Name |
Standard symbol |
Definition |
Field of application |
Abbe number |
V |
|
optics (dispersion in optical materials) |
Activity coefficient |
|
|
chemistry (Proportion of "active" molecules or atoms) |
Albedo |
|
|
climatology, astronomy (reflectivity of surfaces or bodies) |
Archimedes number |
Ar |
|
fluid mechanics (motion of fluids due to density differences) |
Arrhenius number |
|
|
chemistry (ratio of activation energy to thermal energy)[1] |
Atomic weight |
M |
|
chemistry (mass of atom over one atomic mass unit, u, where carbon-12 is exactly 12 u) |
Atwood number |
A |
|
fluid mechanics (onset of instabilities in fluid mixtures due to density differences) |
Bagnold number |
Ba |
|
fluid mechanics, geology (ratio of grain collision stresses to viscous fluid stresses in flow of a granular material such as grain and sand)[2] |
Bejan number
(fluid mechanics) |
Be |
|
fluid mechanics (dimensionless pressure drop along a channel)[3] |
Bejan number
(thermodynamics) |
Be |
|
thermodynamics (ratio of heat transfer irreversibility to total irreversibility due to heat transfer and fluid friction)[4] |
Bingham number |
Bm |
|
fluid mechanics, rheology (ratio of yield stress to viscous stress)[1] |
Biot number |
Bi |
|
heat transfer (surface vs. volume conductivity of solids) |
Blake number |
Bl or B |
|
geology, fluid mechanics, porous media (inertial over viscous forces in fluid flow through porous media) |
Bodenstein number |
Bo or Bd |
|
chemistry (residence-time distribution; similar to the axial mass transfer Peclet number)[5] |
Bond number |
Bo |
|
geology, fluid mechanics, porous media (buoyant versus capillary forces, similar to the Eötvös number) [6] |
Brinkman number |
Br |
|
heat transfer, fluid mechanics (conduction from a wall to a viscous fluid) |
Brownell–Katz number |
NBK |
|
fluid mechanics (combination of capillary number and Bond number) [7] |
Capillary number |
Ca |
|
porous media, fluid mechanics (viscous forces versus surface tension) |
Chandrasekhar number |
Q |
|
magnetohydrodynamics (ratio of the Lorentz force to the viscosity in magnetic convection) |
Colburn J factors |
JM, JH, JD |
|
turbulence; heat, mass, and momentum transfer (dimensionless transfer coefficients) |
Coefficient of kinetic friction |
|
|
mechanics (friction of solid bodies in translational motion) |
Coefficient of static friction |
|
|
mechanics (friction of solid bodies at rest) |
Coefficient of determination |
|
|
statistics (proportion of variance explained by a statistical model) |
Coefficient of variation |
|
|
statistics (ratio of standard deviation to expectation) |
Correlation |
ρ or r |
|
statistics (measure of linear dependence) |
Cost of transport |
COT |
|
energy efficiency, economics (ratio of energy input to kinetic motion) |
Courant–Friedrich–Levy number |
C or 𝜈 |
|
mathematics (numerical solutions of hyperbolic PDEs)[8] |
Damkohler number |
Da |
|
chemistry (reaction time scales vs. residence time) |
Damping ratio |
|
|
mechanics (the level of damping in a system) |
Darcy friction factor |
Cf or fD |
|
fluid mechanics (fraction of pressure losses due to friction in a pipe; four times the Fanning friction factor) |
Darcy number |
Da |
|
porous media (ratio of permeability to cross-sectional area) |
Dean number |
D |
|
turbulent flow (vortices in curved ducts) |
Deborah number |
De |
|
rheology (viscoelastic fluids) |
Decibel |
dB |
|
acoustics, electronics, control theory (ratio of two intensities or powers of a wave) |
Drag coefficient |
cd |
|
aeronautics, fluid dynamics (resistance to fluid motion) |
Dukhin number |
Du |
|
colloid science (ratio of electric surface conductivity to the electric bulk conductivity in heterogeneous systems) |
Eckert number |
Ec |
|
convective heat transfer (characterizes dissipation of energy; ratio of kinetic energy to enthalpy) |
Ekman number |
Ek |
|
geophysics (viscous versus Coriolis forces) |
Elasticity
(economics) |
E |
|
economics (response of demand or supply to price changes) |
Eötvös number |
Eo |
|
fluid mechanics (shape of bubbles or drops) |
Ericksen number |
Er |
|
fluid dynamics (liquid crystal flow behavior; viscous over elastic forces) |
Euler number |
Eu |
|
hydrodynamics (stream pressure versus inertia forces) |
Euler's number |
e |
|
mathematics (base of the natural logarithm) |
Excess temperature coefficient |
|
|
heat transfer, fluid dynamics (change in internal energy versus kinetic energy)[9] |
