List of genocides by death toll

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Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. This list of genocides by death toll includes death toll estimates of all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by genocide. It does not include non-genocidal mass killing such as the Destruction under the Mongol Empire, the Thirty Years War, Japanese War Crimes, the Atrocities in the Congo Free State, the 1965–1966 Indonesian Politicide or the Great Leap Forward.
The United Nations Genocide Convention defines genocide as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group".[1] Various other definitions can be found in scholarly literature, but they have no legal weight.

Event Location From To Lowest
estimate		 Highest
estimate		  %
The Holocaust[N 1] Nazi-Germany controlled Europe 1942 1945 4,900,000
[3]:{{{3}}}[4]:{{{3}}}
 12,500,000
[5]:{{{3}}}

 Around 80 % of Jews in Nazi-controlled Europe were exterminated
Generalplan Ost[N 2] Nazi-occupied Soviet Territories 1941 1945 4,500,000
[9]:{{{3}}}		 13,700,000
[10]:{{{3}}}		 Approximately 20% of the 68 million of occupied areas' population were eliminated, mostly through the Nazi Hunger Plan.
Holodomor (Голодомор)[N 3] Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 1932 1933 1,800,000
[22]:{{{3}}}[23]:{{{3}}}[24]:{{{3}}}[25]:{{{3}}}		 7,500,000
[26]:{{{3}}}[27]:{{{3}}}[28]:{{{3}}}[29]:{{{3}}}[30]:{{{3}}}
Cambodian genocide[N 4] Democratic Kampuchea 1975 1979 1,700,000
[36]:{{{3}}}[37]:{{{3}}}[38]:{{{3}}}		 3,000,000
[38]:{{{3}}}[39]:{{{3}}}		 21%-33% of total population of Cambodia[40]:{{{3}}}[41]:{{{3}}}

100% of Cambodian Viets
50% of Cambodian Chinese and Cham
40% of Cambodian Lao and Thai
25% of Urban Khmer
16% of Rural Khmer
Armenian genocide Մեծ Եղեռն (Medz Yeghern, "Great Crime")[N 5] Ottoman Empire
(territories of present-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq)		 1915 1922 800,000 1,500,000
[42]:{{{3}}}		 75% of Armenians in Turkey
Rwandan genocide[N 6] Rwanda 1994 1994 500,000
[43]:{{{3}}}		 1,000,000
[43]:{{{3}}}		 70% of Tutsis in Rwanda
Greek genocide including the Pontic genocide[N 7] Ottoman Empire
(territories of present-day Turkey)		 1914 1922 289,000
[44]:{{{3}}}		 750,000
[45]:{{{3}}}
Assyrian genocide ܣܝܦܐ (Seyfo, "Sword")[N 8] Ottoman Empire
(territories of present-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq)		 1915 1923 275,000
[46]:{{{3}}}		 750,000
[46]:{{{3}}}
Zunghar genocide 准噶尔灭族 in the Zunghar Khanate[N 9] Western Mongolia, Kazakhstan, northern Kyrgyzstan, southern Siberia 1755 1758 480,000
[50]:{{{3}}}		 600,000
[50]:{{{3}}}		 80% of 600,000 Zungharian Oirats
Porajmos (Romani genocide)[N 10] Nazi controlled Europe 1935 1945 130,000
[59]		 500,000
[60]:{{{3}}}[61]:{{{3}}}		 25% of Romani people in Europe
Genocide by the Ustaše[N 11] Independent State of Croatia 1941 1945 357,000
[63]:{{{3}}}[64]:{{{3}}}		 385,000
[63]:{{{3}}}[64]:{{{3}}}[65]:{{{3}}}
Bangladesh genocide[N 12] Bangladesh 1971 1971 300,000
[67]:{{{3}}}		 3,000,000
[68]:{{{3}}}[69]:{{{3}}}
Burundian genocides of Hutus and Tutsis[N 13] Burundi 1972

