Last Tango in Paris

Last Tango in Paris
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Bernardo Bertolucci
Produced by	Alberto Grimaldi
Screenplay by	Bernardo Bertolucci Franco Arcalli Dialogue: Agnès Varda Jean-Louis Trintignant
Story by	Bernardo Bertolucci
Starring	Marlon Brando Maria Schneider Maria Michi Giovanna Galletti Jean-Pierre Léaud Massimo Girotti
Music by	Gato Barbieri
Cinematography	Vittorio Storaro
Edited by	Franco Arcalli Roberto Perpignani
Production companies	Produzioni Europee Associati (PEA) Les Productions Artistes Associés
Distributed by	United Artists
Release dates	14 October 1972 (1972-10-14) (New York Film Festival) 15 December 1972 (1972-12-15) (France) 16 December 1972 (1972-12-16) (Italy)
Running time	129 minutes (original NC-17/X-rated version) 250 minutes (rough cut)
Country	Italy France
Language	English French
Budget	$1.25 million
Box office	$96.3 million

Last Tango in Paris (Italian: Ultimo tango a Parigicode: it is deprecated ; French: Le Dernier Tango à Paris) is a 1972 erotic drama film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci, which portrays a recently widowed American who begins an anonymous sexual relationship with a young Parisian woman. It stars Marlon Brando, Maria Schneider, and Jean-Pierre Léaud.

The film's raw portrayal of sexual violence and emotional turmoil led to international controversy and drew various levels of government censorship in different venues. Upon release in the United States, the most graphic scene was cut and the MPAA gave the film an X rating. After revisions were made to the MPAA ratings code in 1997, the film was reclassified NC-17 for "some explicit sexual content". Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released a censored R-rated cut in 1981.

Plot

Paul (Brando), a middle-aged American hotel owner mourning the suicide of his wife Rosa, meets a young, engaged Parisian woman named Jeanne (Maria Schneider) at an apartment that both are interested in renting. Paul takes the apartment after they begin an anonymous sexual relationship there. He insists that neither of them must share any personal information, even given names. The affair continues until one day, Jeanne arrives at the apartment and finds that Paul has packed up and left without warning.

Paul later meets Jeanne on the street and says he wants to renew the relationship. He tells her of the recent tragedy of his wife. As he tells his life story, they walk into a tango bar, where he continues telling her about himself. The loss of anonymity disillusions Jeanne about their relationship. She tells Paul she does not want to see him again. Paul, not wanting to let Jeanne go, chases her back to her apartment, where he tells her he loves her and wants to know her name.

Jeanne takes a gun from a drawer. She tells Paul her name and shoots him. Paul staggers out onto the balcony, mortally wounded, and collapses. As Paul dies, a dazed Jeanne mutters to herself that he was just a stranger who tried to rape her and she did not know who he was, as if in a rehearsal, preparing herself for questioning by the police.

Cast

• Marlon Brando as Paul, an American expatriate and hotel owner
• Maria Schneider as Jeanne, a young Parisian woman
• Jean-Pierre Léaud as Thomas, a film director and Jeanne's fiancé
• Maria Michi as Rosa's mother
• Massimo Girotti as Marcel, Rosa's former lover
• Giovanna Galletti as the prostitute, an old acquaintance of Rosa
• Catherine Allégret as Catherine, a maid at Paul and Rosa's hotel
• Gitt Magrini as Jeanne's mother
• Luce Marquand as Olympia, Jeanne's former childhood nurse
• Dan Diament as the TV sound engineer
• Catherine Sola as the script girl
• Mauro Marchetti as the TV cameraman
• Peter Schommer as the TV assistant cameraman
• Catherine Breillat as Mouchette, a dressmaker
• Marie-Hélène Breillat as Monique, a dressmaker
• Darling Légitimus as the Concierge
• Veronica Lazar as Rosa, Paul's deceased wife
• Armand Abplanalp as the prostitute's client
• Rachel Kesterber as Christine
• Ramón Mendizábal as the Tango orchestra leader
• Mimi Pinson as the President of Tango jury
• Gérard Lepennec as the tall furniture mover
• Stéphane Koziak as the short furniture mover
• Michel Delahaye (scenes deleted) as the Bible salesman
• Laura Betti (scenes deleted) as Miss Blandish
• Jean-Luc Bideau (scenes deleted) as the Barge Captain
• Gianni Pulone (scenes deleted)
• Franca Sciutto (scenes deleted)

Production

The Pont de Bir-Hakeim in Paris, where numerous scenes were shot.

