List of First Ladies of the United States
First Lady of the United States |
|
---|---|
Style | Mrs. Obama |
Residence | White House |
Inaugural holder | Martha Washington |
Formation | April 30, 1789 |
Website | First Ladies |
The First Lady of the United States is the hostess of the White House. The position is traditionally filled by the wife of the President of the United States, but, on occasion, the title has been applied to women who were not presidents’ wives, such as when the president was a bachelor or widower, or when the wife of the president was unable to fulfill the duties of the First Lady herself. The First Lady is not an elected position; it carries no official duties and receives no salary. Nonetheless, she attends many official ceremonies and functions of state either along with or in place of the president. Traditionally, the First Lady does not hold outside employment while occupying the office.[1] She has her own staff, including the White House Social Secretary, the Chief of Staff, the Press Secretary, the Chief Floral Designer, and the Executive Chef. The Office of the First Lady is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House, and is a branch of the Executive Office of the President.
According to the White House and the National First Ladies' Library, there have been 45 First Ladies and 46 First Ladyships. This discrepancy exists because Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and the 24th president; his wife Frances Folsom Cleveland is also counted twice. Following Barack Obama's first inauguration on January 20, 2009, his wife, Michelle Obama, became the 46th official First Lady, succeeding Laura Bush, wife of former President George W. Bush.
There are four living former First Ladies: Rosalynn Carter, wife of Jimmy Carter; Barbara Bush, wife of George H. W. Bush; Hillary Clinton, wife of Bill Clinton; and Laura Bush, wife of George W. Bush. The first First Lady was Martha Washington, married to George Washington. Presidents John Tyler and Woodrow Wilson had two official First Ladies; both remarried during their presidential tenures. The wives of four Presidents died before their husbands were sworn into office but are still considered First Ladies by the White House and National First Ladies' Library: Martha Jefferson, wife of Thomas Jefferson;[2][3] Rachel Jackson, wife of Andrew Jackson;[4][5] Hannah Van Buren, wife of Martin Van Buren;[6][7] and Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, wife of Chester A. Arthur.[8][9] One woman who was not married to a President but who is still considered an official First Lady: Harriet Lane, niece of bachelor James Buchanan. The other non-spousal relatives who served as White House hostesses are not recognized by the First Ladies' Library.
In 2007, the United States Mint began releasing a set of half-ounce $10 gold coins under the First Spouse Program with engravings of portraits of the First Ladies on the obverse.[10] When a President served without a spouse, a gold coin is issued that bears an obverse image emblematic of Liberty as depicted on a circulating coin of that era and a reverse image emblematic of themes of that President's life. This is true for the coins for Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren and James Buchanan's First Ladies, but not the coin for Chester A. Arthur's First Lady, which will instead depict suffragette Alice Paul.[11]
List of First Ladies
This list included all persons who served as First Ladies, regardless of whether they were married to the incumbent President or not, as well as persons who are officially considered First Ladies by the First Ladies' Library but who died before being able to serve in that role. First Ladies who were not married to the incumbent appear in light gray boxes, while official First Ladies who did not serve in that role appear in dark gray boxes. The numbering follows the First Ladies' Library listing, which includes presidents' wives who predeceased their husband's entering office. First Ladies not recognized by First Ladies' Library listing are marked with a , and First Ladies officially recognized by the First Ladies' Library listing who never served in that capacity are marked with a .
