LGBT adoption

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Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. LGBT adoption is the adoption of children by lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) persons. This may be in the form of a joint adoption by a same-sex couple, adoption by one partner of a same-sex couple of the other's biological child (step-child adoption) and adoption by a single LGBT person.

LGBT adoption is inseparable from the issue of same-sex parenting, which is a disaster. Children need, and benefit from having, a mother and a father. Research shows that LGBT parenting has many poor outcomes and is not in the best interest of the child.

Joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in 21 countries and in some territories. Furthermore, 7 countries have legalized step-child adoption. Opponents of LGBT adoption question whether same-sex couples have the ability to be adequate parents (see LGBT parenting) while other opponents question whether natural law implies that children of adoption possess a natural right to be raised by heterosexual parents.

There are no "adoption rights" of LGBT persons. Adoption is not a right, because a child is not a commodity. Adoption decisions should always be taken in the interests of the child, and respect the child's right to have a mother and father wherever that is possible.

Adoption exists to give a mother and father to a child, not to give a child to any adult who demands one.


LGBT parenting

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Paul Newton and Peter Truong with child they raped.

Although the number of children so far adopted by homosexual parents is small, there is a very high percentage of cases of such children being sexually abused, neglected, beaten or killed.

Paul Newton and Peter Truong

A male homosexual couple who met in Australia and were feted by the media as an example of the new, progressive trendy same-sex family. It then emerged that they had sexually abused the boy they adopted from babyhood, and pimped him out to other pedophiles all over the world. They had also made and sold pornographic images of themselves and other homosexual men molesting him. They had trained him to deny this if asked, but the photographic and video evidence ensured their conviction. See Paul Newton and Peter Truong.

Frank Lombard

Frank Lombard

Frank Lombard, homosexual and prominent “gay" activist in the USA, was an Associate Director of Duke University’s Center for Health Policy. He sat on the university's LGBT Rights committee. His partner, Ken Shipp, was a pharmacist and also worked for Duke. After getting a civil partnership Lombard and Shipp adopted two small boys. After five years they were found to have sexually abused one of them and made pornographic videos and photographs which they were circulating on the internet. When investigated by an undercover FBI agent, posing as a fellow-pederast, Lombard offered him his adopted 5-year-old boy for sodomy and abuse. He boasted that he sodomized the boy all the time and drugged him with Benadryl to make him more malleable. He even live-streamed himself on the internet raping the child. Lombard, of Durham, North Carolina, was sentenced to 27 years and 3 months in prison in March 2010. Both Lombard and Shipp were involved with the BoyLovers pedophile network. Shipp, who claimed to be unaware of what was going on, escaped prosecution and still works for Duke University. [1] [2]

Sarah and Jennifer Hart

Lesbian couple who drove off a cliff in California in April 2018, killing themselves and all six of their adoptive children who were in the care with them. Jennifer Jean Hart and Sarah Margaret Hart, both 38, adopted one set of three siblings in 2006 and a second set in 2009. They presented themselves on Facebook as a cosy, ideal family. The Harts had been repeatedly reported by neighbors for child neglect and abuse. They were under state investigation when they decided to flee their home in Washington. Two weeks before the death, next-door neighbors of the Harts, Bruce and Dana DeKalb, called state child protective services because the Harts' adoptive son Devonte had been coming over to their house almost every day for a week, asking for food. They said they were alarmed at how thin the children were. The girl of 12 looked only 7 years old, and her front teeth were missing. Devonte told them his "mothers" withheld meals as punishment. In 2017, one of girls, Hannah, then aged 15, appeared at the DeKalbs at 1:30a.m after having jumped out of her second-storey window. She asked the DeKalbs to protect her and told her "They whip us with a belt." She also said ""They're racists, and they abuse us!" When the DeKalbs took her back to the Harts' home, they noticed that the child called her mother "Ma'am."