Bernardo Bertolucci developed the film from his sexual fantasies: "He once dreamed of seeing a beautiful nameless woman on the street and having sex with her without ever knowing who she was". The screenplay was by Bertolucci, Franco Arcalli, and Agnès Varda (additional dialogue). It was later adapted as a novel by Robert Alley. The film was directed by Bertolucci with cinematography by Vittorio Storaro.

Bertolucci originally intended to cast Dominique Sanda, who developed the idea with him, and Jean-Louis Trintignant. Trintignant refused and, when Brando accepted, Sanda was pregnant and decided not to do the film. Brando received a percentage of the gross for the film and was estimated to have earned $3 million.

An art lover, Bertolucci drew inspiration from the works of the Irish-born British artist Francis Bacon for the opening sequence of cast and crew credits. According to American artist Andy Warhol, the Last Tango film was based on Warhol's own Blue Movie film released a few years earlier in 1969.

After the film's release, criminal proceedings were brought in Italy against the film for "esasperato pansessualismo fine a se stesso"("aggravated, gratuitous pansexualism"). The final judgment of the Court of Appeal (Cassazione) delivered on 29 January 1976 ordered that the film be seized by the censorship commission and that all copies be destroyed. Scriptwriter Franco Arcalli, producer Alberto Grimaldi, director Bernardo Bertolucci, and Marlon Brando were each given suspended sentences of two months imprisonment.

Rape scene

The film contains a scene in which Brando's character anally rapes Schneider's character using butter as a lubricant. While the rape is simulated, the scene still had a tremendously negative effect on Schneider. In a 2006 interview, Schneider said that the scene was not in the script and that "when they told me, I had a burst of anger. Woo! I threw everything. And nobody can force someone to do something not in the script. But I didn't know that". In 2007, Schneider recounted feelings of sexual humiliation pertaining to the rape scene:

They only told me about it before we had to film the scene and I was so angry. I should have called my agent or had my lawyer come to the set because you can't force someone to do something that isn't in the script, but at the time, I didn't know that. Marlon said to me: 'Maria, don't worry, it's just a movie', but during the scene, even though what Marlon was doing wasn't real, I was crying real tears. I felt humiliated and to be honest, I felt a little raped, both by Marlon and by Bertolucci. After the scene, Marlon didn't console me or apologise. Thankfully, there was just one take.

In 2011, Bertolucci denied that he "stole her youth" (she was 19 at the time of filming), and commented, "The girl wasn't mature enough to understand what was going on." Schneider remained friends with Brando until his death in 2004, but never made up with Bertolucci. She also claimed that Brando and Bertolucci "made a fortune" from the film while she made very little money.

Schneider died in 2011. In February 2013, Bertolucci spoke about the film's effect on Schneider on the Dutch television show College Tour. In the interview, Bertolucci clarified that although the rape scene was in the script, the detail of using butter as a lubricant was improvised the day of shooting and Schneider did not know about the use of the butter beforehand. Bertolucci said that "I feel guilty, but I don't regret it." In September 2013, Bertolucci spoke again about the scene at a retrospective at the Cinémathèque Française, claiming that the scene was in the script but the use of butter was not. Bertolucci said that he and Brando "decided not to say anything to Maria to get a more realistic response".

