List of Jewish American politicians
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
This is a list of notable Jewish American politicians, arranged chronologically.
Contents
Federal government
Senators
Current senators
Former senators
-
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
- Rudy Boschwitz (R-MN: 1978–1991)[3][4]
- Barbara Boxer (D-CA: 1993-2017)
- William Cohen (R-ME: 1978-1997)
- Norm Coleman (R-MN: 2003–2009)[5]
- Russell Feingold (D-WI: 1993–2011)
- Ernest Gruening (D-AK: 1959-1969)
- Chic Hecht (R-NV: 1983–1989)[4]
- Jacob K. Javits (R-NY: 1957–1981)[4]
- Herbert Kohl (D-WI: 1988–2013)
- Herbert Lehman (D-NY: 1950-1957)
- Carl Levin (D-MI: 1979-2015)
- Joe Lieberman (D-CT: 1989–2013)[6]
- Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ: 1982–2001; 2003–2013)[7]
- Howard Metzenbaum (D-OH: 1974 1976–1995)
- Richard Neuberger (D-OR: 1955-1960)
- Abraham A. Ribicoff (D-CT: 1962–1980)[8]
- Warren Rudman (R-NH: 1980–1993)[4]
- Arlen Specter (R/D-PA: 1981–2011)[4]
- Richard Stone (D-FL: 1975-1980)
- Paul Wellstone (D-MN: 1991–2002)[3]
- David Levy Yulee (D-FL: 1845–1851; 1855–1861)
- Edward Zorinsky (D-NE: 1976–1987)
Representatives
Current representatives
Former representatives
-
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
- Bella Abzug (D-NY: 1973–1977)
- Anthony C. Beilenson (D-CA: 1977–1997)[23]
- Howard Berman (D-CA: 1983–2013)[24]
- Eric Cantor (R-VA: 2001–2014)[25] Former House Majority Leader
- Sam Coppersmith (D-AZ: 1993–1995)[26]
- Peter Deutsch (D-FL: 1993–2005)[27]
- Mickey Edwards (R-OK:1977–1993)[28][29]
- Rahm Emanuel (D-IL: 2003–2009), also Cabinet-level officer;[30] current Mayor of Chicago
- Eric Fingerhut (D-OH: 1993-95)
- Bob Filner (D-CA: 1993–2012)[31]
- Jon D. Fox (R-PA: 1995–1999)[32]
- Martin Frost (D-TX: 1979–2005)[33]
- Sam Gejdenson (D-CT: 1981–2001)[34]
- Gabrielle Giffords (D-AZ: 2007–2012)[35]
- Bill Graidson (R-OH 1st and 2nd: 1975–1983; 1983–1993)[36]
- Alan Grayson (D-FL: 2013–2017, 2001–2011)
- Jane Harman (D-CA: 1993–1999, 2001–2011)[37]
- Julius Houseman (D-MI 5th: 1883–1885)[38]
- Steve Israel (D-NY:2001-2017)
- Julius Kahn (R-CA:1899–1924)
- Florence Prag Kahn (R-CA:1925–1937), first Jewish woman elected
- Ed Koch (D-NY 17th and 18th: 1969–1973; 1973–1977)[39]
- Tom Lantos (D-CA: 1981–2008), also Chairman of the House Committee on International Relations
- William Lehman (D-FL:1973–1993)[40]
- Mel Levine (D-CA: 1983–1993)
- Marjorie Margolies-Mezvinsky (D-PA: 1995–1997)
- Edward Mezvinsky (D-IA: 1973–1977)
- Philip Phillips (D-AL:1853–1855)[41]
- Allyson Schwartz (D-PA: 2005–2015)
- Gladys Spellman (D-MD: 1975–1981)[42]
- Sam Steiger (R-AZ: 1967–1977)[26]
- Henry Waxman (D-CA: 1975–2015),[43] also Chairman of Energy and Commerce Committee
- Robert Wexler (D-FL: 1997–2010)[44]
- Anthony Weiner (D-NY: 1999–2011)[45][46]
- Ted Weiss (D-NY: 1977–1992)
- Sidney R. Yates (D-IL: 1949–1963; 1965–1999)[47]
- Dick Zimmer (R-NJ: 1991–1997)[48]
Supreme Court justices
Current justices
| Name | Born | Appt. by | Age at appt. | First day / Length of service |
Previous positions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ginsburg, Ruth BaderRuth Bader Ginsburg |
March 15, 1933 (age 88) in Brooklyn, New York |
Clinton, BillBill Clinton | 60 | August 10, 1993 27 years, 8 months |
Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (1980–1993); General Counsel, American Civil Liberties Union (1973–1980); Professor, Columbia Law School (1972–1980); Professor, Rutgers University School of Law (1963–1972) |
Breyer, StephenStephen Breyer |
August 15, 1938 (age 82) in San Francisco, California |
Clinton, BillBill Clinton | 55 | August 3, 1994 26 years, 9 months |
Chief Judge, Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1990–1994); Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1980–1990); Professor, Harvard Law School (1967–1980) |