In 2011, Sarah pleaded guilty to a domestic assault charge in Douglas County, Minnesota, telling authorities “she let her anger get out of control” while spanking her 6-year-old adoptive daughter. On a previous occasion, the child said Sarah had held her head under water as a punishment. The children were all home-schooled and had little or no contact with the outside world. [3] [4] [5]

Amanda Wright and Besline Joseph

Amanda Wright

Amanda Rachelle Wright, 29, and her live-in girlfriend, Besline Joseph, were convicted of horrific cruelty to their three children in Mardela Spring, Maryland in 2018. Wright was the mother of the children aged 8, 9, 10. Maryland State Police found the children endured beatings and were reportedly forced to eat dog feces. The lesbian couple threatened to kill the kids if they told anyone. The children, whose identities remain anonymous for protection, were reportedly beaten multiple times by both women since at least May 2017. The beatings were inflicted with hands, extension cords, belts, sticks, a stun gun and other objects, said Maryland State Police officials. "They were also starved, being fed a diet of only bread and water and some oatmeal from time to time. Investigators learned they were forced to eat dog feces on occasion," Maj. Greg Shipley of Maryland State Police told reporters. Investigators said the children were reportedly locked in closets as well as the basement of the home. The women were said to have threatened the children with death if they reported their abusive conditions.”

Joseph beat one of the children, resulting in a bloody nose that left bloodstains on the floor of the two women’s bedroom, according to court records. A witness to the abuse also reported seeing the children punched in the face, threatened with a Taser, grabbed by the neck, locked in the closet and beaten with a "spear."

Besline Joseph

One of the children told investigators he had been pushed into the washing machine, causing him to crack his head, but he didn't tell anyone, as he was scared Joseph would hurt one of his siblings to punish him.[6]

Seth Jackson

Kadillak

A homosexual couple in Wichita, Kansas in July 2014 left a baby to die in a hot, closed car while they smoked marijuana and watched TV inside their home. They said they had completely forgotten all about 10-month-old Kadillak Poe-Jones, who was found dead of suffocation. Jackson was found to have been smoking marijuana all day previous to the child's death. He and his partner Payton Schroeder had been allowed to foster a total of six children, and were paid by the state per child. This can provide an income obviating the necessity to work. Jackson, who works as a teacher, was sentenced to 32 months in jail, Schroeder to nothing. The remaining children were taken out of their care. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]

David Cannon and John Scarfe

A homosexual couple who were among the very first allowed to legally adopt in UK after laws were changed. They sexually molested their adoptive son for years, forcing him to take drugs while they engaged in a variety of sex-acts on him or compelled him to perform them. When the boy complained, repeatedly his complaints were ignored because social services had a political agenda of promoting homosexual adoption. He left home and joined the army to get away from the abusers. Later, as an adult, he brought a legal case prosecuting Cannon and Scarfe for abuse. He faced much obstruction and delay because he was seen as a threat to the LGBT agenda. The case took five years! In 2006 the young man finally got Cannon and Scarfe jailed but their sentence was only thirty months each. They each served little more than a year inside. He was awarded £25,000 in compensation (about $18,000). A report written by Patrick Ayres, a child protection officer, now calls this “gross negligence”. [12] [13]

Deborah and Jennifer Harrison

Deborah Harrison, 37, and “wife” Jennifer Harrison were jailed in Hull, England in 2017 for starving Deborah's daughter and hitting her multiple times with a hammer. The Judge at Hull Crown Court called it “the worst case of actual bodily harm” he had ever dealt with. They forced her to cut the grass at night with scissors and hit with a hammer for stealing food.

The girl was also beaten with hairbrushes and a TV remote as well as being made to sleep on the floor with dogs. The violence had taken place over a number of years and when examined by a doctor days after an attack the girl had bruises all over her head and body. Both women were sentenced to jail. [14]

Rachel Stevens and Kayla Jones

Rachel Stevens, 28 and Kayla Jones, 25, of Muskogee, Oklahoma USA, were jailed in 2017 for severe cruelty. The lesbian couple beat Stevens’ 5-year-old son with a hammer, blindfolding his eyes with duct-tape and kicked him in the groin until he bled and suffered two strokes.

Then they started an online fundraiser claiming their child was suffering from seizures after taking a fall

Stevens and Jones, 25, also whipped the little boy with a belt and tortured him so badly he suffered strokes and seizures.

In early December the child was flown to St John Medical Center in Tulsa suffering from seizures and lesions on his face. Doctors at the hospital contacted police after determining that the child had several broken bones in various stages of healing and appeared malnourished.

While the boy was receiving medical treatment, he suffered two strokes ‘due to his trauma.’ Investigators subsequently interviewed the little boy and learned that he had been tied up, had duct tape placed over his eyes and had been kept in a locked room. The toddler also claimed that his mother struck him on the hand with a hammer, and that both she and Jones hit him with a belt all over his body. According to police, the maltreatment went on for several months. The little boy said on one occasion, his step-mother kicked him in the groin until he bled.

The lesbian couple who reportedly have been together for 18 months, shard their Muskogee home with the victim’s twin brother and 7-year-old sister, who were both been taken into care.