In November 2016, a slightly different version of the 2013 College Tour interview was uploaded to YouTube by the Spanish nonprofit El Mundo de Alycia on the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, accompanied by a statement concluding that the scene "abused [Schneider] psychologically and, who knows if also, physically..." This gained attention when Yahoo! Movies writer Tom Butler wrote an article about it prompting several celebrities to condemn the film and Bertolucci and a number of newspapers picked up on the story, reporting that Bertolucci had "confessed" to Schneider being raped on set, prompting Bertolucci to release a statement, clarifying that a simulation and not an actual intercourse took place.

Bertolucci also shot a scene which showed Brando's genitals, but in 1973 explained, "I had so identified myself with Brando that I cut it out of shame for myself. To show him naked would have been like showing me naked." Schneider declared in an interview that "Marlon said he felt raped and manipulated by it and he was 48. And he was Marlon Brando!". Like Schneider, Brando confirmed that the sex was simulated. Bertolucci said about Brando that he was "a monster as an actor and a darling as a human being". Brando refused to speak to Bertolucci for 15 years after the production was completed. Bertolucci said:

I was thinking that it was like a dialogue where he was really answering my questions in a way. When at the end of the movie, when he saw it, I discovered that he realized what we were doing, that he was delivering so much of his own experience. And he was very upset with me, and I told him, "Listen, you are a grown-up. Older than me. Didn't you realize what you were doing?" And he didn't talk to me for years.

However;

I called him one day in '93, I think, I was in LA and my wife was shooting a movie. First of all, he answered the phone, and he was talking to me like we had seen each other a day earlier. He said, "Come here." I said, "When?" He said, "Now." So I remember driving on Mulholland Drive to his home and thinking I think I won't make it, I think I will crash before [I get there]. I was so emotional.

Francis Bacon influence

Double Portrait of Lucian Freud and Frank Auerbach (left side, oil on canvas, 1964)

Study for a Portrait of Isabel Rawsthorne (oil on canvas, 1964)

The film's opening credits include two paintings by Francis Bacon: Double Portrait of Lucian Freud and Frank Auerbach and Study for a Portrait of Isabel Rawsthorne. The hues used in the film were inspired by the paintings of Bacon. During pre-production, Bertolucci frequently visited an exhibit of Bacon's paintings at the Grand Palais in Paris; he said that the light and colour in Bacon's paintings reminded him of Paris in the winter, when

the lights of the stores are on, and there is a very beautiful contrast between the leaden gray of the wintry sky and the warmth of the show windows...the light in the paintings was the major source of inspiration for the style we were looking for.

Bacon's painting style often depicted human skin like raw meat and the painter's inspiration included meat hanging in a butcher shops window and human skin diseases.

Cinematographer Vittorio Storaro had previously worked with Bertolucci on The Conformist and often used an azure hue in the film. Storaro later told a reporter that

after The Conformist I had a moment of crisis; I was asking myself: what can come after azure?...I did not have the slightest idea that an orange film could be born. We needed another kind of emotion...It was the case of Last Tango.

For Last Tango in Paris, Bertolucci and Storaro took inspiration from Bacon's paintings by using "rich oranges, light and cool grays, icy whites, and occasional reds combine[d] with Bertolucci's own tasteful choices of soft browns, blond browns, and delicate whites with bluish and pink shadings".

Bertolucci took Marlon Brando to the Bacon exhibit and told Brando that he "wanted him to compare himself with Bacon's human figures because I felt that, like them, Marlon's face and body were characterized by a strange and infernal plasticity. I wanted Paul to be like the figures that obsessively return in Bacon: faces eaten by something coming from the inside."

Brando's lines

As was his practice in previous films, Brando refused to memorise his lines for many of the scenes. Instead he wrote his lines on cue cards and posted them around the set, leaving Bertolucci with the problem of keeping them out of the picture frame. During his long monologue over the body of his wife, for example, Brando's dramatic lifting of his eyes upward is not spontaneous dramatic acting but a search for his next cue card. Brando asked Bertolucci if he could "write lines on Maria's rear end", which the director rejected.