Fanning friction factor |
f |
|
fluid mechanics (fraction of pressure losses due to friction in a pipe; 1/4th the Darcy friction factor)[10] |
Feigenbaum constants |
, |
|
chaos theory (period doubling)[11] |
Fine structure constant |
|
|
quantum electrodynamics (QED) (coupling constant characterizing the strength of the electromagnetic interaction) |
f-number |
f |
|
optics, photography (ratio of focal length to diameter of aperture) |
Föppl–von Kármán number |
|
|
virology, solid mechanics (thin-shell buckling) |
Fourier number |
Fo |
|
heat transfer, mass transfer (ratio of diffusive rate versus storage rate) |
Fresnel number |
F |
|
optics (slit diffraction)[12] |
Froude number |
Fr |
|
fluid mechanics (wave and surface behaviour; ratio of a body's inertia to gravitational forces) |
Gain |
– |
|
electronics (signal output to signal input) |
Gain ratio |
– |
|
bicycling (system of representing gearing; length traveled over length pedaled)[13] |
Galilei number |
Ga |
|
fluid mechanics (gravitational over viscous forces) |
Golden ratio |
|
|
mathematics, aesthetics (long side length of self-similar rectangle) |
Görtler number |
G |
|
fluid dynamics (boundary layer flow along a concave wall) |
Graetz number |
Gz |
|
heat transfer, fluid mechanics (laminar flow through a conduit; also used in mass transfer) |
Grashof number |
Gr |
|
heat transfer, natural convection (ratio of the buoyancy to viscous force) |
Gravitational coupling constant |
|
|
gravitation (attraction between two massy elementary particles; analogous to the Fine structure constant) |
Hatta number |
Ha |
|
chemical engineering (adsorption enhancement due to chemical reaction) |
Hagen number |
Hg |
|
heat transfer (ratio of the buoyancy to viscous force in forced convection) |
Hydraulic gradient |
i |
|
fluid mechanics, groundwater flow (pressure head over distance) |
Iribarren number |
Ir |
|
wave mechanics (breaking surface gravity waves on a slope) |
Jakob number |
Ja |
|
chemistry (ratio of sensible to latent energy absorbed during liquid-vapor phase change)[14] |
Karlovitz number |
Ka |
|
turbulent combustion (characteristic flow time times flame stretch rate) |
Keulegan–Carpenter number |
KC |
|
fluid dynamics (ratio of drag force to inertia for a bluff object in oscillatory fluid flow) |
Knudsen number |
Kn |
|
gas dynamics (ratio of the molecular mean free path length to a representative physical length scale) |
Kt/V |
Kt/V |
|
medicine (hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis treatment; dimensionless time) |
Kutateladze number |
Ku |
|
fluid mechanics (counter-current two-phase flow)[15] |
Laplace number |
La |
|
fluid dynamics (free convection within immiscible fluids; ratio of surface tension to momentum-transport) |
Lewis number |
Le |
|
heat and mass transfer (ratio of thermal to mass diffusivity) |
Lift coefficient |
CL |
|
aerodynamics (lift available from an airfoil at a given angle of attack) |
Lockhart–Martinelli parameter |
|
|
two-phase flow (flow of wet gases; liquid fraction)[16] |
Love numbers |
h, k, l |
|
geophysics (solidity of earth and other planets) |
Lundquist number |
S |
|
plasma physics (ratio of a resistive time to an Alfvén wave crossing time in a plasma) |
Mach number |
M or Ma |
|
gas dynamics (compressible flow; dimensionless velocity) |
Magnetic Reynolds number |
Rm |
|
magnetohydrodynamics (ratio of magnetic advection to magnetic diffusion) |
Manning roughness coefficient |
n |
|
open channel flow (flow driven by gravity)[17] |
Marangoni number |
Mg |
|
fluid mechanics (Marangoni flow; thermal surface tension forces over viscous forces) |
Morton number |
Mo |
|
fluid dynamics (determination of bubble/drop shape) |
Nusselt number |
Nu |
|
heat transfer (forced convection; ratio of convective to conductive heat transfer) |
Ohnesorge number |
Oh |
|
fluid dynamics (atomization of liquids, Marangoni flow) |
Péclet number |
Pe |
|
heat transfer (advection–diffusion problems; total momentum transfer to molecular heat transfer) |
Peel number |
NP |
|
coating (adhesion of microstructures with substrate)[18] |
Perveance |
K |
|
charged particle transport (measure of the strength of space charge in a charged particle beam) |
pH |
|
|
chemistry (the measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution) |
Pi |
|
|
mathematics (ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter) |
Pierce parameter |
|
|
Traveling wave tube |
Pixel |
px |
|