Matthew and Craig Scully-Hicks

Matthew Scully-Hicks.jpg

Matthew and Craig Scully-Hicks, a male homosexual couple in Wales UK, were allowed to adopt two small children, one of whom Elsie, was found beaten to death two weeks after she was formally adopted. Elsie's real name was Shayla O'Brien and her birth family did not wanted her adopted, but she was taken by the state as part of a political agenda to place children in the care of homosexuals. Elsie was placed with the Scully-Hicks for a year before she was adopted, and left with Matthew Scully-Hicks while Craig had a full-time job. During those months she was several times taken into hospital with injuries including a fractured leg and other injuries. Matthew claimed she had suffered a series of accidents. Even at the adoption review two social workers saw a large bruise on the child's forehead but did nothing about it because they were so eager to promote "gay adoption". Neighbours later remembered hearing him shouting furiously at the baby "Shut up! Shut the f--k up!" In May 2016 Elsie was taken to hospital with fatal injuries including bleeding in her brain and eyes, a fractured skull and fractured ribs. The post mortem concluded that Matthew had struck her head deliberately against a wall and crushed her rib-cage. He was convicted of murder and got 18 years, a sentence against which he immediately appealed. Craig Scully-Hicks insisted he knew nothing about what was going on, despite the fact that Matthew sent text messages saying he was exasperated with the child, could not bear her crying all the time, and calling her "Satan dressed up in a Baby grow", "a psycho" and "the exorcist". After the child's death, social services took a long time to release the facts and the birth parents were not told for eight months. [15] [16]

Polly Chowdhury and Kiki Muddar

Polly Chowdhury, 35, and her 43-year-old lesbian lover Kiki Muddar, of in Chadwell Heath, Essex, England, tortured and killed Polly's daughter while indulging in weird fantasies and mind-games. The pair were convicted of manslaughter in 2015. The child, Ayesha, aged 8, weighed just three-and-a-half stone when she died and had 56 separate injuries. Some were inflicted by her mother Chowdhury who bit her on the back as part of vampire fantasy. The lesbian couple tortured Ayesha to rid her of ‘evil spirits’. Muddar persuaded Polly to believe in fifteen fantasy characters including a Muslim spirit and a male lover who sent messages to her via Facebook and text. The characters persuaded Chowdhury to eject her husband from the house and start a lesbian relationship with Muddar. These fantasy characters told her to punish and attack Ayesha. The child was found by emergency services, dead on the floor of her bedroom, starved for many months. Muddar told Polly over and over again that the child was evil and must be punished. Texts were later recovered, including Muddar telling Chowdhury ‘you have no right to ever love or like your evil daughter’. The girl came to believe this and wrote pathetic, heart-breaking letters saying she was sorry for being a bad girl. Ayesha's father paid tribute to ‘amazing, loving and intelligent’ Ayesha after her death. [17] [18] [19] [20]

Pauline Moreno and Debra Lobel

Children brought up by homosexuals are far more likely than others to develop gender dysphoria. Pauline Moreno and Debra Lobel, a lesbian couple in Berkeley, California, announced in 2011 that their 8-year-old adoptive son Thomas wanted to become a girl and they supported him in this behavior which will lead to his castration. Thomas now calls himself “Tammy” and wears dresses. They are sending him for hormonal treatment to suppress puberty - a course of action that is dangerous unhealthy and has been condemned as "child abuse" by the ACP and leading psychiatrists. [21][22]

Another Lesbian Mother Decides Boy is a Girl

The lesbian mother of a boy attending a Toronto Catholic School in 2014 decided that he was a girl by the time he was six years old. She claimed that he liked playing with girl's toys and always gravitated towards "feminine" objects. Of course since she and her partner were lesbians, there were no men in the family for him to identify with or play with. The school accepted her decision, and allowed her to change the boy's name, dress him in girl's clothes, and insist he shared all private facilities with girls. [23]

Hanelie Botha and Engeline de Nysschen

In 2006, two lesbians in Australia were convicted of the killing of the son of one of them, because he refused to call his mother's woman partner "Daddy". Four-year-old Jandre Botha was brutally beaten over and over again for days because of this refusal. He knew she was not his daddy!

Hanelie Botha, 31, and her partner, Engeline de Nysschen, 33, were found guilty of the gruesome murder of Jandre.