Soundtrack

Last Tango in Paris
Soundtrack album by Gato Barbieri
Released	1973
Recorded	20–25 November 1972 Rome Italy
Genre	Film score
Label	United Artists UA-LA-045-F
Producer	Alberto Grimaldi
Gato Barbieri chronology
Under Fire (1971) Last Tango in Paris (1973) Bolivia (1973)

Professional ratings
Review scores
Source	Rating
AllMusic

The film score was composed by Gato Barbieri, arranged and conducted by Oliver Nelson, and the soundtrack album was released on the United Artists label. AllMusic's Richie Unterberger noted "Although some of the smoky sax solos get a little uncomfortably close to 1970s fusion cliché, Gato Barbieri's score to Bertolucci's 1972 classic is an overall triumph. Suspenseful jazz, melancholy orchestration, and actual tangos fit the film's air of erotic longing, melancholy despair, and doomed fate".

Track listing

All compositions by Gato Barbieri.

1. "Last Tango in Paris - Tango" – 3:32
2. "Jeanne" – 2:34
3. "Girl in Black - Tango (Para mi Negra)" – 2:06
4. "Last Tango in Paris - Ballad" – 3:43
5. "Fake Ophelia" – 2:57
6. "Picture in the Rain" – 1:51
7. "Return - Tango (La Vuelta)" – 3:04
8. "It's Over" – 3:15
9. "Goodbye (Un Largo Adios)" – 2:32
10. "Why Did She Choose You?" – 3:00
11. "Last Tango in Paris - Jazz Waltz" – 5:44

Personnel

• Gato Barbieri – tenor saxophone, flute, vocal
• Franco D'Andrea – piano
• Franco Goldani, Wolmer Beltrani – accordion
• Jean-François Jenny-Clark, Giovanni Tommaso – bass
• Pierino Munari – drums
• Afonso Vieira – percussion, berimbau
• Ivanir "Mandrake" do Nascimento – percussion, tambourine
• Orchestra arranged and conducted by Oliver Nelson

Post-production

Last Tango in Paris was edited by Franco Arcalli and Roberto Perpignani.

Reception

The film opened in late 1972 in France, where filmgoers stood in two-hour queues for the first month of its run at the seven cinemas where it was screened. It gained unanimous positive reviews in every major French publication. To circumvent state censorship, thousands of Spaniards travelled hundreds of kilometers to reach French cinemas in Biarritz and Perpignan where Tango was playing. Following that, it was released in the United States, Great Britain, and other venues.

The film generated considerable controversy because of its subject and graphic portrayal of sex. Schneider provided frank interviews in the wake of Tango's controversy, claiming she had slept with 50 men and 70 women, that she was "bisexual completely", and that she had used heroin, cocaine, and marijuana. She also said of Bertolucci, "He's quite clever and more free and very young. Everybody was digging what he was doing, and we were all very close."

During the publicity for the film's release, Bertolucci said Schneider developed an "Oedipal fixation with Brando". Schneider said Brando sent her flowers after they first met, and "from then on he was like a daddy". In a later interview, Schneider denied this, saying, "Brando tried to be very paternalistic with me, but it really wasn't any father-daughter relationship." However, in 2007 she said that "for me, he was more like a father figure and I a daughter."

Response in United States

October 14, 1972... should become a landmark in movie history comparable to May 29, 1913—the night Le Sacre du Printemps was first performed—in music history... Last Tango in Paris has the same kind of hypnotic excitement as the Sacre, the same primitive force, and the same thrusting, jabbing eroticism. The movie breakthrough has finally come.

—Pauline Kael

The film premiered in New York City on 14 October 1972, to enormous public controversy, as it had received coverage after opening in France. The media frenzy surrounding the film generated intense popular interest as well as moral condemnation, and the film was featured in cover stories in both Time and Newsweek magazines. Playboy published a photo spread of Brando and Schneider "cavorting in the nude". Time wrote,

Any moviegoers who are not shocked, titillated, disgusted, fascinated, delighted or angered by this early scene in Bernardo Bertolucci's new movie, Last Tango in Paris, should be patient. There is more to come. Much more.

