List of hooligan firms
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This is a list of notable hooligan firms or football firms, which are groups that have been verified as participating in football hooliganism or other sports-related hooliganism. In countries such as England and Poland, firms are clearly defined, but in South America the situation is less clear cut. For groups in South America, see Barra Brava and Torcida organizada.
Contents
- 1 Albania
- 2 Belgium
- 3 Bosnia and Herzegovina
- 4 Croatia
- 5 Czech Republic
- 6 Denmark
- 7 England
- 8 Finland
- 9 France
- 10 Germany
- 11 Hungary
- 12 Israel
- 13 Montenegro
- 14 Netherlands
- 15 Norway
- 16 Poland
- 17 Portugal
- 18 Russia
- 19 Scotland
- 20 Serbia
- 21 Slovakia
- 22 Spain
- 23 Sweden
- 24 Ukraine
- 25 Wales
- 26 See also
- 27 References
- 28 External links
Albania
- KF Elbasani – Ultras Elbasani[1]
Belgium
- Club Brugge – East Side[2]
- RSC Anderlecht – O Side[3]
- Royal Antwerp F.C. – X Side[4]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia
- Dinamo Zagreb – Bad Blue Boys[7]
- Hajduk Split – Torcida Split, White Boys[8]
- Rijeka – Armada Rijeka[9]
Czech Republic
- Baník Ostrava – Silesian Hunters,[10] Apple Commando,[11] Thor Division[12]
- Bohemians 1905 – Berserk[13]
- FK Dukla Prague – Young Hunters[14]
- SFC Opava – Chalupáři,[15] Young Boys[15]
- SK Sigma Olomouc – NSC 88, Tarzan Boys Olomouc, Hooligans Hovada Zubr[16]
- Slavia Prague – Youngsters,[17] Brigate 97[18]
- Sparta Prague – Prague Boys,[19][20] Youth Firm,[21] Falanga,[22]
- FC Viktoria Plzeň – Service Squad[23]
- FC Zbrojovka Brno – Johny Kentus Gang[24]
Denmark
- AGF – White Pride,[25] Aarhus Casuals[26]
- Aab – Aalborg Frontline, Aalborg Casual Youth[27]
- Esbjerg fB – Esbjerg Supras[28]
- F.C. København – Copenhagen Casuals,[29] Copenhagen Casuals Young Boys[30]
- Lyngby Boldklub – Blue Army[31]
England
- AFC Bournemouth – Bournemouth Casual Element[32]
- Aldershot Town – A Company[33]
- Arsenal – The Gooners, The Edecaws[34]
- Aston Villa – Villa Youth, Steamers, Villa Hardcore, C-Crew[35]
- Birmingham City – Zulus[36]
- Blackburn Rovers – Blackburn Youth[37]
- Blackpool – The Muckers[37]
- Bolton Wanderers – Cuckoo Boys, Boltons Service Youth[38]
- Bradford City – The Ointment[39]
- Brentford – Ealing Road Army, Brentford Youth Element[40]
- Bristol City – City Service Firm, Family Stand Ointment[41]
- Bristol Rovers – Gas Hit Squad[41]
- Burnley – Suicide Squad[42]
- Bury – Interchange Riot Squad[43]
- Carlisle United – Border City Firm[44]
- Charlton Athletic – Cockney Firestarters, B Mob Charlton Youth Casuals[45]
- Chelsea – Headhunters[46]
- Chester – 125's[47]
- Coventry City – The Legion[48]
- Crystal Palace - Dirty 30[49]
- Derby County – Derby Lunatic Fringe[50]
- Everton – County Road Cutters[51]
- Fulham – Thames Bank Travellers
- F.C. Halifax Town - Halifax Youth[52]
- Grimsby Town – Cleethorpes Beach Patrol, Grimsby Hit Squad[53]
- Huddersfield Town – Huddersfield Young Casuals[54]
- Hull City – Hull City Psychos[55]
- Ipswich Town – Ipswich Punishment Squad[56]
- Leeds United – Leeds United Service Crew[57]
- Leicester City – Baby Squad[58]
- Lincoln City – Lincoln Transit Elite[59]
- Liverpool – The Urchins, R.R.S. Runcorn Riot Squad[60]