Kagan, ElenaElena Kagan |
April 28, 1960 (age 61) in New York, New York |
Obama, BarackBarack Obama | 50 | August 7, 2010 10 years, 9 months |
Solicitor General of the United States (2009–2010); Dean of Harvard Law School (2003–2009); Professor, Harvard Law School (2001–2003); Visiting Professor, Harvard Law School (1999–2001); Associate White House Counsel (1995–1999); Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council (1995–1999); Professor, University of Chicago Law School (1995); Associate Professor, University of Chicago Law School (1991–1995) |
Former justices
| Name | Born | Died | Appt. by | Retired under | Age at appt. | First day | Date of retirement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| November 13, 1856 in Louisville, Kentucky |
October 5, 1941 in Washington, D.C. |
Woodrow Wilson | Franklin D. Roosevelt | 55 | June 1, 1916 | February 13, 1939 | |
| May 24, 1870 in New York, New York |
July 9, 1938 in Port Chester, New York |
Herbert Hoover | Franklin D. Roosevelt | 61 | March 2, 1932 | July 9, 1938 | |
| November 15, 1882 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary |
February 22, 1965 in Washington, D.C. |
Franklin D. Roosevelt | John F. Kennedy | 56 | January 20, 1939 | August 28, 1962 | |
| August 8, 1908 in Chicago, Illinois |
January 19, 1990 in Washington, D.C. |
John F. Kennedy | Lyndon B. Johnson | 53 | September 28, 1962 | July 26, 1965 | |
| June 19, 1910 in Memphis, Tennessee |
April 5, 1982 in Washington, D.C. |
Lyndon B. Johnson | Richard Nixon | 55 | October 4, 1965 | May 14, 1969 |
Cabinet officials
Current Cabinet secretaries
| Office | Secretary | Name | Assumed office | Date of birth | Prior public office/position | Education |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Secretary of the Treasury | 95px | Mnuchin, SteveSteve Mnuchin | February 13, 2017 | December 21, 1962 | none | Yale University (A.B.) |
| Secretary of Veterans Affairs | 95px | Shulkin, DavidDavid Shulkin | February 14, 2017 | June 22, 1959 | Under Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Health | Hampshire College (A.B.) Drexel University (M.D.) |
Obama Cabinet secretaries
| Office | Secretary | Name | Assumed office | Date of birth | Prior public office/position | Education |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Secretary of the Treasury | Lew, JackJack Lew | February 28, 2013 | August 29, 1955 | White House Chief of Staff, Director of the Office of Management and Budget, Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources | Harvard University (A.B.) Georgetown University (J.D.) |
|
| Secretary of Commerce | Pritzker, PennyPenny Pritzker | June 26, 2013 | May 2, 1959 | none | Harvard University (A.B.) Stanford University (J.D., M.B.A.) |
State government
Governors
Current governors
| State | Governor | Name | Party | Assumed office | Term expires | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Missouri | 75px | Greitens, EricEric Greitens[16] | Republican | January 9, 2017 | January 11, 2021 | No Previous Positions Held |
Former governors
| Name | Party | State | Term | Other Public Office/Position | Note | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moses Alexander[49] | Democratic | Idaho | 1915-1919 | Mayor of Boise, Idaho | Idaho's first and so far only Jewish governor | |
| Simon Bamberger[50] | Democratic | Utah | 1917-1921 | First non-Mormon, first Democrat, and first and to date only person of Jewish heritage to be elected governor of the state of Utah | ||
| Washington Bartlett[51] | Democratic | California | 1887 | Mayor of San Francisco | California's first and so far only Jewish governor | |
| David Emanuel[52] | Democratic-Republican | Georgia | 1801 | Emanuel is considered to be the first Jew elected to public office in the South and the first Jewish governor of any U.S. state, although he may not have been an openly practicing Jew. As an adult he became a Presbyterian, confusing later researchers about his identity, but modern historians accept that he was Jewish.[52] | ||