The Village Voice reported walkouts by board members and "vomiting by well-dressed wives". Columnist William F. Buckley and ABC's Harry Reasoner denounced the film as "pornography disguised as art".

After local government officials failed to ban the film in Montclair, New Jersey, theatergoers had to push through a mob of 200 outraged residents, who hurled epithets like "perverts" and "homos" at the attendees. Later, a bomb threat temporarily halted the showing. The New York City chapter of the National Organization for Women denounced the film as a tool of "male domination".

The film's scandal centred mostly on an anal rape scene, featuring Paul's use of butter as a lubricant. According to Schneider, the scene was not in the original script, but was Brando's idea. Other critics focused on when the character Paul asks Jeanne to insert her fingers in his anus, then asks her to prove her devotion to him by, among other things, having sex with a pig. Vincent Canby of The New York Times described the film's sexual content as the artistic expression of the "era of Norman Mailer and Germaine Greer".

Film critic Pauline Kael endorsed the film, writing that "Tango has altered the face of an art form. This is a movie people will be arguing about for as long as there are movies." She called it "the most powerfully erotic movie ever made, and it may turn out to be the most liberating movie ever made." United Artists reprinted the whole of Kael's rave as a double-page advertisement in the Sunday New York Times. Kael's review of Last Tango in Paris is regarded as the most influential piece of her career. The American critic Roger Ebert repeatedly described it as "the most famous movie review ever published", and he added the film to his "Great Movies" collection.

American director Robert Altman expressed unqualified praise: "I walked out of the screening and said to myself, 'How dare I make another film?' My personal and artistic life will never be the same." Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected 36 reviews and gave the film an approval rating of 83%, with an average rating of 7.89/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Naturalistic but evocative, Last Tango in Paris is a vivid exploration of pain, love, and sex featuring a typically towering Marlon Brando performance."

The film earned $12,625,000 in North American rentals in 1973.

International response

British censors reduced the duration of the sodomy sequence before permitting the film to be released in the United Kingdom, though it is not cut in later releases. Mary Whitehouse, a Christian morality campaigner, expressed outrage that the film had been certified "X" rather than banned outright, and Labour MP Maurice Edelman denounced the classification as "a license to degrade". Chile banned the film entirely for nearly thirty years under its military government, and the film was similarly suppressed in Portugal (until the Carnation Revolution in 1974, when its première became an example of the freedom democracy allows), South Korea, Argentina, and Singapore.

The same happened in Brazil during the period of military dictatorship when the film was censored. Eventually it was released in 1979.

In Australia, the film was released uncut with an R certificate by the Australian Classification Board on 1 February 1973. It received a VHS release by Warner Home Video with the same classification on 1 January 1987, forbidding sale or hire to anyone under the age of 18.

In Italy, the film was released on 15 December 1972, grossing an unprecedented $100,000 in six days. One week later, however, police seized all copies on the order of a prosecutor, who defined the film as "self-serving pornography", and its director was put on trial for "obscenity". Following first degree and appeal trials, the fate of the film was sealed on 26 January 1976 by the Italian Supreme Court, which sentenced all copies to be destroyed (though some were preserved by the National Film Library). Bertolucci was served with a four-month suspended sentence in prison and had his civil rights revoked for five years, depriving him of voting rights.

In Canada, the film was banned by the Nova Scotia Board of Censors, leading to the landmark 1978 Supreme Court of Canada split decision in Nova Scotia (Board of Censors) v McNeil, which upheld the provinces' right to censor films.

Accolades

Brando received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role and Bertolucci was nominated for Best Director.

External links

• Last Tango in Paris at IMDb
• Last Tango in Paris at Rotten Tomatoes
• Last Tango in Paris at Metacritic
• Ultimo Tango Em Paris MOVIE
• Pauline Kael's review
• Maria Schneider filmography
• Last Tango in Paris – slideshow by Life magazine