Aero L-29 Delfín

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"L-29" redirects here. For the Cord L-29 Automobile, see Cord Automobile.
L-29 Delfín
Aero L-29 Delphin.jpg
Aero L-29 Delfín
Role Military trainer aircraft
Light attack
Manufacturer Aero Vodochody
Designer Ing. Jan Vlček, Z. Rublič and K. Tomáš
First flight 5 April 1959
Introduction 1961
Status At least a few in service with the Mali Air Force; popular civilian warbird
Primary users Soviet Air Force
Czech Air Force
Bulgarian Air Force
Produced 1963-1974
Number built 3,500

The Aero L-29 Delfín (English: Dolphin, NATO reporting name: Maya) is a military jet trainer aircraft that became the standard jet trainer for the air forces of Warsaw Pact nations in the 1960s. It was Czechoslovakia's first locally designed and built jet aircraft.

Design and development

In the late 1950s, the Soviet Air Force was seeking a jet-powered replacement for its fleet of piston-engined trainers, and this requirement was soon broadened to finding a trainer aircraft that could be adopted in common by Eastern Bloc air forces. Aero's response, the prototype XL-29 designed by Z. Rublič and K. Tomáš first flew on 5 April 1959, powered by a British Bristol Siddeley Viper engine. The second prototype was powered by the Czech-designed M701 engine, which was used in all subsequent aircraft.

The basic design concept was to produce a straightforward, easy-to-build and operate aircraft. Simplicity and ruggedness were stressed with manual flight controls, large flaps and the incorporation of perforated airbrakes on the fuselage sides providing stable and docile flight characteristics, leading to an enviable safety record for the type. The sturdy L-29 was able to operate from grass, sand or unprepared fields. Both student pilot and instructor had ejection seats, and were positioned in tandem, under separate canopies with a slightly raised instructor position.

In 1961, the L-29 was evaluated against the PZL TS-11 Iskra and Yakovlev Yak-30 and emerged the winner. Poland chose to pursue the development of the TS-11 Iskra anyway, but all other Warsaw Pact countries adopted the Delfin under the agreements of COMECON.

Aero L-29 at Kaunas airport
A private L-29 Delfin at the 2006 Miramar Air Show.

Production began April 1963 and continued for 11 years, with 3,600 eventually built until 1974. A dedicated, single-seat, aerobatic version was developed as the L-29A Akrobat. A reconnaissance version with nose-mounted cameras was built as the L-29R.

Operational history

The Delfin served in basic, intermediate and weapons training roles. For this latter mission, they were equipped with hardpoints to carry gunpods, bombs or rockets, and thus armed, Egyptian L-29s were sent into combat against Israeli tanks during the Yom Kippur War. The L-29 was supplanted in the inventory of many of its operators by the Aero L-39 Albatros. More than 2,000 L-29s were supplied to the Soviet Air Force, acquiring the NATO reporting name "Maya."

L-29s, along with the newer L-39, were used extensively in ground attack missions in the Nagorno-Karabakh War by Azeri forces. At least 14 were shot down by Armenian air-defences, out of the total inventory of 18 L-29s. The Azeri Air Force lost large amounts of its air force due to anti aircraft fire.[1]

As a trainer, the L-29 enabled air forces to adopt an "all-through" training on jet aircraft, replacing earlier piston-engined types.

On July 16, 1975, a Czechoslovak Air Force L-29 shot down a Polish civilian biplane piloted by Dionizy Bielański that was attempting to defect to the West.[2]

On October 2, 2007, an unmodified L-29 was used for the world’s first jet flight powered solely by 100% biodiesel fuel. Pilots Carol Sugars and Douglas Rodante flew their Delphin Jet from Stead Airport, Reno, Nevada to Leesburg International Airport, Leesburg, Florida in order to promote environmentally friendly fuels in aviation.[3]

From September 10 to September 14, 2008, two L-29s took first and second place at the Reno Air Races. Both L-29s consistently posted laps at or above 500 miles per hour. Former Astronaut Curt Brown took first place in "Viper," followed by Red Bull racer Mike Mangold in "Euroburner."

Russia says it destroyed two Georgian L-29s during the 2008 South Ossetia war.[4]

The Separatists in the Ukrainian Civil War claimed to have an operational L-29 on 18 January 2015.[5]

Operators

L-29 Delfin operators

Current Military Operators

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Georgian Air Force Aero L-29
 Angola
National Air Force of Angola - 6 L-29s were in service as of December 2015.[6]
 Azerbaijan
The Azerbaijani Air and Air Defence Force[citation needed]
 Georgia
Georgian Air Force - 4 L-29s were in service as of December 2015.[7]
 Guinea
Military of Guinea[8]
 Mali
Air Force of Mali - 6 in service as of December 2012.[9]
 Tajikistan
Tajik Air Force[citation needed]
Novorossiya (confederation) Novorossiya (confederation)
List of equipment of the United Armed Forces of Novorossiya- 1 in service.[citation needed]