| Neil Goldschmidt[53] | Democratic | Oregon | 1987-1991 | United States Secretary of Transportation Mayor of Portland, Oregon |
||
| Ernest Gruening[54] | Democratic | Territory of Alaska | 1939-1953 | United States Senator | ||
| Henry Horner[55] | Democratic | Illinois | 1933-1940 | Illinois' first Jewish governor | ||
| Madeleine Kunin[56] | Democratic | Vermont | 1985-1991 | United States Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein Lieutenant Governor of Vermont |
Vermont's first and, to date, only female governor | |
| Herbert H. Lehman[57] | Democratic | New York | 1933-1942 | United States Senator Lieutenant Governor of New York |
||
| Frank Licht[58] | Democratic | Rhode Island | 1969-1973 | Associate Justice of the Rhode Island Superior Court Member of the Rhode Island Senate |
Rhode Island's first Jewish governor | |
| Linda Lingle[59] | Republican | Hawaii | 2002-2010 | Mayor of Maui | Hawaii's first and, to date, only female and Jewish governor | |
| Marvin Mandel[60] | Democratic | Maryland | 1969-1979 | Maryland's first and to date only Jewish governor | ||
| Jack Markell[61] | Democratic | Delaware | 2009-2017 | Treasurer of Delaware | Former Chairperson of the National Governors Association Former Chairperson of the Democratic Governors Association |
|
| Julius Meier[62] | Independent | Oregon | 1931-1935 | Oregon's first Jewish governor | ||
| Ed Rendell[63] | Democratic | Pennsylvania | 2003-2011 | Mayor of Philadelphia | ||
| Abraham Ribicoff[64] | Democratic | Connecticut | 1955-1961 | United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare United States Senator Member of the U.S. House of Representatives |
Connecticut's first and to date only Jewish governor | |
| Edward S. Salomon[65][66] | Republican | Washington Territory | 1870-1872 | |||
| Arthur Seligman[67] | Democratic | New Mexico | 1931-1933 | New Mexico's first native-born, non-Hispanic, governor of Jewish ancestry | ||
| Samuel H. Shapiro[68] | Democratic | Illinois | 1968-1969 | Lieutenant Governor of Illinois | ||
| Milton Shapp[69] | Democratic | Pennsylvania | 1971-1979 | Pennsylvania's first Jewish governor | ||
| Shumlin, PeterPeter Shumlin[70] | Democratic | Vermont | 2011-2017 | Vermont House of Representatives Former President pro tempore of the Vermont State Senate |
||
| Eliot Spitzer[71] | Democratic | New York | 2007-2008 | New York Attorney General | ||
| Bruce Sundlun[72] | Democratic | Rhode Island | 1991-1995 |
Lieutenant governors
Current lieutenant governors
| State | Governor | Name | Party | Assumed office | Term expires | Prior public office/position | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Connecticut | Wyman, NancyNancy Wyman[73] | Democrat | January 5, 2011 | 2019 | Comptroller of Connecticut |
Former lieutenant governors
-
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
- Jerry Abramson (D-KY: 2011–2014)[74]
- Jay Dardenne (R-LA: 2010–2016)[75]
- Matthew Denn (D-DE: 2009–2015)[76]
- Lee Fisher (D-OH: 2007–2011)[77]
- Ken Rothman (D-MO: 1981–1985)[78]
- Harriett Woods (D-MO: 1985–1989)[78]
Municipal government
Mayors of major cities
Current mayors of major cities
Former mayors of major cities
-
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
- Jerry Abramson (D-Louisville, KY: 1986–1999; 2003-2011)[74]
- Moses Alexander (D-Boise, ID: 1897–1899; 1901-1903)[49]
- Abe Aronovitz (R-Miami, FL: 1953-1955)[89]
- Harry Bacharach (R-Atlantic City, NJ: 1912; 1916–1920; 1930-1935)[90]
- Walt Bachrach (R-Cincinnati, OH: 1960-1967[26]
- Abraham Beame (D-New York, NY: 1974-1977)
- Martin Behrman (D-New Orleans, LA: 1904-1920; 1925-1926)[91]
- Bruce Blakeman (First Presiding Officer of Nassau County, N.Y.)