- Luton Town – The MIGs, Lutonistan, Lutonlees Bury Park Boys[61]
- Manchester City – Blazing Squad,[62] Cool Cats,[63] Guvnors,[64] Mayne Line Service Crew[65]
- Manchester United – The Red Army,[66] Men In Black,[67] Inter City Jibbers[68]
- Mansfield Town - Mansfield Shady Express[69]
- Middlesbrough – The Frontline[70]
- Millwall – Bushwackers[71]
- Milton Keynes – The Concrete Fifty (TCF)[72]
- Newcastle United – Newcastle Gremlins[73] The New Batch
- Nottingham Forest – Forest Executive Crew[74]
- Norwich City – Norwich Hit Squad, Under 5's[75]
- Oldham Athletic – Fine Young Casuals[76]
- Oxford United – South Midlands Hit Squad[77]
- Peterborough United – Blue Division[78]
- Plymouth Argyle – The Central Element[79]
- Portsmouth – 6.57 Crew[80]
- Preston North End – Preston Para Squad[81]
- Queens Park Rangers – Bushbabies[82]
- Reading FC – Berkshire Boot Boys[82]
- Shrewsbury Town – English Border Front[82]
- Sheffield United – Blades Business Crew[83][84]
- Sheffield Wednesday – Owls Crime Squad (OCS), Is That It (ITI)[85]
- Southend United – CS Crew[86]
- Stoke City – Naughty Forty[87]
- Sunderland – The Seaburn Casuals[88]
- Swindon Town – The Aggro Boys; Swindon Active Service (SAS)[89]
- Tottenham Hotspur – Yid Army, Tottenham Massive, Spurs N17[62][90]
- Tranmere Rovers – TSB (Tranmere Stanley Boys)[91]
- Port Vale – Vale Lunatic Fringe[92]
- West Bromwich Albion – Section Five[93]
- Watford FC – Watford Risk Squad[94]
- West Ham United – Inter City Firm I.C.F[95]
- Wolverhampton Wanderers – Subway Army 1981–1984, The Bridge Boys 1987–1988, Yam Yam Army mid 2000's–present[96]
- York City – York Nomad Society (YNS)[97]
Finland
- HIFK – IFKs Yngre Grabbar[98]
- HJK – Sakilaiset[98][99][100]
- TPS[101]
- Jokerit[101]
- FC Lahti – Lahen Pojat[99]
France
- Paris Saint-Germain F.C. – Commando Pirate,[102] Casual Firm, Indépendants[103][104]
- Lille OSC – LOSC Army[105]
- Olympique Lyonnais – Mezza Lyon[106]
Germany
- Borussia Dortmund – Frontline, Northside[107]
- Dynamo Dresden – Hooligans Elbflorenz,[108] Faust des Ostens[109]
- Eintracht Frankfurt – Adlerfront[110]
- 1. FSV Mainz 05 – Mz-Army '84[111]
Hungary
- Ferencvárosi TC – Kettes szektor (2nd Sector)[112]
Israel
Montenegro
- FK Budućnost – Varvari[114]
Netherlands
- ADO Den Haag – Midden Noord, North Side, Vak-G[115]
- AFC Ajax – A.F.C.A, F-Side, AFCA Youth, AFCA 4th, North Up Alliance, South Crew VAK410[116][116][117]
- AZ – Ben-Side, Red White Fanatics/Alkmaar Fanatics[118][119]
- De Graafschap – Brigata Tifosi, Spinnenkop[120]
- PEC Zwolle – S-Side, Vandas noord, Zwolle Joet[121]
- FC Dordrecht – Island defenders, Dikeside[122]
- FC Groningen – Groningen Fanatics, Z-Side[123]
- FC Twente – Vak-P[124]
- FC Utrecht – Bunnikside, UHF[125]
- Feyenoord – U.D.F, DeF, SCF, FIIIR, Vak-S[126][127]
- Helmond Sport – AA-Side, NFH Hsh/Hyc[124]
- MVV Maastricht – Angel-Side, Ultras Mestreech[128]
- NAC Breda – B-Side, F7 Ultras, Vak-G[129]
- NEC – Legio Noviomagum, HKN, Eastside, Nijmegen Joet[130]
- PSV – L-Side, Lighttown Madness, Oostfront[131]
- SC Cambuur – M.I.-Side[132]
- SC Heerenveen – Nieuw Noord[133]
- Sparta Rotterdam – Spangenaren, Tifosi del Castello[134]
- Vitesse – Rijnfront, Vak126[135]
- Willem II – Kingside, Tilburg Tifosi[136]
Norway
- Aalesunds FK / SPK Rollon – Blue Army Aalesund / Blue Army Rollon[137]
