List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines

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The list of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines include people that Philippine historians and other figures have identified as having held the presidency of a government that intended to represent the Philippines but are not counted by the Government of the Philippines as an official President of the Philippines.

History

Andrés Bonifacio is considered by some historians to be the first President of the Philippines. He was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo; Tagalog: Kataastaasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan secret society. Its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district councils. When the Katipunan went into open revolt in August 1896 (the Cry of Balintawak), Bonifacio transformed it into a revolutionary government with him as President. While the term Katipunan remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Spanish: Republica Tagala). (Although the word Tagalog refers to a specific ethnicity, Bonifacio used it to denote all indigenous people in the Philippines in place of Filipino which had colonial origins.)[1][2][3][4][5]

Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar y Carpio should also be included.[6] Miguel Malvar y Carpio continued Emilio Aguinaldo's leadership of the First Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902. Macario Sakay founded a Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents". Along with Bonifacio, Malvar and Sakay are not recognized as Presidents by the Philippine government.[7][8]

Emilio Aguinaldo is officially recognized as the first President of the Philippines, but this is based on his term of office during the Malolos Republic, later known as the First Philippine Republic. Prior to this Aguinaldo had held the presidency of several revolutionary governments which are not counted in the succession of Philippine republics.

List

# President
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Party Head of Government Vice President Era
A Gat Andres Bonifacio.jpg Andrés Bonifacio
(1863–1897)
[5][9][10][11]		 August 24, 1896[L 1] March 22, 1897[L 2]
or
May 10, 1897[L 3]		 Katipunan himself
(The Tagalog Republic did not provide for a Prime Minister.)		 none
(The Tagalog Republic did not provide for a Vice President.)		 Tagalog Republic (Bonifacio)
B 100px Emilio Aguinaldo
(1869–1964)
 March 22, 1897[L 4] November 1, 1897[L 5] Katipunan - later abolished
(Magdalo faction)		 himself
(The Tejeros Convention did not provide for a Prime Minister.)		 Mariano Trías Tejeros revolutionary government
B November 2, 1897[L 6] December 15, 1897[L 7] Katipunan - later abolished
(Magdalo faction)		 himself
(The Republic of Biak-na-Bato did not provide for a Prime Minister.)		 Republic of Biak-na-Bato
B May 24, 1898[L 8] June 23, 1898[L 9] Katipunan - later abolished
(Magdalo faction)		 Apolinario Mabini none
(The dictatorial government did not provide for a Vice President.)		 First Dictatorship
B June 23, 1898[L 10] January 23, 1899[L 11] Katipunan - later abolished
(Magdalo faction)		 none
(The revolutionary government did not provide for a Vice President.)		 Pre-Malolos revolutionary government
C 100px Miguel Malvar
(1865–1911)
[12]
 April 1, 1901[L 12] April 16, 1902[L 13] none
(Formerly Katipunan)		 himself none
(The 1899 Constitution did not provide for a Vice President.)		 First Republic
(Malolos Republic)
D 100px Macario Sakay
(1870–1907)
[13][14][15]
 May 6, 1902[L 14] July 14, 1906[L 15] none
(Formerly Katipunan)		 himself
(The Tagalog Republic did not provide for a Prime Minister.)		 Francisco Carreón Tagalog Republic (Sakay)
  Katipunan
  Independent
Notes
  1. ↑ Term began when Bonifacio declared the establishment of the Tagalog Republic.
  2. ↑ Term ended after the Tejeros Convention.
  3. ↑ Executed for treason by Aguinaldo's government; Bonifacio did not recognize its validity and still acted as president.
  4. ↑ Term was established at the Tejeros Convention; Aguinaldo took his oath of office the day after (March 23), but did not fully assume the office until late April 1897.
  5. ↑ Term ended with the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
  6. ↑ Term began after the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
  7. ↑ Term ended when Aguinaldo signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.
  8. ↑ Term began when Aguinaldo declared a dictatorial government of the Philippines. Archived March 3, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ Term ended with the declaration of a revolutionary government replacing the dictatorship. Archived March 3, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ Term began with the declaration of a revolutionary government replacing the dictatorship. Archived March 3, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ Term ended with the inauguration of the Malolos Republic, considered the First Philippine Republic.
  12. ↑ Term began when Malvar assumed the presidency after the capture of Aguinaldo.
  13. ↑ Term ended when Malvar surrendered in Batangas.
  14. ↑ Term began when Sakay declared the establishment of the Tagalog Republic (in the tradition of Bonifacio instead of Aguinaldo).
  15. ↑ Term ended when Sakay surrendered as part of an amnesty; he was executed a year later.

Timeline

See also

References

  1. ↑ Borromeo-Buehler & Borromeo 1998, pp. 25 (Item 3 in the list, referring to Note 41 at p.61, citing Guerrero & Encarnacion Villegas);
    ^ Borromeo-Buehler & Borromeo 1998, pp. 26, "Formation of a revolutionary government";
    ^ Borromeo-Buehler & Borromeo 1998, pp. 135 (in "Document G", Account of Mr. Bricco Brigado Pantos).
  2. ↑ Halili & Halili 2004, pp. 138–139.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found..
  4. ↑ *Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found..
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 *Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found..
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ manilatimes.net, Lawmaker: History wrong on Gen. Malvar
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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