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Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track

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Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track
File:Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track map.svg
Location Hunderfossen, Lillehammer, Norway
Coordinates Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Owner Lillehammer Municipality
Operator Lillehammer Olympiapark
Field size 1,710 m (5,610 ft)
Surface Artificial ice
Construction
Broke ground 1991
Opened 1 March 1992

Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track (Norwegian: Lillehammer Olympiske Bob- og Akebane) is a bobsleigh, luge and skeleton track located at Hunderfossen in Lillehammer, Norway, 15 kilometers (9 mi) north of the town center of Lillehammer. It was completed in 1992 for the 1994 Winter Olympics, where it hosted the bobsleigh events and luge events. It has since also hosted the FIBT World Championships 1995 in skeleton and the FIL World Luge Championships 1995, and is scheduled to host the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics.

Original plans called for the track to be located at Fåberg. Later it was proposed moved to Kanthaugen in the town center and then Holmenkollen in Oslo, before Hunderfossen was decided upon. The track is 1,710 meters (5,610 ft), giving a competition length of 1,365 meters (4,478 ft) for bobsleigh and men's singles luge, and 1,185 meters (3,888 ft) for other luge competitions. The bobsleigh course has a vertical drop of 114 meters (374 ft), giving an 8.5 percent average grade. The track has been part of the proposed Oslo 2018 and 2022 Winter Olympics bids.

History

Prior to the Lillehammer Olympics, there was no bobsleigh and luge track in Norway.[1] During the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Korketrekkeren had been built as a temporary venue, but it was made of snow and was not reused after the Olympics.[2] In its bid for the 1994 Winter Olympics, Lillehammer had proposed placing the bobsleigh and luge track next to Balbergbakken in Fåberg.[3] By May 1989, plans for most of the venues were being reshuffled and the track was then proposed located at Kanthaugen as part of an Olympic Park at Stampesletta.[4] The Kanthaugen proposal was estimated to cost NOK 231 million.[5]

Lillehammer Municipal Council, Oppland County Council and the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage rejected the location because of the environmental impact. These institutions instead proposed that the track be built at Huseskogen at Hunderfossen. The Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee initially disapproved of the location and in 1990 started looking at the possibility of constructing the track at Holmenkollen in Oslo. Two routes were considered, one in the same route as Korketrekkeren and one which would run from Gratishaugen at Holmenkollbakken to Midtstuen. Internationally there was support from the International Bobsleigh & Skeleton Federation and the International Luge Federation to build Norway's track in the capital.[5] Concerns about the environmental impact of a Hunderfossen location were raised, particularly regarding visual pollution.[6] However, Hunderfossen was confirmed along with a grant issued by the Parliament of Norway on 24 August 1990.[7]

The designers of the tracks at Altenberg and Oberhof, East Germany, the Olympic tracks in La Plagne, France, and Calgary, Canada, were consulted during planning.[7] Five companies bid for the concrete construction work, which was awarded to a joint venture between Aker Entreprenør and Veidekke for NOK 45 million.[8] Also the construction of the buildings was awarded to the same group.[9] The track was the first of the Olympic venues for the 1994 games for which construction started.[10] After construction started, Minister of Culture Åse Kleveland (Labour Party) suggested in March 1991, in an attempt to reduce costs, that the 1994 Olympic bobsleigh and luge events be held at La Plagne, the site of the events for the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville. The French authorities were positive, given that Norway pay for part of the construction costs, but the idea was rejected by LOOC-president Gerhard Heiberg.[11] Also fellow party members reacted, who emphasized that NOK 30 million had already been used on blasting the track route.[12]

Construction was undertaken by spraying 1,300 tonnes (1,300 long tons; 1,400 short tons) of shotcrete intertwined with 180 tonnes (180 long tons; 200 short tons) of reinforcement bars.[6] It is the first track in the world to build the cooling pipes into an underground culvert. It consists of 31 reinforced concrete sections.[7] The concrete work was completed on 31 October 1991. Representatives for the Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature stated that they were satisfied with the end result. It is the only artificially frozen bobsleigh and luge track in the Nordic Countries.[6] The venue was completed on 1 October 1992 and cost NOK 201 million.[7] After the Olympics, the ownership of the venue was transferred to Lillehammer Olympiapark, owned by Lillehammer Municipality.[13]