digital imaging (smallest addressable unit) |
Poisson's ratio |
|
|
elasticity (load in transverse and longitudinal direction) |
Porosity |
|
|
geology, porous media (void fraction of the medium) |
Power factor |
P/S |
|
electronics (real power to apparent power) |
Power number |
Np |
|
electronics (power consumption by agitators; resistance force versus inertia force) |
Prandtl number |
Pr |
|
heat transfer (ratio of viscous diffusion rate over thermal diffusion rate) |
Prater number |
β |
|
reaction engineering (ratio of heat evolution to heat conduction within a catalyst pellet)[19] |
Pressure coefficient |
CP |
|
aerodynamics, hydrodynamics (pressure experienced at a point on an airfoil; dimensionless pressure variable) |
Q factor |
Q |
|
physics, engineering (damping of oscillator or resonator; energy stored versus energy lost) |
Radian measure |
rad |
|
mathematics (measurement of planar angles, 1 radian = 180/π degrees) |
Rayleigh number |
Ra |
|
heat transfer (buoyancy versus viscous forces in free convection) |
Refractive index |
n |
|
electromagnetism, optics (speed of light in a vacuum over speed of light in a material) |
Relative density |
RD |
|
hydrometers, material comparisons (ratio of density of a material to a reference material—usually water) |
Relative permeability |
|
|
magnetostatics (ratio of the permeability of a specific medium to free space) |
Relative permittivity |
|
|
electrostatics (ratio of capacitance of test capacitor with dielectric material versus vacuum) |
Reynolds number |
Re |
|
fluid mechanics (ratio of fluid inertial and viscous forces)[1] |
Richardson number |
Ri |
|
fluid dynamics (effect of buoyancy on flow stability; ratio of potential over kinetic energy)[20] |
Rockwell scale |
– |
|
mechanical hardness (indentation hardness of a material) |
Rolling resistance coefficient |
Crr |
|
vehicle dynamics (ratio of force needed for motion of a wheel over the normal force) |
Roshko number |
Ro |
|
fluid dynamics (oscillating flow, vortex shedding) |
Rossby number |
Ro |
|
geophysics (ratio of inertial to Coriolis force) |
Rouse number |
P or Z |
|
sediment transport (ratio of the sediment fall velocity and the upwards velocity of grain) |
Schmidt number |
Sc |
|
mass transfer (viscous over molecular diffusion rate)[21] |
Shape factor |
H |
|
boundary layer flow (ratio of displacement thickness to momentum thickness) |
Sherwood number |
Sh |
|
mass transfer (forced convection; ratio of convective to diffusive mass transport) |
Shields parameter |
or |
|
sediment transport (threshold of sediment movement due to fluid motion; dimensionless shear stress) |
Sommerfeld number |
S |
|
hydrodynamic lubrication (boundary lubrication)[22] |
Specific gravity |
SG |
|
(same as Relative density) |
Stanton number |
St |
|
heat transfer and fluid dynamics (forced convection) |
Stefan number |
Ste |
|
phase change, thermodynamics (ratio of sensible heat to latent heat) |
Stokes number |
Stk or Sk |
|
particles suspensions (ratio of characteristic time of particle to time of flow) |
Strain |
|
|
materials science, elasticity (displacement between particles in the body relative to a reference length) |
Strouhal number |
St or Sr |
|
fluid dynamics (continuous and pulsating flow; nondimensional frequency)[23] |
Stuart number |
N |
|
magnetohydrodynamics (ratio of electromagnetic to inertial forces) |
Taylor number |
Ta |
|
fluid dynamics (rotating fluid flows; inertial forces due to rotation of a fluid versus viscous forces) |
Transmittance |
T |
|
optics, spectroscopy (the ratio of the intensities of radiation exiting through and incident on a sample) |
Ursell number |
U |
|
wave mechanics (nonlinearity of surface gravity waves on a shallow fluid layer) |
Vadasz number |
Va |
|
porous media (governs the effects of porosity , the Prandtl number and the Darcy number on flow in a porous medium) [24] |
van 't Hoff factor |
i |
|
quantitative analysis (Kf and Kb) |
Wallis parameter |
j* |
|
multiphase flows (nondimensional superficial velocity)[25] |
Weaver flame speed number |
Wea |
|
combustion (laminar burning velocity relative to hydrogen gas)[26] |
Weber number |
We |
|
multiphase flow (strongly curved surfaces; ratio of inertia to surface tension) |
Weissenberg number |
Wi |
|
viscoelastic flows (shear rate times the relaxation time)[27] |
Womersley number |
|
|
biofluid mechanics (continuous and pulsating flows; ratio of pulsatile flow frequency to viscous effects)[28] |