List of apex predators
This is a partial list of apex predators—those predators that are not preyed upon as healthy adults in the wild. Full scavengers (e.g. most vultures), although they may not be preyed on either, are not counted as apex predators unless they at least partially depend on capturing live prey. Many species listed here are only apex predators within certain environments, e.g. coyotes are only apex predators when larger predators such as the gray wolf or the brown bear are absent.
Contents
Extinct dinosaurs that are believed to be apex predators
Spanning several millennia, ages, epoch, and eras, these extinct carnivorous dinosaurs were likely apex predators based on their size and dietary needs. Some may have also been scavengers as well.
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Other prehistoric apex predators
Terrestrial
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Aerial
- Arambourgiania
- Argentavis
- Haast's eagle
- Harpactognathus
- Hatzegopteryx
- Meganeura
- Meganeuropsis
- Quetzalcoatlus
- Sericipterus
- Teratornis
Aquatic
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Extant predators
These living carnivores or omnivores are apex predators.
Terrestrial
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Aerial
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Aquatic
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Pagophilic
- Polar bear - (Ursus maritimus)
Notes: Animals with an asterisk (*) are only apex predators as introduced species.
References
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ DeMartini, Edward E., Friedlander, Alan M., and Holzwarth, Stephani R. (2005). "Size at sex change in protogynous labroids, prey body size distributions, and apex predator densities at NW Hawaiian atolls". Marine ecology progress series 297: 259 -271. ISSN 0171-8630. Retrieved on 2006-12-21.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lepak, Jesse M., Kraft, Clifford E., and Weidel, Brian C. (2006). "Rapid Food Web Recovery in Response to Removal of an Introduced Apex Predator". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63(3): 569-575. ISSN 0706-652X. Retrieved on 2006-12-13.
- ↑ Kuhn, Carey E., McDonald, Birgitte I., Shaffer, Scott A., Barnes, Julie, Crocker, Daniel E., Burns, Jennifer, and Costa, Daniel P. (2006). "Diving physiology and winter foraging behavior of a juvenile leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx)". Polar Biology 29(4): 303-307. ISSN 0722-4060. Retrieved on 2006-12-21.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.