Specifications

The track is 1,710 meters (5,610 ft) long, including braking distance. The competitive length—excluding braking distance—for bobsleigh, skeleton and luge men's singles it is 1,365 meters (4,478 ft) long and for luge men's doubles and women's singles it is 1,065 meters (3,494 ft) long. The track has 16 turns and contains 24 photocells for timekeeping. The track has a vertical drop of 112 meters (367 ft) for the entire course, with an average 8 percent and maximum 15 percent grade. The start is located at 384 meters (1,260 ft) above mean sea level. It allows for a maximum speed of 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph).[7] The spectator capacity is 10,000.[14]

The refrigeration system contains 90 metric tons (89 long tons; 99 short tons) of ammonia circulating in 94 sections with a total length of 80 kilometers (50 mi) of pipe. This allows a capacity of 3,100 kilowatts of (10.6 million British thermal units or 880 short tons of refrigeration) cooling, which allows the track to be iced in outdoor temperatures up to 20 °C (68 °F).[14] The facility produces 4.5 gigawatt hours per year of district heating, gaining the nickname "Norway's largest refrigerator".[6]

The venue is operated by Lillehammer Olympiapark, which also operates the four other Olympic venues within Lillehammer, Lysgårdsbakken, Birkebeineren Ski Stadium, Håkons Hall and Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena. The track is staffed with seven employees, in addition to up to 20 more people during large events. The venue both serves local sports clubs and more than 20 nations have sledding sports training in Lillehammer. In addition the track serves up to 10,000 tourists per year; during summer rides are provided on wheeled bobsleighs. The track is operated eleven months per year. As of 2004, the venue received subsidies of between NOK 1.5 to 2.0 million per year.[13]

The following table shows the physical statistics for the track for the various sports. It contains the competition length (start to finish, excluding braking length), the number of turns, the vertical drop and the average grade.[15][16][17][18]

Physical statistics
Sport Length (m) Length (ft) Turns Drop (m) Drop (ft) Grade (%)
Bobsleigh and skeleton 1,365 4,478 16 114 374 8.5
Luge – men's singles 1,365 4,478 16 110 360 8.5
Luge – women's singles / men's doubles 1,065 3,494 13 85 279 6.9

Events

Bobsleigh at the 1994 Winter Olympics

File:Stamp of Azerbaijan 301.jpg
Germany II, winners of the four-man competition at the 1994 Winter Olympics

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Main article: Bobsleigh at the 1994 Winter Olympics

Both two-man and four-man were competed during the 1994 Winter Olympics. Both were contested in four heats over two days: two-man took place on 19 and 20 February,[17] while four-man took place on 26 and 27 February.[19]

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Two-man  Switzerland I (SUI)
Gustav Weder
Donat Acklin		  Switzerland II (SUI)
Reto Götschi
Guido Acklin		  Italy I (ITA)
Günther Huber
Stefano Ticci
Four-man  Germany II (GER)
Harald Czudaj
Karsten Brannasch
Olaf Hampel
Alexander Szelig		  Switzerland I (SUI)
Gustav Weder
Donat Acklin
Kurt Meier
Domenico Semeraro		  Germany I (GER)
Wolfgang Hoppe
Ulf Hielscher
René Hannemann
Carsten Embach

Luge at the 1994 Winter Olympics

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Main article: Luge at the 1994 Winter Olympics

Luge was contested in three events at the 1994 Winter Olympics. Singles was contested over four heats in two days, while doubles was contested in two heats on one day. Men's singles took place on 13 and 14 February,[15] women's singles took place on 15 and 16 February,[16] and men's doubles took place on 18 February.[20]