No. |
Image |
First Lady |
Birth | Marriage |
President (Husband, unless noted) |
Tenure began |
Age at tenure start | Tenure ended | Length of retirement |
Death | Lifespan |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Martha Washington (née Dandridge)[12][13] |
June 2, 1731 | 6 January 1759 | George Washington | 1789 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1797 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | May 22, 1802 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
2 | Abigail Adams (née Smith)[14][15] |
November 11, 1744 | 25 October 1764 | John Adams | 1797 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1801 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | October 28, 1818 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
3 | Martha Skelton Jefferson [2][3] (née Wayles) |
October 30, 1748 | 1 January 1772 | Thomas Jefferson | — | — | — | September 6, 1782 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | ||
Martha Jefferson Randolph [2][3] |
September 27, 1772 | — [n 1] |
Thomas Jefferson* (Father) |
1801 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1809 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | October 10, 1836 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | ||
4 | Dolley Madison (née Payne)[16][17] |
May 20, 1768 | 14 September 1794 | James Madison | 1809 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1817 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | July 12, 1849 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
5 | Elizabeth Monroe (née Kortright)[18][19] |
June 30, 1768 | 16 February 1786 | James Monroe | 1817 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1825 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | September 23, 1830 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
6 | Louisa Adams (née Johnson)[20][21] |
February 12, 1775 | 26 July 1797 | John Quincy Adams | 1825 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1829 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | May 15, 1852 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
7 | Rachel Robards Jackson [4][5] (née Donelson) |
June 15, 1767 | 7 January 1794 | Andrew Jackson | — | — | — | December 22, 1828 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | ||
Emily Donelson [4][5] |
June 1, 1807 | — [n 2] |
Andrew Jackson (Uncle) |
1829 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1836 | — | December 19, 1836 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | ||
Sarah Jackson (née Yorke)[4][5] |
July 16, 1803 | — [n 3] |
Andrew Jackson (Father-in-law) |
1834 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1837 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | August 23, 1887 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | ||
8 | Hannah Van Buren [6][7] (née Hoes) |
March 8, 1783 | 21 February 1807 | Martin Van Buren | — | — | — | February 5, 1819 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | ||
Angelica Van Buren (née Singleton)[6][7] |
February 13, 1818 | — [n 4] |
Martin Van Buren (Father-in-law) |
1839 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1841 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | December 29, 1877 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | ||
9 | Anna Harrison (née Symmes)[22][23] |
July 25, 1775 | 22 November 1795 | William Henry Harrison | 1841[n 5] | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1841 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | February 25, 1864 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
10 | Letitia Tyler (née Christian)[24][25] |
November 12, 1790 | 29 March 1813 | John Tyler | 1841 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1842 | — | September 10, 1842 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
Priscilla Tyler (née Cooper)[24][25] |
June 14, 1816 | — [n 6] |
John Tyler (Father-in-law) |
1842 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1844 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | December 29, 1889 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | ||
11 | Julia Tyler (née Gardiner)[26][27] |
May 17, 1820 | 26 June 1844 | John Tyler | 1844[n 7] | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1845 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | July 10, 1889 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
12 | Sarah Polk (née Childress)[28][29] |
September 4, 1803 | 1 January 1824 | James K. Polk | 1845 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1849 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | August 14, 1891 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
13 | Margaret Taylor (née Smith)[30][31] |
September 21, 1788 | 21 June 1810 | Zachary Taylor | 1849 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1850 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | August 14, 1852 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
14 | Abigail Fillmore (née Powers)[32][33] |
March 13, 1798 | 5 February 1826 | Millard Fillmore | 1850 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1853 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | March 30, 1853 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
15 | Jane Means Pierce (née Appleton)[34][35] |
March 12, 1806 | 19 November 1834 | Franklin Pierce | 1853 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1857 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | December 2, 1863 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
16 | Harriet Lane (later Johnston)[36][37] |
May 9, 1830 | — [n 8] |
James Buchanan (Uncle) |
1857 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1861 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | July 3, 1903 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
17 | Mary Lincoln (née Todd)[38][39] |
December 13, 1818 | 4 November 1842 | Abraham Lincoln | 1861 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1865 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | July 16, 1882 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
18 | Eliza Johnson (née McCardle)[40][41] |
