Limited voting

Limited voting is a voting system in which electors have fewer votes than there are positions available. The positions are awarded to the candidates who receive the most votes absolutely. In the special case in which the voter may vote for only one candidate and there are two or more posts, this system is called the single non-transferable vote or sometimes the strictly limited vote.

Example

The town of Voterville elects three representatives to the local legislature. At the election, the ballot paper appears thus:

Rory Red	Red Party
Rachel Red	Red Party
Brian Blue	Blue Party	X
Beryl Blue	Blue Party	X
Boris Blue	Blue Party

The voter has only two votes, which they have cast for Brian and Berryl Blue. They cannot cast a vote for the third available seat. Each vote counts as one towards the total for the candidate they have put their mark against.

Practice and issues

Although it frequently enables minority groupings to gain representation - unlike first past the post or bloc voting systems - it is not guaranteed to do this, since the effectiveness of a sectional vote may be altered depending on the number of candidates fielded.

For example, in Voterville 54% of electors support the Blue Party while 46% support the Red Party. Assuming an even distribution of support across the town, the Blue Party would win all three seats with either bloc voting or first past the post. With limited voting the Red Party would usually win one seat.

However it is possible for the Blue Party to overreach itself and win only one of the available seats. Since they have nearly 60% of the vote, they may be tempted to try to win all three seats. To do this, they need only to field three candidates. The Red Party, aware of their relative weakness, choose only to contest two and thus to concentrate their vote.

Assuming 100,000 electors in the town casting two votes each, the results might thus be:

Rory Red	46,000 votes	Elected
Rachel Red	46,000 votes	Elected
Brian Blue	38,000 votes	Elected
Beryl Blue	36,000 votes
Boris Blue	34,000 votes

By fielding three candidates the Blue Party hopelessly split their vote, despite having a clear majority in the town.

As can be seen from this example, limited voting is not a proportional electoral system.

Another way in which the system may fail to achieve fair representation is if the largest party is very well organised and can arrange the distribution of its supporters' vote for maximum advantage. A historical example of this was the 1880 election for the three Members of Parliament for the English city of Birmingham. Electors could cast up to two votes.

General Election 1880: Birmingham (3 seats)

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Philip Henry Muntz	22,969	24.27	N/A
	Liberal	John Bright	22,079	23.33	N/A
	Liberal	Joseph Chamberlain	19,544	20.65	N/A
	Conservative	F.G. Burnaby	15,735	16.63	N/A
	Conservative	Hon. A.C.G. Calthorpe	14,308	15.12	N/A
Turnout			63,398 reg.	74.64	N/A

• Note: Turnout is estimated on the basis of dividing votes cast by two. To the extent that electors did not use both their possible votes, turnout will be underestimated. (Source: Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885).

Charles Seymour in Electoral Reform in England and Wales explained the reaction of the Liberals of Birmingham after the limited vote was enacted..

The Liberals of Birmingham realized that if they were to retain the third seat, their vote must be divided economically between the three candidates. To prevent waste of votes, an organization must be built up which could control absolutely the choice of the elector; and each elector must vote invariably as he was told. The success of the Birmingham organization, which soon became known as the Caucus was unbroken and no Conservative candidate was returned. It was copied in many other constituencies and inaugurated a new era in the development of party electoral machinery, the effect of which upon the representative system has been profound.

History and current use

This system was used between 1867 and 1885 in the United Kingdom for some Parliamentary constituencies.

It was also used in Italy at the end of the nineteenth century and in Japan during the US-led Allied occupation in the first post-war election in 1946 with two votes per voter in districts with ten or less representatives and three votes in districts with more than ten representatives.

The limited vote has been used since the restoration of democracy to elect senators from the Spanish mainland. In the United States, it is used to elect most municipal offices in Connecticut, many county commissions in Pennsylvania, and some in other states. It has been adopted to resolve voting rights cases in more than 20 municipalities in Alabama and North Carolina, as detailed in Arrington and Ingalls' 1998 article "The limited vote alternative to affirmative districting" (Political Geography, Volume 17, Number 6, Aug 1998, pp. 701–728). In 2009 a federal judge ordered its use for school board elections in Euclid, Ohio.

It is used for elections in Gibraltar (10 votes for 17 seats), elections to the Spanish Senate (3 votes for 4 seats per province) and elections of the National Assembly of Kuwait.

'Fixed Ratio' or closed-list version of Limited Vote

The electoral system whereby two seats are assigned to the leading party-list and one seat to the second-placed party-list normally has the same result as limited vote with two votes per voter for three seats. It is used for 96 of 128 seats of the Senate of Mexico, for the Senate of Argentina and for the Senate of Bolivia until 2005. A similar system was used for the Bolivian Constituent Assembly elections of 2 July 2006).

See also

• Cumulative voting
• Single non-transferable vote
• Plurality-at-large voting

External links

• A Handbook of Electoral System Design from International IDEA
• Electoral Design Reference Materials from the ACE Project