- Fredrikstad FK – Brigade Rød Hvit (BRH) CCTV Firm, Red Beavers.[138]
- Ham-Kam – Briskebys Beste Borgere (BBB)[139]
- I.K. Start – Christianssands Herreekvipasje (CHE)[140]
- Lillestrøm SK – Sportsklubbens fineste (SKF)[141]
- S.K. Brann – Bergen Casuals (TGB)[142]
- Viking FK – Stavanger Yngre (SYC)[143]
- Vålerenga I.F. Fotball – Isko Boys, Enga Casuals, Enga Yngre (IB,EC,EY)[144]
Poland
- Arka Gdynia – Młoda Arka[145]
- Cracovia – Jude Gang[145]
- Górnik Zabrze – Torcida[146]
- Korona Kielce – YBH'01 (Young Boys Hooligans)[147]
- Lech Poznań – Brygada Banici,[145] Young Freaks '98[148]
- Lechia Gdańsk – Młode Orły[145]
- Legia Warsaw – Teddy Boys'95, Turyści'97[145]
- Pogoń Szczecin – Terror Corps[145]
- Ruch Chorzów – Psycho Fans[145]
- Stal Stalowa Wola – Stalówka 'BZC'[145]
- Śląsk Wrocław – silesia[145]
- Widzew Łódź – Destroyers[145]
- Wisła Kraków – Sharks[145]
- Zagłębie Sosnowiec – Barra Bravas'97[145]
Portugal
- Sport Lisboa e Benfica – Diabos Vermelhos,[149] No Name Boys[149]
- Futebol Clube do Porto – Super Dragões[149] Colectivo 95[149]
- Sporting Clube de Portugal – Directivo Ultras XXI,[149] Juventude Leonina,[149] Sporting Casuals,[150] Torcida Verde[149]
- Vitória Sport Clube – White Angels[149]
- Sporting Clube de Braga – Ultras Red Boys[149]
- Boavista Futebol Clube – Panteras Negras - Ultras 84[149]
Russia
- CSKA Moscow – Gallant Steeds, Yaroslavka[151]
- Spartak Moscow – Gladiators Firm '96[151]
- Zenit Saint Petersburg – Music Hall[151]
Scotland
- Aberdeen – Aberdeen Soccer Casuals,[152] Under 5s[153]
- Airdrie – Section B,[154] Red Army Firm[155]
- Alloa – Alloa Defense Unit[156]
- Arbroath – Arbroath Soccer Crew,[155] Arbroath Soccer Society[157]
- Ayr – Ayr Service Crew[158]
- Celtic – Celtic Soccer Crew,[159] Roman Catholic Casuals,[160] Celtic Baby Crew[161]
- Dundee – Dundee Soccer Crew,[155] Hilltown Huns[162]
- Dundee United – Tannadice Trendies,[155] The Shimmy[163]
- Dundee & Dundee United – The Utility,[152][164] Alliance Under Fives[155]
- Dunfermline – Carnegie Soccer Service[155]
- Falkirk – Falkirk Fear[165]
- Greenock Morton – Morton Soccer Crew,[166] Morton Youth[167]
- Heart of Midlothian – Casual Soccer Firm,[168] Gorgie Boot Boys,[169] Gorgie Aggro,[170] Shed Boys,[171] Hearts Service Crew.[172]
- Hibernian – Capital City Service,[168] Blackleys Baby Crew,[173] The Family,[174] Hibs Baby Crew,[175] Inter City Fleet[176]
- Kilmarnock – Paninaro[158]
- Meadowbank Thistle – Thistle Soccer Boys[157]
- Montrose – Portland Bill Seaside Squad,[177] Montrose Soccer Unit[157]
- Motherwell – Saturday Service,[152] Tufty Club, Soccer Shorties, Nu-Kru[155]
- Partick Thistle – North Glasgow Express[178]
- Queen of the South – Casuals Internal Division[178]
- Raith Rovers – Kirkcaldy Soccer Casuals, Kirkcaldy Baby Crew[155]
- Rangers – Inter City Firm,[159] Her Majesty’s Service,[155] Rangers Soccer Babes, Section Red[179]
- St Johnstone – Fair City Firm, Mainline Baby Squad,[155] Perth Pack,[178] BenJDavo Renegades
- St Mirren – Love Street Division[159]
- Stirling Albion – Stirling Soccer Firm, Stirling Juvenile Division[158]
Serbia
- Partizan Beograd – Alcatraz, Grobari 1970, Head Hunters, Juzni Front, Zabranjeni[180][181][182]
- Red Star Belgrade – Belgrade Boys, Red Devils, Zulu Warriors, Ultras[183][184]