Former Military Operators

Aero L-29 Delfin sketch.svg
 Afghanistan
The Afghan Air Force operated as many as 24 from 1978 to as late as 1999.
 Armenia
The Armenian Air Force
 Bulgaria
Bulgarian Air Force operated 102 examples, delivered between 1963–1974, retired from service in 2002.
 Czech Republic
Czech Air Force[10]
 Czechoslovakia
The Czechoslovakian Air Force
 East Germany
East German Air Force
 Egypt
Egyptian Air Force[11] - withdrawn
 Ghana
Ghana Air Force[12]
 Hungary
Hungarian Air Force
 Indonesia
Indonesian Air Force
 Iraq
Iraqi Air Force - Received 78 L-29s between 1968 and 1974. A number were converted to Unmanned aerial vehicles in the 1990s.[13] No longer operated
Libya
Libyan Arab Republic Air Force 20 L29s recorded lost in 1987 during the final stages of the Chadian–Libyan conflict[14]
 Nigeria
Nigerian Air Force
 Romania
Romanian Air Force[15] - all the L-29 have been retired in 2006
 Slovakia
Slovak Air Force - after dissolution of Czechoslovakia, 16 L-29 were given to newly independent Slovak Air Force.[16] They were withdrawn in 2003.
 Syria
Syrian Air Force[17]
 Uganda
Ugandan Air Force
 Ukraine
Ukrainian Air Force[18]
 Vietnam
Vietnam People's Air Force
 United States
United States Navy[19]
 Soviet Union
operated as many as 2,000

Civil operators

 Argentina 
One private L29, with experimental registration LV-X468; during 20111 & 2012 was registered in Uruguay as CX-LVN.
 Australia 
One private L-29C,VH-BQJ. Based near Sydney, New South Wales.
 Czech Republic
  • Private L-29C, OK-ATS, Czech Jet Team Žatec - Macerka [1] Plane crashed on 10 June 2012, killing pilot and passenger.
  • Private L-29, OK-AJW, Blue Sky Service Brno - Tuřany [2]
 Denmark
One L-29C, OY-LSD owned by Lasse Rungholm, Niels Egelund (until 31.12.2015), Claus Brøgger and Kåre Selvejer.[3]
 New Zealand
 Norway
Two L-29C, LN-ADA and LN-KJJ, operated by Russian Warbirds of Norway [6]
 Slovakia
One private L-29C owned by Ján Slota[7]
 South Africa
Two Sasol Tigers aerobatic team flying the L-29
  • Ex-military L-29s are proving popular on the civil warbird market. [8]
 United States
  • Two University of Iowa, Operator Performance Laboratory Used as high dynamics flight research aircraft for development of pilot state characterization [9]
  • Two L-29s, N29CZ and N27RS, are operated by World Heritage Air Museum, in Detroit, Michigan. [10]
  • One as an avionics high dynamics flight test aircraft at the Ohio University Avionics Engineering Center [11]

Specifications (L-29)

Another Delfin
Motorlet M701 turbojet engine

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1971–72[20]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

  • 200 kg (440 lb) of various guns, bombs, rockets, and missiles on external hardpoints

See also

Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

References

Notes
  1. ↑ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_280.shtml
  2. ↑ http://www.radio.cz/en/article/115295
  3. ↑ http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=biodiesel-takes-to-the-sky
  4. ↑ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/georgia/af.htm
  5. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W91S3-_tnRU
  6. ↑ Hoyle Flight International 8–14 December 2015, p. 32.
  7. ↑ Hoyle Flight International 8–14 December 2015, p. 38.
  8. ↑ Flight International 16–22 November 2004, p. 62.
  9. ↑ Hoyle Flight International 11–17 December 2012, p. 55.
  10. ↑ Flight International 16–22 November 2004, pp. 53–54.
  11. ↑ Flight International 16–22 November 2004, p. 56.
  12. ↑ Flight International 16–22 November 2004, p. 59.
  13. ↑ Vala Aviation News May 2003, pp. 355–357
  14. ↑ K. Pollack, Arabs at War, Chapter 4
  15. ↑ Flight International 16–22 November 2004, pp. 81–82.
  16. ↑ http://culak.blog.sme.sk/c/204730/Slovenske-vojenske-letectvo-v-roku-1993-a-dnes-v-cislach-a-obrazoch.html
  17. ↑ Flight International 16–22 November 2004, p. 88.
  18. ↑ Flight International 16–22 November 2004, pp. 91–92.
  19. ↑ http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htnavai/articles/20100629.aspx
  20. ↑ Taylor 1971,p.29.
Bibliography
  • Gunston, Bill, ed. "Aero L-29 Delfin." The Encyclopedia of World Air Power. New York: Crescent Books, 1990. ISBN 0-517-53754-0.
  • Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International. Vol. 180, No. 5321. 13–19 December 2011. pp. 26–52. ISSN 0015-3710.
  • Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International. Vol. 182, No. 5370. 11–17 December 2012. pp. 40–64. ISSN 0015-3710.
  • Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". Flight International. Vol. 188, No. 5517. 8–14 December 2015. pp. 26–53. ISSN 0015-3710.
  • Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1971–72. London:Jane's Yearbooks,1971. ISBN 0-354-00094-2.
  • Vala, Vojtec. "Saddam's Deadly Drones". Aviation News. Vol 65, No, 5. May 2003. pp. 355–357.
  • "World Air Forces 2004" Flight International. Vol. 166, No. 4960. 16–22 November 2004. pp. 41–100. ISSN 0015-3710.

External links

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