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men's singles Georg Hackl
 Germany		 Markus Prock
 Austria		 Armin Zöggeler
 Italy
Women's singles Gerda Weissensteiner
 Italy		 Susi Erdmann
 Germany		 Andrea Tagwerker
 Austria
Men's doubles  Italy I (ITA)
Kurt Brugger
Wilfried Huber		  Italy II (ITA)
Hansjörg Raffl
Norbert Huber		  Germany I (GER)
Stefan Krauße
Jan Behrendt

FIBT World Championships 1995

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Main article: FIBT World Championships 1995

The FIBT World Championships 1995 was split between Altenburg and Lillehammer, with bobsleigh taking place in Altenburg and skeleton in Lillehammer. The skeleton events took place on 4 and 5 March.[21]

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men's singles  Jürg Wenger (SUI)  Christian Auer (AUT)  Ryan Davenport (CAN)

FIL World Luge Championships 1995

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Main article: FIL World Luge Championships 1995

The FIL World Luge Championships 1995 was competed between 30 nations in four events. It was the second to take place in Norway, after the inaugural 1955 edition in Oslo.[22]

Event Gold Silver Bronze
Men's singles  Armin Zöggeler (ITA)  Georg Hackl (GER)  Markus Prock (AUT)
Women's singles  Gabriele Kohlisch (GER)  Susi Erdmann (GER)  Gerda Weissensteiner (ITA)
Men's doubles  Germany
Stefan Krausse, Jan Behrendt		 United States United States
Chris Thorpe, Gordy Sheer		 Italy Italy
Kurt Brugger, Wilfried Huber
Mixed team Germany Germany Italy Italy Austria Austria

Future

Lillehammer is scheduled to host the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics, which is scheduled to take place between 12 February and 21 February. Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track is scheduled to host the bobsleigh, luge and skeleton events.[23]

Three Norwegian cities, Tromsø, Oslo and Trondheim, announced intentions to bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics. Oslo planned a joint bid with Lillehammer and planned to use the sliding center along with the Alpine skiing hills of Hafjell and Kvitfjell in their bid.[24] Tromsø originally planned to build their own track, but later in the bidding process also Tromsø announced that they intended to bid using the Lillehammer track, despite a distance of 1,500 kilometers (930 mi) between Tromsø and Lillehammer. This was after the International Olympic Committee signaled that they wanted more moderation in venue construction costs and that they would prefer bid which used existing venues, even if it increased distances. This was backed by the International Luge Federation and the International Bobsleigh & Skeleton Federation, who both did not want additional tracks built in the world because of the difficulties funding their operation.[25] The 2018 proposals were shelved, but a renewed Oslo bid process for the 2022 Olympics also calls for the use of Lillehammer.[26]

Track records

The following is an incomplete list of track records; while including luge and women's skeleton, it excludes bobsleigh and men's skeleton. The list contains both start times and track times, as well, as the athlete and their nationality, and the date of the record.

Track records
Sport Record Athlete(s) Nation Date Time Ref
Luge – men's singles Start Johannes Ludwig Germany Germany 13 December 2009 4.366 [27]
Luge – men's singles Track Dominik Fischnaller Italy Italy 17 November 2013 49.172 [27]
Luge – women's singles Start Tatjana Hüfner Germany Germany 13 December 2009 2.324 [27]
Luge – women's singles Track Gabriele Kohlisch Germany Germany 4 February 1995 47.883 [27]
Luge – men's doubles Start Tobias Wendl, Tobias Arlt Germany Germany 12 December 2009 2.273 [27]
Luge – men's doubles Track Tobias Wendl, Tobias Arlt Germany Germany 16 November 2013 47.655 [27]
Skeleton – women's Start Donna Creighton United Kingdom United Kingdom 8 December 2011 5.15 [28]
Skeleton – women's Track Elizabeth Yarnold United Kingdom United Kingdom 8 December 2011 54.92 [28][29]

References

Bibliography
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Notes
  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Organising Committee for the VI Winter Olympic Games (1952): 40
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 LOOC (III): 37
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 LOOC (III): 41
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 LOOK (IV): 67
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 LOOK (IV): 68
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 LOOK (IV): 97
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ LOOK (IV): 99
  20. ↑ LOOK (IV): 69
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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