Slovakia
- FK Dukla Banská Bystrica – Red White Angeles[185]
- FK DAC 1904 Dunajská Streda – Felvidéki Harcosok (Hungarian: "Upland warriors")[186]
- MFK Košice – Rebels VSS, Psycho Boys[185]
- FC Nitra – Bulldogs '95[185]
- ŠK Slovan Bratislava – Ultras Slovan Pressburg[185]
- FC Spartak Trnava – Red Black Warriors[185]
- 1. FC Tatran Prešov – Village Brigade[187]
- AS Trenčín – Trenchtown Gangsters[188]
- MŠK Žilina – Yellow Green Fanatics,[185] Terror Boys[189]
Spain
- Athletic Club – Herri Norte Taldea[190]
- Club Atlético de Madrid – Frente Atlético,Suburbios Firm[190]
- Club Atlético Osasuna – Indar Gorri[191]
- F.C Barcelona – Boixos Nois[190]
- Málaga C.F – Frente Bokerón, Malaka Hinchas[192]
Sweden
- AIK – Firman Boys,[193][194] Young Boys,[193]
- BS BolticGöta/Degerfors IF/Färjestads BK – Värmlandsalliansen[195]
- Djurgårdens IF – Djurgårdens Fina Grabbar (DFG),[193] Djurgårdens Yngre Grabbar,[193] Djurgårdens Mindre Grabbar[193]
- GAIS – Gärningsmännen,[196] GAIS Yngre,[196] GAIS Babys[193]
- IFK Göteborg – Wisemen,[193] Gothenburg Youth Division,[193] Youth crew Gothenburg,[193] Gothenburg United[193]
- Kalmar FF – Kalmarfamiljen[197]
- Hammarby IF – Kompisgänget Bajen (KGB), Sudra Divizione MMXI, Bajen Baby Squad, Bajen Yngsta, Bajen Orphans[193][198]
- Helsingborgs IF – Frontline[199]
- Linköpings HC – Cluben Casuals[200]
- Malmö FF – True Rockers[199]
- Örgryte IS – Red fans klan[201]
Ukraine
- Dynamo Kyiv – WBC (White Boys Club),[202] Rodychi,[203] Kyiv City Supporters,[204] Albatros, Young Hope[205]
- Shakhtar Donetsk – Za Boys Ultras[206]
- Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk – Ultras'83[207]
- Karpaty Lviv – Banderstadt Ultras,[208] Green White Ultras[209]
- Metalist Kharkiv – United Kharkiv,[210] Pivdenna hrupa
- Zorya Luhansk – Black-White Ultras[211]
- Vorskla Poltava – Crew Of Golden Eagle[212]
- Metalurh Zaporizhya – Beshketnyky[213]
- Volyn Lutsk – Volyn Crusaders Firm[214]
- Chornomorets Odesa – SouthFront[215]
- Nyva Ternopil – Terno Field Army[216]
- FC Oleksandriya – PFCO Supporters[217]
- Dnipro Cherkasy – Cherkasy Ultras[218]
Wales
- Cardiff City – Soul Crew[219]
- Swansea City – Jack Army[220]
- Wrexham – Wrexham Frontline[47]
See also
- Football hooliganism
- Hooliganism
- Casual (subculture)
- Association football culture
- Racism in association football
- Skinhead
- Yobbo
References
- ↑ http://kfelbasani.com/http://tifozat.com/viewpage.php?page_id=89[dead link]
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link]
- ↑ Rød Hvit Elite (RHE), Red Beavers (RB) Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ 145.00 145.01 145.02 145.03 145.04 145.05 145.06 145.07 145.08 145.09 145.10 145.11 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ http://www.stadionowioprawcy.net/ekipy/Korona_Kielce/311/1
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 149.0 149.1 149.2 149.3 149.4 149.5 149.6 149.7 149.8 149.9 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKvXJsH-dDQ
- ↑ 151.0 151.1 151.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 152.0 152.1 152.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ They 're back: Billy Briggs The Herald 14 January 2006 http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/they-re-back-second-generation-of-football-hooligans-menace-terraces-sons-of-notorious-casuals-organise-clashes-in-europe-1.32012 "Aberdeen Soccer Casuals/ Under 5s - This group has followed Aberdeen for more than 20 years and has been involved in serious disorder all over Europe."