October 4, 1810 | 17 May 1827 | Andrew Johnson | 1865 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1869 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | January 15, 1876 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
19 | Julia Boggs Grant (née Dent)[42][43] |
January 26, 1826 | 22 August 1848 | Ulysses S. Grant | 1869 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1877 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | December 14, 1902 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
20 | Lucy Hayes (née Webb)[44][45] |
August 28, 1831 | 30 December 1852 | Rutherford B. Hayes | 1877 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1881 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | June 25, 1889 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
21 | Lucretia Garfield (née Rudolph)[46][47] |
April 19, 1832 | 11 November 1858 | James A. Garfield | 1881 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1881 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | March 14, 1918 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
22 | Ellen Arthur[8][9] (née Herndon) |
August 30, 1837 | 25 October 1859 | Chester A. Arthur | — | — | — | January 12, 1880 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | ||
Mary McElroy (née Arthur)[8][9] |
July 5, 1841 | — [n 9] |
Chester A. Arthur (Brother) |
1881 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1885 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | January 8, 1917 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | ||
Rose Cleveland [48][49] |
June 13, 1846 | — [n 10] |
Grover Cleveland (Brother) |
1885 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1886 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | November 22, 1918 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | ||
23 | Frances Cleveland (née Folsom, later Preston)[48][49] |
July 21, 1864 | 2 June 1886 | Grover Cleveland | 1886 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1889 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | October 29, 1947 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
24 | Caroline Harrison (née Scott)[50][51] |
October 1, 1832 | 20 October 1853 | Benjamin Harrison | 1889 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1892 | — | October 25, 1892 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
Mary McKee (née Harrison)[50][51] |
April 3, 1858 | — [n 11] |
Benjamin Harrison (Father) |
1892 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1893 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | October 28, 1930 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | ||
25 | Frances Cleveland (née Folsom, later Preston)[48][49] |
July 21, 1864 | 2 June 1886 | Grover Cleveland | 1893 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1897 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | October 29, 1947 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
26 | Ida McKinley (née Saxton)[52][53] |
June 8, 1847 | 25 January 1871 | William McKinley | 1897 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1901 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | May 26, 1907 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
27 | Edith Roosevelt (née Carow )[54][55] |
August 6, 1861 | 2 December 1886 | Theodore Roosevelt | 1901 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1909 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | September 30, 1948 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
28 | Helen Louise Taft (née Herron)[56][57] |
June 2, 1861 | 19 June 1886 | William Howard Taft | 1909 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1913 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | May 22, 1943 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
29 | Ellen Wilson (née Axson)[58][59] |
May 15, 1860 | 24 June 1885 | Woodrow Wilson | 1913 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1914 | — | August 6, 1914 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
Margaret Woodrow Wilson [58][59] |
April 16, 1886 | — [n 12] |
Woodrow Wilson (Father) |
1914 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1915 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | February 12, 1944 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | ||
30 | Edith Wilson (née Bolling, widowed Galt)[60][61] |
October 15, 1872 | 18 December 1915 | Woodrow Wilson | 1915 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1921 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | December 28, 1961 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
31 | Florence Harding (née Kling)[62][63] |
August 15, 1860 | 8 July 1891 | Warren G. Harding | 1921 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1923 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | November 21, 1924 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
32 | Grace Anna Coolidge (née Goodhue)[64][65] |
January 3, 1879 | 4 October 1905 | Calvin Coolidge | 1923 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1929 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | July 8, 1957 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
33 | Lou Hoover (née Henry)[66][67] |
March 29, 1874 | 10 February 1899 | Herbert Hoover | 1929 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1933 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | January 7, 1944 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
34 | Eleanor Roosevelt [68][69] |
October 11, 1884 | 17 March 1905 | Franklin D. Roosevelt | 1933 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1945 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | November 7, 1962 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
35 | Portrait of Bess Truman | Elizabeth "Bess" Truman (née Wallace)[70][71] |
February 13, 1885 | 28 June 1919 | Harry S. Truman | 1945 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1953 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | October 18, 1982 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) |
36 | Portrait of Mamie Eisenhower | Mamie Eisenhower (née Doud)[72][73] |
November 14, 1896 | 1 July 1916 | Dwight D. Eisenhower | 1953 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1961 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | November 1, 1979 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) |