1993		 1972

1993		 80,000
[70]:{{{3}}}[71]:{{{3}}}
50,000
[72]:{{{3}}}		 210,000
[70]:{{{3}}}[71]:{{{3}}}
50,000
[72]:{{{3}}}
Kurdish genocide[N 14] Ba'athist Iraq 1986 1989 50,000
[75]:{{{3}}}		 200,000
[76]:{{{3}}}[74]:{{{3}}}[77]:{{{3}}}
Guatemalan genocide[N 15] Guatemala 1962 1996 35,000
[82]:{{{3}}}		 170,000
[83]:{{{3}}}
Herero and Namaqua genocide[N 16] German South-West Africa 1904 1908 34,000
[84]:{{{3}}}		 110,000
[85]:{{{3}}}[86]:{{{3}}}
Bosnian genocide[N 17] Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992 1995 8,373
[91]:{{{3}}}		 25,609
39,199
[92]:{{{3}}}
Selk'nam genocide[N 18] Chile, Tierra del Fuego Late 19th Century Early 20th Century 2,500
[93]:{{{3}}}		 3,900
[94]:{{{3}}}		 84%
The genocide reduced their numbers from around 3000 to about 500 people. (Now pure Selk'nam are considered extinct.[94]:{{{3}}}[95]:{{{3}}}
Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL[N 19] northern Iraq and Syria 2014 present thousands
[98]:{{{3}}}