- Michael Bloomberg (R then I:New York, NY: 2002-2013)[92]
- Richard Berkley (R-Kansas City, MO: 1979-1991)[93]
- David Cicilline (D-Providence, RI: 2003-2011)[11]
- Larry Cohen (D-Saint Paul, MN: 1972-1976)[94]
- Josh Cohen (D-Annapolis, MD: 2009-2013)[95]
- Norm Coleman (R-Saint Paul, MN: 1997-2002)[5]
- Leopold David (Anchorage, AK: 1920-1923), first mayor of Anchorage[96]
- Mutt Evans (D-Durham, NC: 1951-1963)[97]
- Dianne Feinstein (D-San Francisco, CA: 1978-1988)
- Bob Filner (D-San Diego, CA: 2012-2013)[31]
- Samuel Folz (D-Kalamazoo, MI: 1903)[98]
- Lois Frankel (D-West Palm Beach, FL: 2003-2011)[11]
- Sandra Freedman (D-Tampa, FL: 1986-1995)[99]
- Jeffrey Friedman (D-Austin, TX: 1975-1977)[100]
- Eva Galambos (R-Sandy Springs, GA: 2005-2014)[101]
- Bailey Gatzert (I-Seattle, WA: 1875-1876)[102]
- Susan Golding (R-San Diego, CA: 1992-2000)[103]
- Neil Goldschmidt (D-Portland, OR: 1973-1979)[53]
- Stephen Goldsmith (R-Indianapolis, IN: 1992-2000)[104]
- Oscar Goodman (D then I:Las Vegas, NV: 1999-2011)
- Phil Gordon (D-Phoenix, AZ: 2004-2012)[105]
- Bill Graidson (R-Cincinnati, OH: 1971)[36]
- Robert Harris (D-Ann Arbor, MI: 1969-1973)[106]
- Adlene Harrison (D-Dallas, TX: 1976)[107]
- Julius Houseman (D-Grand Rapids, MI: 1872-1873; 1874–1875)[38]
- Vera Katz (D-Portland, OR: 1993-2005)[108]
- Ed Koch (D-New York, NY: 1978-1989)[39]
- Joseph Lazarow (R-Atlantic City, NJ: 1976-1982)[109]
- Henry Loeb (D-Memphis, TN: 1960-1963; 1968-1971),[110] later converted to Episcopalianism
- Zachariah J. Loussac (D-Anchorage, AK: 1948-1951)[111]
- Sophie Masloff (D-Pittsburgh, PA: 1988-1994)[112]
- Sam Massell (D-Atlanta, GA: 1970-1974)[113]
- Laura Miller (D-Dallas, TX: 2002-2007)[114]
- Arthur Naftalin (D-Minneapolis, MN: 1961-1969)[94]
- Meyera Oberndorf (D-Virginia Beach, VA: 1988-2009)[115]
- Ed Rendell (D-Philadelphia, PA: 1992-2000)
- Bernie Sanders (I-Burlington, VT: 1981-1989)
- Murray Seasongood (I-Cincinnati, OH: 1929-1929)[116]
- Kel Seliger (R-Amarillo, TX: 1993-2001)[117]
- Florence Shapiro (R-Plano, TX: 1990-1992)[118]
- Joseph Simon (R-Portland, OR: 1909-1911)[119]
- Jerry Springer (D-Cincinnati, OH: 1977-1978)[120]
- Sam Steiger (R-Prescott, AZ: 1999-2001)
- Annette Strauss (D-Dallas, TX: 1987-1991)[121]
- Adolph Sutro (R-San Francisco, CA: 1895-1897)[122]
- Susan Weiner (R-Savannah, GA: 1992-1996)[123]
- Edward Zorinsky (R-Omaha, NE: 1973–1976)[124]
Presidential candidates
- Milton Shapp ran for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States in 1976 but ended the campaign after 89 days and not even winning Pennsylvania where he was governor.
- Arlen Specter ran for the Republican Nomination for President in 1996, but dropped out before the Iowa Caucuses. He later became a Democrat.
- Joe Lieberman ran for the Democratic nomination for president of the United States in 2004. In the previous presidential election, he was the Democratic candidate for vice president.