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 155.0 155.1 155.2 155.3 155.4 155.5 155.6 155.7 155.8 155.9 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 157.0 157.1 157.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 158.0 158.1 158.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 159.0 159.1 159.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Ferguson C (1987) pp 89 Bring Out Your Riot Gear – Hearts are here! Gorgie Aggro 1981-1986. S T Publishing (August 16, 1999) Edinburgh: ISBN 978-0-9535920-0-5
- ↑ CURSE OF THE CASUALS DAY 7 Andrew Walker & Richard Elias Daily Record 22 April 2003 "Hooligans who follow Celtic often "graduated" in the school of soccer thuggery through the Celtic Soccer Babes."
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Dundee FC and Dundee United do not have separate firms, Dundee Utility is the firm for both teams
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 168.0 168.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Ferguson C (1987) pp 16 Bring Out Your Riot Gear – Hearts are here! Gorgie Aggro 1981-1986. S T Publishing (August 16, 1999) Edinburgh: ISBN 978-0-9535920-0-5
- ↑ Ferguson C (1987) Bring Out Your Riot Gear – Hearts are here! Gorgie Aggro 1981-1986. S T Publishing (August 16, 1999) Edinburgh: ISBN 978-0-9535920-0-5
- ↑ Ferguson C (1987) pp 41 Bring Out Your Riot Gear – Hearts are here! Gorgie Aggro 1981-1986. S T Publishing (August 16, 1999) Edinburgh: ISBN 978-0-9535920-0-5
- ↑ pp 55 Ferguson C (1987) pp 16 Bring Out Your Riot Gear – Hearts are here! Gorgie Aggro 1981-1986. S T Publishing (August 16, 1999) Edinburgh: ISBN 978-0-9535920-0-5
- ↑ pp 47 Dykes, Derek (26 May 2008). These Colours Don't Run: Inside the Hibs Capital City Service. Fort Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-905769-12-4.
- ↑ pp 43 Blance, Andy (24 September 2009). Hibs Boy. Fort Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-905769-15-5.
- ↑ pp 101 Dykes, Derek (26 May 2008). These Colours Don't Run: Inside the Hibs Capital City Service. Fort Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-905769-12-4.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 178.0 178.1 178.2 Hampden Babylon Stuart Cosgrove Canongate Books Ltd (15 Nov 2002) ISBN 978-1-84195-333-5.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 185.0 185.1 185.2 185.3 185.4 185.5 http://futbal.rasizmus.sk/wp-content/uploads/hooligans-sk_web.pdf
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 190.0 190.1 190.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 196.0 196.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link]
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 199.0 199.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
External links
- Hooli-News Latest hooligan-related news and information from around the world.
- Three-part BBC2 investigation on football firms from 2002
- Running with the 'Naughty Forty', part of the BBC2 2002 investigation
- Ultras Jagiellonia Bialystok', Website of Jagiellonia Bialystok group