The court had heard evidence from two women who worked for the couple, that De Nysschen had viciously assaulted Jandre while demanding that he must call her "daddy". Both testified that while Jandre was assaulted, his mother failed to intervene or protect him. Evidence showed he had sustained horrific injuries, including a fractured skull and brain damage, as well as broken legs, collarbone, hands and pelvis. Dcotors unanimous that the injuries were inflicted over a period of time, but the mother did not report it to any one. Social workers were supposedly monitoring Jandre's progress, after Botha had gained custody of him during a lengthy court battle with her ex-husband. [24]

Rosie O'Donnell

In 2015, the TV presenter Rosie O'Donnell announced to the media that her adoptive daughter Chelsea, had run away from home. She reported the girl to police as "missing". Chelsea then contacted the media and said that she had actually been thrown out of Rosie's home two weeks before her 18th birthday, after one of a long series of rows and bitter disputes. So she had gone to live with her boyfriend. O'Donnell then tried to discredit Chelsea's story by telling the whole world that her daughter was mentally ill. O'Donnell has been a campaigner for homosexual adoption and adopted several children with a series of partners. None of the relationships lasted and Chelsea spoke out about Rosie's inadequacy as a mother. She said that Rosie left her to be brought up by nannies while she was busy smoking marijuana and having a series of acrimonious break-ups with female partners. She took no interest in healthy food for the family and if the younger baby woke up at night, would pass it to nannies or elder siblings, never look after it herself. Rosie had a lot of noisy rows with her partner Kelli Carpenter, whom she later divorced. Chelsea found this disturbing. Rosie was irritable, would yell at children and hand out punishments, but rarely spent any quality time with them. From 13-16 Chelsea was sent to boarding-schools, so she rarely saw her adoptive mother at all. When Chelsea returned to Rosie's home at the age of 17, Rosie was in the throes of a divorce from her latest partner, Michelle Rounds (who committed suicide shortly afterwards). She demanded to see Chelsea's phone and computer so she could check out her boyfriend. After doing so, she abruptly told Chelsea to leave and take her dog with her.

Chelsea recalled Rosie telling her from time to time things that were not actually true. For instance she told her daughter that her birth mother had been on heroin, but Chelsea, who later went to meet her birth mother, was able to check the hospital records and established that this was untrue. [25] [26] [27]

Social Engineering in Favor of Homosexual Adoption

The LGBT lobby is so influential in many Western countries that parents are having their children forcibly seized by the state and given to homosexuals to adopt. In the UK a couple named Richard and Carissa Cox took their 6-week-old baby for a hospital examination and were then accused of causing marks on her body. Social Services immediately took the baby into care. A thorough medical investigation then established that the marks were caused by Von Willebrands II, a rare blood disorder which causes someone to bruise more easily. There were no fractures as had been at first suggested. However, after a three and a half year legal battle the parents never got their child back and were told he had been adopted by a lesbian couple. UK Social Services is paid £30,000 by the state for each such adoption it arranges. [28]

Debate

Arguments

Adoption of children by LGBT people is an issue of active debate. In the United States, for example, legislation to stop the practice has been introduced in many jurisdictions. In recent years the rights of the child have been defeated. Homosexuals assert that whatever they want is "their right" and courts are persuaded to prioritize that over any consideration of the welfare of children.[29] Supporters of LGBT adoption suggest that many children are in need of homes and claim that since parenting ability is unrelated to sexual orientation, the law should allow them to adopt children.[29] Opponents, on the other hand, suggest that the alleged greater prevalence of depression, drug use, promiscuity, domestic violence and suicide among homosexuals might affect children [30] or that the absence of male and female role models during a child's development could cause maladjustment.[31] Britain's last Catholic adoption society announced that it would stop finding homes for children if forced by legislation to place children with same-sex couples.[32] The Muslim Council of Britain also sided with Catholic adoption agencies on this issue. [33] Catholic Charities of Boston also ended its founding mission of adoption work rather than comply with state laws conflicting with its religious practices.[34] Opponents of adoption by LGBT people usually cite the following arguments:

  • Same-sex couples would make children develop defined unwanted traits[35]
  • Same-sex parents lack parental competence[36][37][38][39]
  • Cases of parental abuse[40]
  • Religious reasons[41]
  • Violations of a child's rights[42]


Proponents of adoption by gay parents usually cite the following arguments:

  • The right of a child to have a family, guardians or people who can take care of their wellbeing. This is dubious because a homosexual household is not a family and homosexuals are so bad at looking after themselves, they cannot be expected to look after anybody else. [43]
  • Human rights - child's and parent's right to have a "family" life. This is dubious because a homosexual couple or group does not necessarily constitute a "family". The claim that it does is a very recent one and is not based on biology.[44][45]
  • The claim that there are few or no differences between children raised by same-sex or straight couples. This is easily refuted by an immense body of evidence. Children of homosexuals also known as COGs, are accumulating a lot of their own testimonies to counter this assertion. [46][47][48][49]
  • Lobbyists claim that same-sex couples can provide good conditions to raise a child, but this conflicts with research that shows that homosexuals are more likely than heterosexuals to engage in drugs, to suffer from physical ill health, mental illness and domestic violence, to use pornography or be involved in child sex abuse. Homosexual relationships are of shorter duration than heterosexual ones, increasing childhood insecurity. Many people brought up by homosexuals testify that they were abused or suffered from the lack of a parent of the missing sex.[50]
  • For the children, adoption is a better alternative to orphanage, but this is dubious, since across the entire Western world there is a severe shortage of children to adopt. Adoption agencies frequently charge as much as £30,000 in the UK to arrange it. Most of the children adopted are either brought from abroad or forcibly taken from their parents by the state.[51][52][53][54][55]
  • Fewer formalities for step-parents in everyday life, as well as in the situation of a death of a biological parent of a child, but this is dubious since formalities exist in order to ensure that an arrangement is in the interest of the child.[56]
  • In some countries single same-sex people can adopt, therefore banning LGBT parenting (especially adoption) is artificial, but this is dubious since there is no such thing as "single same-sex" people. Same as what? And all laws are artifical.[57]

Public opinion

A 2006 poll by the Pew Research Center found a close divide on gay adoption among the United States public, while a 2007 poll by CNN and Opinion Research Corp. said 57% of respondents felt gays should have the right to adopt and 40% said they should not.[58] In the United Kingdom in 2007, 64% of people said they thought gay couples should be allowed to adopt and 32% said they should not. 55% of respondents thought that male couples should be able to adopt and 59% of people thought that lesbian couples should be able to adopt.[59] In Brazil, a 2010 poll asked, "Do you support or oppose allowing gay couples to adopt children?" The poll found that 51% opposed adoption by same-sex couples and 39% supported it.[60] An opinion poll conducted in late 2006 at the request of the European Commission indicated that Polish public opinion was generally opposed to both same-sex marriage and to adoption by gay couples. The Eurobarometer 66[61] poll found that 74% of Poles were opposed to same-sex marriage and 89% opposed adoption by same-sex couples.

National debates

As of January 2016, there are national debates on LGBT parenthood in the following countries:

Summary of laws by jurisdiction

European laws on adoption by same-sex couples
Country LGBT individual may petition to adopt Same-sex couple may jointly petition Same-sex partner may petition to adopt partner's child Same-sex couples are allowed to foster or stepchild foster
Andorra Yes Yes Yes Yes
Austria Yes Yes Yes Yes (except state of Lower Austria)
Belgium Yes Yes Yes Yes
Belarus No No No No
Bulgaria Yes No No No
Croatia Yes No Yes/No (a similar institution called partner-guardianship exists, which gives almost all the benefits as step-child adoption) No
Czech Republic Yes No No No (but exceptions are made)[71]
Cyprus Yes No No No
Denmark Yes Yes Yes Yes
Estonia Yes No (but couples where both partners are infertile may also adopt non-biological children) Yes Yes
Faroe Islands No No No No
Finland Yes Yes (eff. 2017) Yes Yes
France Yes Yes Yes Yes
Germany Yes No Yes Yes
Gibraltar Yes Yes Yes Yes
Guernsey Yes (eff. 2016) Yes (eff. 2016) Yes (eff. 2016) Yes (eff. 2016)
Hungary No No No No
Iceland Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ireland Yes Yes Yes Yes
Isle Of Man Yes Yes Yes Yes
Italy Yes (single people may adopt only in exceptional circumstances, independently of their sexual orientation) No No (ambiguous, granted in one court case [72] No (since same-sex couples are not recognized but singles can foster)
Jersey Yes Yes Yes Yes
Latvia Yes No No No
Liechtenstein Yes No No No
Lithuania No (only in exceptional circumstances) No No No
Luxembourg Yes Yes Yes Yes
Malta Yes[73] Yes Yes Yes
Monaco No No No No
Netherlands Yes Yes Yes Yes
Norway Yes Yes Yes Yes
Poland Yes No No No
Portugal Yes Yes Yes Yes
Romania No No No No
San Marino No No No No
Slovakia Yes No No No
Slovenia Yes No Yes No (but singles can foster)
Spain Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sweden Yes Yes Yes Yes
Switzerland Yes No No Yes
United Kingdom Yes Yes Yes Yes
Latin American and Caribbean laws on adoption by same-sex couples
Same-sex couple joint petition LGBT individual adoption Same-sex stepparent adoption
Argentina Yes Yes Yes
Belize No (Gay sex illegal) No (Gay sex illegal) No (Gay sex illegal)
Bolivia No Yes No
Brazil Yes Yes Yes
Chile No Yes No
Colombia Yes Yes Yes
Costa Rica No Yes No
Cuba No No No
Dominican Republic No No No
Ecuador No (constitutional ban) Yes No (constitutional ban)
El Salvador No No No
French Guiana Yes Yes Yes
Guatemala No No No
Guyana No (Gay sex illegal) No (Gay sex illegal) No (Gay sex illegal)
Honduras No (constitutional ban) No (constitutional ban) No (constitutional ban)
Mexico Yes Yes Yes
Nicaragua No No No
Paraguay No No No
Peru No No No
Puerto Rico Yes Yes Yes
Suriname No No No
Uruguay Yes Yes Yes
Venezuela No No No
Australasian laws on adoption by same-sex couples
Same-sex couple joint petition LGBT individual adoption Same-sex stepparent adoption
ACT Yes Yes Yes
New South Wales Yes[74] Yes Yes[74]
Tasmania Yes[75] Yes Yes[75]
Victoria Yes (eff. 2016) Yes Yes
Western Australia Yes Yes Yes
Norfolk Island Yes Yes Yes
New Zealand Yes[76][77] Yes Yes
South Australia No (government undertaking a review in 2014)[78] No (government undertaking a review in 2014)[78] No (government undertaking a review in 2014)[78]
Queensland No[79] Yes[79] No[79]
Northern Territory No Only in exceptional circumstances No

Notes:

  • From July 1, 2016 Norfolk Island legislation will be transferred to New South Wales and subject to NSW legislation.[80]
  • Even de facto opposite-sex couples can not jointly adopt a child, under the laws of the Northern Territory.
  • No individual or single people are allowed to adopt a child, only a married or cohabitating opposite-sex couples, under the laws of South Australia.

See also

Further reading

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Primary resource collection and readings. Library of Congress. Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or Area Studies Reading Rms
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Primary resource collection and readings. Library of Congress. Jefferson or Adams Bldg General or Area Studies Reading Rms
  • Stacey, J. & Davenport, E. (2002) Queer Families Quack Back, in: D. Richardson & S. Seidman (Eds) Handbook of Lesbian and Gay Studies. (London, SAGE Publications), 355–374.
  • New Zealand Law Commission: Adoption- Options for Reform: Wellington: New Zealand Law Commission Preliminary Paper No 38: 1999: ISBN 1-877187-44-5

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  26. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3260783/Rosie-O-Donnell-s-daughter-Chelsea-breaks-silence-reveal-star-locks-away-arts-crafts-house-blasting-Madonna-smoking-weed-left-View-feared-heart-attack-Whoopi.html#ixzz3nnk4MWCU
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  28. http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/couple-cleared-child-cruelty-reveal-6599877
  29. 29.0 29.1 Charlotte Patterson, et. al, "Adolescents with Same-Sex Parents: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 7 November 2007, pg. 2
  30. William Satetan,Adopting Premises, Slate, 7 February 2002
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  33. Muslims back Catholics over gay adoption
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  37. Berebitsky, Julie. "Family ideals and the social construction of modern adoption: a historical perspective," Adoptive Families in a Diverse Society 29-42. ed. Katarina Wegar. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. 2006.
  38. Anderssen, Norman & Christine Amlie & Erling André Ytterøy. "Outcomes for children with lesbian or gay parents. A review of studies from 1978 to 2000," Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 43 (4), 335–351. September 2002. Accessed online: http://www.blackwellsynergy. com/doi/full/10.1111/1467-9450.00302.
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  50. R.O.Lopez and Britanny Klein, eds., Jephthah's Children, The Innocent Casualties of Same-Sex Parenting, Wilberforce Publications, London, 2016.
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  75. 75.0 75.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named abc.net.au
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  77. [2]
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  79. 79.0 79.1 79.2 https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURRENT/A/AdoptA09.pdf
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External links

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