- Jill Stein was the Green Party nominee for president in 2012. She lost with 0.36% of the vote, or 470,000 votes. She ran in the 2016 Presidential Election, but lost with just over one percent.
- Bernie Sanders was running for president in 2016 as a Democrat. He became the first Jewish candidate to win a Democratic party primary with a victory in New Hampshire. He lost the nomination to Hillary Clinton.[125]
See also
References
- ↑ Meckler, Laura and Nicholas, Peter. "Questions Loom About Bernie Sanders Qualifying for First Democratic Primary", Wall Street Journal (November 4, 2015).
- ↑ Ronayne, Kathleen (November 5, 2015). "Sanders declares as Democrat in NH primary". Burlington Free Press.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Ousted Senator Apologizes for Letter to Jews". November 10, 1990. Retrieved June 11, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "Congressional Republicans: Nobody Here But Us Christians". June 11, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Norm Coleman
- ↑ "Retired Sen. Joe Lieberman Discusses His Jewish Faith". February 11, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Frank Lautenberg, Proud Jew Who Didn't Want To Be a 'Jewish Senator'". June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Ribicoff of Connecticut Dies; Governor and Senator Was 87". The New York Times. February 23, 1998. Retrieved June 12, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Sharon Samber (November 10, 2000). "New faces offset losses as Jews gain seats in Congress". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved November 9, 2006.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Sharon Samber (November 8, 2002). "Jewish minyan grows in Senate; Jew elected to House". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved November 10, 2006.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 J.J. Goldberg (November 4, 2010). "Rite of Returns: Jews Who Ran for Congress — Winners & Losers". The Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved November 8, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Stuart Rothenberg (November 2, 2000). "Top House races of 2000". CNN. Archived from the original on September 10, 2006. Retrieved November 9, 2006.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Three New Jewish Members of Congress". The Jewish Federations of North America. Retrieved November 8, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Ron Kampeas (April 21, 2010). "Ted Deutch, a most Jewish speech from the most Jewish district". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved June 13, 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Elections 2006 AP Coverage: Debbie Wasserman Schultz (Dem)". Associated Press. November 9, 2006. Retrieved November 10, 2006. Italic or bold markup not allowed in:
|publisher=(help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 "Who are America's Jewish senators and congressmen?". Retrieved December 16, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Shmuel Rosner (November 5, 2006). "Louisville's Jews vote Democratic – but not because the candidate's Jewish". Haaretz. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007. Retrieved November 9, 2006. Unknown parameter
|dead-url=ignored (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ "Elections 2006 AP Coverage". Associated Press. November 9, 2006. Retrieved November 10, 2006. Italic or bold markup not allowed in:
|publisher=(help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ "Jerrold Nadler (D-NY-8)". CNN. Retrieved November 10, 2006. Italic or bold markup not allowed in:
|publisher=(help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ Kandea Mosley (September 12, 2000). "A Rumble in the Bronx Feuding Politicos Pull No Punches in Congressional Race". The Village Voice. Retrieved November 10, 2006.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Jennifer Jacobson (October 23, 2006). "Jewish women on rise in Congress". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved November 10, 2006.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Woody Baird (November 7, 2006). "Congressional incumbents re-elected, Cohen takes lead in Memphis". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved November 9, 2006. Unknown parameter
|deadurl=ignored (help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> - ↑ "Anthony C. Beilenson". Los Angeles Times. April 18, 1988. Retrieved June 11, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Brad Sherman defeats Howard Berman after bitter fight". Los Angeles Times. November 7, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Eric Cantor Didn't Lose Because He's Jewish. But His Religion Has Caused Difficulties in Congress". The New Republic. June 11, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Kestenbaum, Lawrence. "The Political Graveyard: Jewish Politicians in Arizona". Retrieved December 16, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "After career in Congress, Peter Deutsch finds new life in Israel". July 17, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Edwards, Mickey. "On Discovering Bill Maher". Retrieved December 16, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Stone, Kurt F. "The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members, (2011). Pages 313–320. ISBN 9780810857315.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Steve Hendrix (August 22, 2006). "Fighting for the Spoils Lawmaker and Rainmaker Rahm Emanuel Wants a Nov. 7 Victory for the Democrats So Bad He Can Almost Taste It. If Only He Had Time to Eat". Washington Post. Retrieved November 9, 2006.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 "New Jewish Mayor of San Diego Has Dubious Record on Israel". Los Angeles Times. November 9, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Hoeffel, Fox Attempt To Sway Jewish Vote at a Debate at a Jewish Community Center They Agreed on Aid For Israel. They Clashed on Other Issues". November 4, 1996. Retrieved June 11, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Frost, Martin (May 15, 2009). "Jewish pols, players emerging". Politico. Retrieved June 28, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Criticism of Hagel out of proportion". January 9, 1988. Retrieved June 11, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Jennifer Siegel (September 22, 2006). "A Tribe of Candidates Leads Drive To Retake House for Democrats". The Forward. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. Retrieved November 9, 2006.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Stone, Kurt F. "The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members, (2011). Pages 310–312. ISBN 9780810857315.