37 | Jacqueline Kennedy (née Bouvier, later Onassis)[74][75] |
July 28, 1929 | 12 September 1953 | John F. Kennedy | 1961 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1963 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | May 19, 1994 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
38 | Lady Bird Johnson (née Taylor)[76][77] |
December 22, 1912 | 17 November 1934 | Lyndon B. Johnson | 1963 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1969 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | July 11, 2007 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
39 | Thelma "Pat" Nixon (née Ryan)[78][79] |
March 16, 1912 | 21 June 1940 | Richard Nixon | 1969 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1974 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | June 22, 1993 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
40 | Elizabeth Ann "Betty" Ford (née Bloomer)[80][81] |
April 8, 1918 | 15 October 1948 | Gerald Ford | 1974 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1977 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | July 8, 2011 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
41 | Eleanor Rosalynn Carter (née Smith)[82][83] |
August 18, 1927 | 7 July 1946 | Jimmy Carter | 1977 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1981 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | ||
42 | Nancy Reagan (née Robbins, adopted Davis)[84][85] |
July 6, 1921 | 4 March 1952 | Ronald Reagan | 1981 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1989 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | March 6, 2016 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | |
43 | Barbara Bush (née Pierce)[86][87] |
June 8, 1925 | 6 January 1945 | George H. W. Bush | 1989 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 1993 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | ||
44 | Hillary Rodham Clinton [88][89] |
October 26, 1947 | 11 October 1975 | Bill Clinton | 1993 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 2001 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | ||
45 | Laura Bush (née Welch)[90][91] |
November 4, 1946 | 5 November 1977 | George W. Bush | 2001 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | 2009 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) | ||
46 | Michelle Obama (née Robinson)[92][93] |
January 17, 1964 | 3 October 1992[94] | Barack Obama | 2009 | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. | Incumbent | Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. days (Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.) |
See also
- Second Lady of the United States
- First Family of the United States
- List of children of the Presidents of the United States
- List of current United States first spouses
- List of Presidents of the United States
- List of United States First Lady firsts
- Living First Ladies of the United States
- Spouse of the Prime Minister of Canada
- Spouse of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Footnotes
- ↑ Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson died in 1782, nineteen years before Thomas Jefferson became President. Their daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph assumed the role of White House hostess and unofficial First Lady during his incumbency; when she was unavailable Jefferson called upon Dolley Madison, wife of his Secretary of State, James Madison.[2][3]
- ↑ Rachel Jackson died in December, 1828, three months before Andrew Jackson became President. His niece, Emily Donelson, assumed the role of White House hostess until her death on December 19, 1836. Jackson's daughter-in-law, Sarah Yorke Jackson, was also brought into the White House to serve as White House hostess on November 26, 1834. She remained at the White House until Jackson's term expired on March 4, 1837.[4][5]
- ↑ Jackson's daughter-in-law, Sarah Yorke Jackson, was brought into the White House to serve as White House hostess alongside the widowed President's niece Emily Donelson. Jackson's term expired on March 4, 1837.[4][5]
- ↑ Hannah Van Buren died on February 5, 1819, eighteen years before Martin Van Buren became President. Angelica Singleton Van Buren, Martin's daughter-in-law, assumed the role of White House hostess during his incumbency.[6][7]
- ↑ Anna Harrison, President William Henry Harrison's wife, was too sick to travel with William to Washington D.C. for his inauguration, and asked their daughter-in-law Jane Irwin Harrison to accompany him and act as hostess until her proposed arrival in May. William Harrison died after serving only 31 days in office, and Anna never made the trip to the White House.[22][23]
- ↑ Letitia Tyler died while her husband, John Tyler, was still in office. Their daughter-in-law, Priscilla Cooper Tyler acted as White House hostess until John Tyler remarried on June 26, 1844.[24][25]
- ↑ Julia Tyler married John Tyler on June 26, 1844.[26][27]
- ↑ James Buchanan was a life-long bachelor. His niece Harriet Lane served as First Lady.[36][37]
- ↑ Ellen Arthur died in 1880. When Chester A. Arthur became President after James A. Garfield died, he asked his sister, Mary Arthur McElroy to be the White House hostess.[8][9]
- ↑ Grover Cleveland entered office as a bachelor. His sister Rose Cleveland served as White House hostess until he married Frances Cornelia Folsom on June 2, 1886.[48][49]
- ↑ Caroline Harrison died while her husband, Benjamin Harrison, was still in office. Their daughter Mary Harrison McKee acted as White House hostess for the remainder of his incumbency.[50][51]
- ↑ Ellen Wilson died on August 6, 1914, while her husband, Woodrow Wilson, was still in office. Their daughter Margaret Woodrow Wilson acted as White House hostess until President Wilson remarried on December 18, 1915.[58][59]
References
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 31 U.S.C. § 5112(o)(3)(D)(i)(II) Denominations, specifications, and design of coins. The First Spouse Gold Coins. Cornell University. Retrieved on January 10, 2009.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.