See also

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Notes

  1. ↑ The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-organized, persecution and murder of approximately 6 million Jews by the German Nazi government and its collaborators. Initially it was carried out in German-occupied Eastern Europe by paramilitary death squads (Einsatzgruppen) by shooting or, less frequently, using ad hoc built gassing vans, and later in extermination camps by gassing.[2]:{{{3}}}
    By extending its definition the Holocaust may also refer to the other victims of German war crimes during the rule of Nazism, such as the Romani genocide's victims, Poles and other Slavic civilian populations and POWs, victims of Germany's eugenics program, political opponents, Homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, and civil hostages and resisters from all over Europe.
  2. ↑ The Master Plan for the East (Generalplan Ost or GPO) differed from the Holocaust in that it was a programme by the Nazi Germany's government for a vast substitution of the existing Slav population of Central and Eastern Europe with German colonizers by means of genocide and ethnic cleansing on a vast scale.[6]:{{{3}}}[7]:{{{3}}} It was to be undertaken in territories occupied by Germany during World War II against all peoples considered by the Nazi racially inferior, the main target being the Slav population.[6]:{{{3}}}[8]:{{{3}}} The plan was partially realized during the war, resulting, directly or indirectly, in a very large number of deaths. However its full implementation was not considered practicable during major military operations, and later was prevented by Germany's defeat. Depending on how The Holocaust is defined, casualties from both genocides may be included in the same figure. The actions undertaken and planned by Nazi Germany match the UN's definition of genocide as specific ethnicities were explicitly targeted for extermination.
  3. ↑ In 2003 Holodomor, the man-made famine in Ukraine, was recognized by the United Nations as the result of actions and policies of the Soviet government of Joseph Stalin that caused millions of deaths,[11]:{{{3}}} and in 2008 by the European Parliament as a crime against the Ukrainian people, and against humanity.[12]:{{{3}}} Holodomor is considered a genocide in Ukraine,[13]:{{{3}}}, Australia,[14] Canada,[15] Colombia,[16] Ecuador,[17] Estonia,[18] Georgia,[18] Hungary,[18] Latvia,[18] Lithuania,[18] Mexico,[18] Paraguay,[18] Peru,[18] Poland,[19] and Vatican City,[18] while the Russian Federation views it as part of the wider Soviet famine of 1932-33.[20]:{{{3}}} Scholars are divided and their debate is inconclusive on whether the Holodomor falls under the definition of genocide.[21]:{{{3}}}
  4. ↑ The Cambodian genocide was carried out by the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot[31]:{{{3}}} who, planning to create a form of agrarian socialism founded on an extremist ideology coupled with ethnic hostility, forced the urban population to relocate savagely to the countryside, among torture, mass executions, forced labor, and starvation. The genocide ended in 1979 with the Cambodian invasion by the Vietnamese army.[32]:{{{3}}} Up to 20,000 mass graves, the infamous Killing Fields, were uncovered,[33]:{{{3}}} where at least 1,386,734 murdered victims found their final resting place.[34]:{{{3}}} On 7 August 2014, two top leaders, Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan, received life sentences for crimes against humanity.[35]:{{{3}}}
  5. ↑ The extermination of the Armenians, carried out by the Young Turks, led to the coining of the word "genocide". It included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, mass starvation, and occurred concurrently with the Assyrian and Greek genocides. The State of Turkey denies a genocide ever occurred.
  6. ↑ Some 50 perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide have been found guilty by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, but most others have not been charged due to lack of witness accounts. Another 120,000 were arrested by Rwanda; of these, 60,000 were tried and convicted in the Gacaca court system. Perpetrators who fled into Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo) were used as a justification when Rwanda and Uganda invaded Zaire (First and Second Congo Wars). It is recognized by the international community as a genocide.
  7. ↑ For the Greek genocide other sources give 450,000-900,000 casualties between Pontic, Cappadocian and Ionians Greeks. The genocide, istigated by the Ottoman government, included massacres, forced deportations involving death marches, summary expulsions, arbitrary executions, and destruction of Greek Orthodox cultural, historical and religious monuments.
  8. ↑ The Assyrian genocide is commonly known as "Seyfo" (which means sword in Assyrian). It occurred concurrently with the Armenian and Greek genocides.
  9. ↑ Zunghar genocide. The Manchu Qianlong Emperor of Qing China issued his orders for his Manchu Bannermen to carry out the genocide and eradication of the Zunghar nation, ordering the massacre of all the Zunghar men and enslaving Zunghar women and children.[47]:{{{3}}} The Qianlong Emperor moved the remaining Zunghar people to the mainland and ordered the generals to kill all the men in Barkol or Suzhou, and divided their wives and children to Qing soldiers.[48]:{{{3}}}[49]:{{{3}}} The Qing soldiers who massacred the Zunghars were Manchu Bannermen and Khalkha Mongols. In an account of the war, Wei Yuan wrote that about 40% of the Zunghar households were killed by smallpox, 20% fled to Russia or the Kazakh Khanate, and 30% were killed by the army, leaving no yurts in an area of several thousands of Chinese miles except those of the surrendered.[50]:{{{3}}}[51]:{{{3}}}[52]:{{{3}}} Clarke wrote 80%, or between 480,000 and 600,000 people, were killed between 1755 and 1758 in what "amounted to the complete destruction of not only the Zunghar state but of the Zunghars as a people."[50]:{{{3}}}[53]:{{{3}}} Historian Peter Perdue has shown that the decimation of the Dzungars was the result of an explicit policy of extermination launched by the Qianlong Emperor.[50]:{{{3}}} Although this "deliberate use of massacre" has been largely ignored by modern scholars,[50]:{{{3}}} Mark Levene, a historian whose recent research interests focus on genocide, has stated that the extermination of the Dzungars was "arguably the eighteenth century genocide par excellence".[54]:{{{3}}}