- ↑ Cillizza, Chris (June 3, 2010). "Rep. Jane Harman aims to avoid anti-incumbent tide". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 28, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/JHouseman.html
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 http://forward.com/news/170527/ed-koch-fiercely-secular-jew-takes-unique-new-york/
- ↑ Kestenbaum, Lawrence. "The Political Graveyard: Jewish Politicians in Florida". Retrieved December 16, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Kestenbaum, Lawrence. "The Political Graveyard: Jewish Politicians in Alabama". Retrieved December 16, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Stone, Kurt F. "The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members, (2011). Pages 298–299. ISBN 9780810857315.
- ↑ Tom Tugend (January 26, 2001). "Undefeated Champion Rep. Henry Waxman wants to help Democrats". The Jewish Journal. Archived from the original on October 27, 2006. Retrieved November 10, 2006.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Kampeas, Ron (October 15, 2009). "Wexler leaves Congress, and leaves Washington wondering why". JTA. Retrieved June 28, 2012.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "WEINER, Anthony D. – Biographical Information". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States House of Representatives. Retrieved October 22, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Anthony Weiner – New York's 9th District". Biography of Congressman Anthony Weiner. weiner.house.gov. Archived from the original on September 2, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2013.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Sidney R. Yates Dies at 91; Congressman Supported Arts". October 8, 2000. Retrieved June 11, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Lautenberg Picked in New Jersey; Familiar and Beloved Face for Jews". October 3, 2002. Retrieved June 11, 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 "Moses Alexander, Jewish Governor of Idaho, First Jewish Governor in the United States - JMAW - Jewish Museum of the American West". Retrieved December 16, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Bamberger.html
- ↑ Library, California State. "Governors of California - Washington Bartlett". Retrieved December 16, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 "David Emanuel (ca. 1744-1808)". Retrieved December 16, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 Sweeney, Louise (January 24, 1980). "Neil Goldschmidt Secretary of trains, planes, and highways". Retrieved December 16, 2016 – via Christian Science Monitor.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Gruening.html
- ↑ root. "Henry Horner". Retrieved December 16, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Madeleine Kunin elected Governor of Vermont - Jewish Women's Archive". Retrieved December 16, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Herbert H. Lehman Dies in New York; Mourned by Jewry; Funeral Sunday". December 6, 1963. Retrieved December 16, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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- ↑ 78.0 78.1 "Kenneth Rothman and Harriett Woods: only Missouri Jews to serve as Lt. Governor". Retrieved December 16, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ ww.adn.com/article/20150701/berkowitz-sworn-anchorage-mayor-downtown-ceremony
- ↑ http://www.thejewishoutlook.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1507&Itemid=58
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- ↑ http://www.bjf.org/daily-updates/669-alison-lebovitz-on-chattanoogas-new-jewish-mayor-israeli-drs-help-treat-bombing-suspect.html
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- ↑ "And Justice for All - » Emanuel J. "Mutt" Evans, First Jewish Mayor, 1951-1963". Retrieved December 16, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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- ↑ Andy Fox (March 13, 2015). "Former VB Mayor Meyera Oberndorf dies at age 74". Retrieved December 16, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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- ↑ http://www.thejc.com/arts/arts-interviews/jerry-springer-i-was-a-poor-refugee%E2%80%99
- ↑ "Annette Greenfield Strauss becomes first elected female mayor of Dallas - Jewish Women's Archive". Retrieved December 16, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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- ↑ "Susan Weiner, first female mayor of Savannah, dies at 66". Retrieved December 16, 2016.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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