List of English words with dual French and Anglo-Saxon variations
This List of English words with dual French and Anglo-Saxon variations describes various English words generally describing the same person, place or thing with two or more different words. After the Norman invasion of England in 1066 many of the more refined English (Anglo-Saxon) words describing finished products were replaced by words imported from Anglo-Norman (such as "beef," a prepared food). In contrast, common unfinished equivalents continued to use the native English term (such as "cow," a living animal). This replacement can be explained by the fact that meat was an expensive product at the time and that the lord and nobleman of Norman origin were eating it more often than the commoners, who were raising the livestock. This duality is also mirrored in French, where "beef" is boeuf, but "cow" is vache. These dual version words later formed the basis of the Middle English wordstock, and were eventually passed into the modern language.[1]
In some cases, these dual variations are distant etymological twins, as in cow/beef, both from Proto-Indo-European *gʷōus, but in other cases, such as calf/veal, they come from distinct PIE roots.
Generally, words coming from French often retain a higher register than words of Anglo-Saxon origin, and are considered by some to be more elaborate, sophisticated, or pretentious. Compare drink (Anglo-Saxon) and beverage (French). However, this is not always the case: weep, groom and stone (from Anglo-Saxon) occupy a slightly higher register than cry, brush and rock (from French). Words taken directly from Latin and Ancient Greek are generally perceived as colder, more technical, and more medical or scientific – compare life (Anglo-Saxon) with biology (classical compound – a modern coinage created from Greek roots).
List of English words with dual Old English/Old French variations
Foods
| Anglo-Saxon origin words | Old French origin words | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Cow (Old English Cū) | Beef (Anglo-Norman Beof; Old French Boef) | [2] |
| Calf (Old English Cealf) | Veal (Anglo-Norman Vel; Old French Veel, Veal) | [2] |
| Swine (Old English Swīn), or Pig (Old English Picga) |
Pork (Old French Porc) | [2] |
| Sheep (Old English Scēap) | Mutton (Old French Moton) | [2] |
| Hen (Old English Hen, Henn) / Chicken (Old English Cicen) | Poultry (Old French Pouletrie) | [2] |
| Deer (Old English Dēor) | Venison (Old Norman Venesoun) | [2] |
| Snail (Old English Snægl) | Escargot (Old Norman Escargot) | |
| Dove (Old English Dūfe) | Pigeon (Old French Pijon) |
Other words
| Anglo-Saxon origin words | Old French origin words | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Thinking, Mindful | Pensive | [3] |
| Kingly | Royal | [3] |
| Brotherly | Fraternal | [3] |
| Ask, Beseech | Enquire | [3] |
| Lord | Liege | |
| Bring, Bear | Carry | |
| Amaze, Stun | Astound | |
| Fair, Fair-haired | Blond/Blonde | |
| Ghost | Phantom | |
| Uphold, Undergird, Upstay | Support | |
| Smell, Stench | Odor | |
| Hue, Blee | Colour | |
| Blossom | Flower | |
| Help, Bestand, Bestead | Aid, Abet, Assist | |
| Buy | Purchase | |
| Eld | Age | |
| Belief | Faith | |
| Wonder | Ponder | |
| Selfhood | Identity | |
| Sake | Reason, Cause | |
| Weep, Sob | Cry | |
| Knowledge | Science | |
| Lawyer (A.S. lagu < O.N. lag) | Attorney | |
| Shirt | Blouse | |
| Deem | Consider, Judge | |
| Harbour | Port | |
| Hosen, Britches | Pants | |
| Sunder | Sever | |
| Answer | Reply, Response | |
| Follow | Ensue | |
| Athel | Noble | |
| Atheling, Drighten | Prince | |
| Fall, Harvest | Autumn | |
| Stound | Hour | |
| Burn | Broil | |
| Leave | Permission | |
| Note | Use, Utility | |
| Seethe, Plaw | Boil | |
| Hunt | Chase | |
| Bookstaf, Bookstave | Letter | |
| Wisdom | Prudence / Sagacity | |
| Weird, Fremd | Strange | |
| Behaviour | Manner | |
| Uncouth | Rude | |
| Owndom, Belongings | Property | |
| Steven, Reard | Voice | |
| Folk, Lede (Leod) | People | |
| Forgive | Pardon | |
| Darling | Favourite | |
| Worthy | Valuable | |
| Drought, Dearth | Famine | |
| Wish, Will, Yearning, Longing | Desire | |
| Span | Distance | |
| Tumble | Somersault | |
| Drink (noun + verb) | Beverage, Imbibe | |
| Deal | Amount | |
| Freedom | Liberty | |
| Arm | Poor | |
| Haven | Port | |
| Brittle | Frail, fragile | |
| Weak | Feeble, faint | |
| Almighty | Omnipotent | |
| Maidenhead, maidenhood | Virginity | |
| Wild | Savage | |
| Betrothal | Proposal | |
| Kingship | Monarchy | |
| Thorough, thoroughgoing | Exhaustive | |
| Reckless | Intrepid | |
| Awesome | Incredible | |
| Tough | Difficult | |
| Barrow | Mountain | |
| Homesick | Nostalgia | |
| Hopelessness | Despair | |
| Wholesome, healthy, healthful | Salutary, salubrious | |
| Aching | Painful | |
| Daring, boldness | Audacity | |
| Unwilling, loath | Reluctant | |
| Wilful | Deliberate | |
| Wont | Accustomed | |
| Lovely, fair | Beautiful | |
| Anger, wrath | Ire | |
| Angry, wrathful | Ireful | |
| Bloodthirsty | Sanguinary | |
| Woodwork | Carpintery | |
| Frith | Peace | |
| Frithful | Peaceful | |
| Warmongering | Belligerent | |
| Deathly | Lethal, mortal | |
| Forgiving | Indulgent | |
| Ruth | Piety | |
| Weird | Strange | |
| Stern | Severe | |
| Foe | Enemy | |
| Friendly | Amicable | |
| Inn | Tavern | |
| Woodland | Forest | |
| To rue | To lament, to regret | |
| Rueful | Regretful | |
| Ruthless | Remorseless | |
| Weapon | Arm | |
| Grave | Tomb | |
| Graveyard | Cemetery | |
| Hue | Colour | |
| Outspoken, straighforward | Honest, frank |
See also
- Lists of English loanwords by country or language of origin
- List of English words of French origin
- List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English
References
- ↑ Stephan Gramley, Kurt-Michael Pätzold, A survey of modern English (Routledge, 2003) http://books.google.com/books?id=yX5mkM2_u-sC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, Volume 34, (New Zealand Institute., 1902) pp. 135–145
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Anglo-Saxon and Latinate Words by M. Birch http://www.translationdirectory.com/article991.htm