  10. ↑ Porajmos (Romani pronunciation: IPA: [pʰoɽajˈmos]), or Samudaripen ("Mass killing"), the Romani genocide or Romani Holocaust, was the planned and attempted effort by the government of Nazi Germany and its allies to exterminate part of the Romani people of Europe. On 26 November 1935 a supplementary decree to the Nuremberg Laws stripping Jews of their German citizenship expanded the category "enemies of the race-based state" to include Romani, the same category as the Jews, and in some ways they had similar fates.[55]:{{{3}}}[56]:{{{3}}} In 1982, West Germany formally recognized that genocide had been committed against the Romani.[57]:{{{3}}} In 2011 the Polish Government passed a resolution for the official recognition of the 2nd of August as a day of commemoration of the genocide.[58]:{{{3}}}
  11. ↑ Genocide by the Ustaše. The government of the Independent State of Croatia murdered Serbs, Jews, Romani and antifascist Croats and Bosnian Muslims inside its borders, many in concentration camps, like the infamous Jasenovac camp. Ante Pavelić, the leader of the Ustaše, enacted racial laws similar to those of Nazi Germany, declaring Jews, Romani and Serbs "enemies of the people of Croatia".[62]:{{{3}}}
  12. ↑ Bangladesh genocide. Massacres, killings, rape, arson and systematic elimination of religious minorities (particularly Hindus), political dissidents and the members of the liberation forces of Bangladesh were conducted by the Pakistan Army with support from paramilitary militias—the Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams—formed by the radical Islamist Jamaat-e-Islami party.[66]:{{{3}}}
  13. ↑ Burundian genocide. In the long sequence of civil fights that occurred between Tutsi and Hutu since Burundi's independence in 1962, the 1972 mass killings of Hutu by the Tutsi and the 1993 mass killings of Tutsis by the majority-Hutu populace are both described as genocide in the final report of the International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi presented to the United Nations Security Council in 1996.
  14. ↑ The Kurdish genocide also known as al-Anfal campaign (Arabic: حملة الأنفال‎‎), [73]:{{{3}}} was a series of genocidal operations[74]:{{{3}}} against the Kurdish people and other non-Arab populations in northern Iraq, that was led by the Ba'athist Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and was headed by Ali Hassan al-Majid in the final stages of the Iran–Iraq War. The code name chosen by the former Iraqi Baathist government for this campaign takes its name from Surat al-Anfal, the eighth chapter of the Quran. The Anfal operations also targeted Assyrians, Shabaks, Iraqi Turkmens, Yazidis, Jews, Mandaeans, and many villages belonging to these ethnic groups were also destroyed. The Anfal campaign was recognized as a genocide by Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and South Korea.
  15. ↑ Guatemalan genocide. The government forces of Guatemala and allied paramilitary groups have been condemned by the Historical Clarification Commission for committing genocide against the Maya population[78]:{{{3}}}[79]:{{{3}}} and for widespread human rights violations against civilians during the civil war fought against various leftist rebel groups. At least an estimated 200,000 persons lost their lives by arbitrary executions, forced disappearances and other human rights violations.[80] A quarter of the direct victims of human rights violations and acts of violence were women.[81]
  16. ↑ The Herero and Namaqua Genocide was the campaign to exterminate the Herero and Nama people that the German Empire undertook in German South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia). It is considered one of the first genocides of the 20th century.
  17. ↑ The Bosnian genocide comprises localized, in time and place, massacres like in Srebrenica[87]:{{{3}}} and in Žepa committed by Bosnian Serb forces in 1995, as well as the scattered ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska[88]:{{{3}}} that took place during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War.[89]:{{{3}}} The Srebrenica massacre is the most recent act of genocide committed in Europe and is the only event of the war that fulfills the definition of genocide set by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. On 31 March 2010 the Serbian Parliament passed a resolution condemning the Srebrenica massacre and apologizing to the families of Srebrenica for the deaths of Bosniaks.[90]:{{{3}}}
  18. ↑ The Selk'nam Genocide was the genocide of the Selk'nam people, indigenous inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego in South America, from the second half of the 19th to the early 20th century. Spanning a period of between ten and fifteen years the Selk'nam, which had an estimated population of some three thousand, saw their numbers reduced to 500.[93]:{{{3}}}
  19. ↑ The Genocide of Yazidis ' by ISIS includes mass killing, rape and enslavement of girls and women, forced abduction, indoctrination and recruitment of Yazidis boys (aged 7 to 15) to be used in armed conflicts, forced conversion to Islam and expulsion from their ancestral land. The United Nations' Commission of Inquiry on Syria officially declared in its report that ISIS is committing genocide against the Yazidis population.[96]:{{{3}}} It is difficult to assess a precise figure for the killings[97]:{{{3}}} but it is known that some thousand of Yazidis men and boys are still unaccounted for and ISIS genocidal actions against Yazidis people are still ongoing, as stated by the International Commission in June 2016.

