanke
• Adolf Heusinger
• Reinhard Heydrich (posthumous)
• Franz Josef Huber
• Friedrich Jeckeln
• William Joyce (1st & 2nd Class, without Swords)
• Hans Jüttner
• Ernst Kaltenbrunner
• Hasso von Manteuffel (2nd Class)
• Dr. Josef Mengele
• Wilhelm Mohnke
• Heinrich Müller
• Arthur Nebe
• Egon von Neindorff
• Franz Neuhausen
• Oswald Pohl
• Ferdinand Porsche
• Walter Rohlandt (2-time Knights Cross)
• Karl-Otto Saur (2-time Knights Cross & Knights Cross in Gold)
• Albin Sawatzki (2-time Knights Cross)
• Walter Schellenberg
• Kurt Schmidt
• Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
• Walter Schreiber (2-time Knights Cross)
• Hermann Senkowsky
• Josef Spacil
• Albert Speer (Knights Cross)
• Otto Stapf (officer)
• Rudolf Toussaint

References

• (2nd ed. also exists)