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ For a listing of the number of murdered Jews, detailed by country, see Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Early efforts by scholars to determine the number of Jews murdered by the Nazis were limited by a lack of access to pertinent records. The genocide seldom entered Western discourse, both due to ignorance and to the Cold-War politics which made West Germany a new ally of the United States.The first significant work on the subject published in English was Gerald Reitlinger's Final Solution (1953), which, relying almost exclusively on German documentation, estimated 4.9 million dead. This figure is now considered extremely conservative. Raul Hilberg's 1961 The Destruction of the European Jews became a classic in the field of Holocaust literature and made the genocide of the Jews known to the wider public, Hilberg estimated its victims to be 5.1 million lives, or 4.9 - 5.4 million broadly construed. The trial of Adolph Eichmann further raised awareness of the genocide, Eichmann also provided documentation and testimony which revised the number of the dead.The first work to arrive at a figure comparable to modern estimates was Lucy Dawidowicz's The War Against the Jews, published in 1975, the book provided detailed listings by country of the number of Jews killed in the Holocaust which are still used as a reference in modern Holocaust studies. Dawidowicz researched birth and death records in many cities of prewar Europe to come up with a death toll of 5,933,900 Jews. After the opening of Soviet records, scholarship arrived at a death toll of about 6 million Jews. Gutman and Rozett's Encyclopedia of the Holocaust was published in 1990 and estimated slightly over 5.9 million Jews were murdered.Wolfgang Benz's The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide, published 1995, gave a toll of 6.2 million.
  5. ↑ Including all civilian and POWs victims of Nazi genocidal crimes.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Works related to Joint Statement on Holodomor at Wikisource.
  12. ↑ European Parliament resolution on the commemoration of the Holodomor, the Ukraine artificial famine (1932–1933)
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Documentation Center of Cambodia - Mapping of mass graves.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ The CGP, 1994–2008 Cambodian Genocide Program, Yale University.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 See, e.g., Rwanda: How the genocide happened, BBC, April 1, 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of 10 Tutsis were killed.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Table 5.1B.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Assyrian Genocide; Lexicorient
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ 大清高宗純皇帝實錄, 乾隆二十四年
  49. ↑ 平定準噶爾方略
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 50.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ Wei Yuan, 聖武記 Military history of the Qing Dynasty, vol.4. "計數十萬戶中，先痘死者十之四，繼竄入俄羅斯哈薩克者十之二，卒殲於大兵者十之三。除婦孺充賞外，至今惟來降受屯之厄鲁特若干戶，編設佐領昂吉，此外數千里間，無瓦剌一氊帳。"
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  58. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ Some estimates are higher, e.g. Sybil Milton: "Something between a half-million and a million-and-a-half Romanies and Sinti were murdered in Nazi Germany and Occupied Europe between 1939 and 1945" in Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. See also Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Excluding the Jews and Roma people sent to the German extermination camps.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ Other sources give higher numbers for Serbian deaths, as in Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  67. ↑ According to Pakistani Government Commission (Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report 1974).
  68. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  69. ↑ While the official Pakistani government report (Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report 1974) estimated that the Pakistani army was responsible for 26,000 killings in total, other sources have proposed various estimates ranging between 200,000 and 3 million. Indian Professor Sarmila Bose recently expressed the view that a truly impartial study has never been done, while Bangladeshi ambassador Shamsher M. Chowdhury has suggested that a joint Pakistan-Bangladeshi commission be formed to properly investigate the event.
    Chowdury, Bose comments – Dawn Newspapers Online.
    Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the 20th Century: Bangladesh – Matthew White's website.
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 White, Matthew. Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century: C. Burundi (1972-73, primarily Hutu killed by Tutsi) 120,000
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002). Paragraph 85. "The Micombero regime responded with a genocidal repression that is estimated to have caused over a hundred thousand victims and forced several hundred thousand Hutus into exile"
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  73. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  75. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  76. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  77. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  78. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  79. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  80. ↑ CEH 1999, p. 20.
  81. ↑ CEH 1999, p. 23.
  82. ↑ Namely the 83% of the "fully identified" 42,275 civilians killed by human rights violations during the Guatemalan Civil War. See CEH 1999, p. 17, and Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  83. ↑ Applying the same proportion as for the fully identified victims to the estimated total amount of person killed or disappeared during the Guatemalan civil war (at least 200.000). See CEH 1999, p. 17.
  84. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  85. ↑ According to the 1985 United Nations' Whitaker Report, some 65,000 Herero (80 percent of the total Herero population), and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population) were killed between 1904 and 1907.
  86. ↑ Moses 2008, p. 296.
    Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
    Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
    Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
    Nuhn 1989.
    Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  87. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  88. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  89. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  90. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  91. ↑ The figure considers only the estimated number of killed people in Srebrenica massacre based on the list of missing persons.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The International Commission on Missing Persons recovered and identified 6,930 remains.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  92. ↑ The two figures consider all Bosniak civilians killed during the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina. For the first figure see: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.. For the second see: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  95. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  96. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  97. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  98. ↑ It is impossible to ascertain a precise figure which anyway is higher than some thousands (HRC 2016).
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