List of inventors

This is a list of inventors.

Alphabetical list

A

Vitaly Abalakov (1906–1986), Russia – camming devices, Abalakov thread (or V-thread) gearless ice climbing anchor
Ernst Karl Abbe (1840–1905), Germany – Condenser (microscope), apochromatic lens, refractometer
Carl Roman Abt (1850–1933), Switzerland – Abt rack railway system
Hovannes Adamian (1879–1932), Armenia/Russia – tricolor principle of the color television
William Addis (1734–1808), England – Toothbrush
Robert Adler (1913–2007), Austria/United States – wireless remote control (with Eugene Polley)
Jabir ibn Aflah (Geber) (c. 1100–1150), Islamic Spain – portable celestial globe
Samuel W. Alderson (1914–2005), USA – Crash test dummy
Anatoly Alexandrov (1903–1994), Russia – anti-mine demagnetising of ships, naval nuclear reactors (including one for the first nuclear icebreaker)
Alexandre Alexeieff (1901–1982) Russia/France – pinscreen animation (with his wife Claire Parker)
Rostislav Alexeyev (1916–1980), Russia – ekranoplan
Genrich Altshuller (1926–1998), Russia – TRIZ ("The Theory of Solving Inventor's Problems")
Bruce Ames (born 1928), USA – Ames test (cell biology)
Giovanni Battista Amici (1786–1863), Italy – Dipleidoscope, Amici prism
Mary Anderson (1866–1953), United States – windshield wiper blade
Momofuku Ando (1910–2007), Japan – Instant noodles
Vasily Andreyev (1861–1918), Russia – standard balalaika
Hal Anger (1920–2005), USA – a.o. Well counter (radioactivity measurements), gamma camera
Anders Knutsson Ångström (1888–1981), Sweden – Pyranometer
Ottomar Anschütz (1846–1907), Germany – single-curtain focal-plane shutter, electrotachyscope
Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe (1872–1931), Germany – Gyrocompass
George Antheil (1900–1959), together with Hedy Lamarr (1914–2000), USA, Frequency-hopping spread spectrum
Oleg Antonov (1906–1984), Russia – An-series aircraft, including A-40 winged tank and An-124 (the largest serial cargo, later modified to world's largest fixed-wing aircraft An-225)
Virginia Apgar (1909–1974), USA – Apgar score (for newborn babies)
Nicolas Appert (1749–1841), France – canning (food preservation) using glass bottles, see also Peter Durand
Archimedes (c. 287–212 BC), Greece – Archimedes' screw
Guido of Arezzo (c. 991 – c. 1033), Italy – Guidonian hand, musical notation, see also staff (music)
Ami Argand (1750–1803), France – Argand lamp
Edwin Howard Armstrong (1890–1954), USA – FM radio
William George Armstrong (1810–1900), UK – hydraulic accumulator
Neil Arnott (1788–1874), UK – waterbed
Lev Artsimovich (1909–1973), Russia – tokamak
Joseph Aspdin (1788–1855), UK – Portland cement
John Vincent Atanasoff (1903–1995), Bulgaria/USA – modern digital computer
Frank Eugene Austin (1873–1964), USA – first patented ant farm
Daniel Axelrod (inv. 1980), USA – Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope

B

Charles Babbage (1791–1871), UK – analytical engine (semi-automatic)
Victor Babeș (1854–1926) Romania – Babesia, the founder of serum therapy
Roger Bacon (1214–1292), UK – magnifying glass
Leo Baekeland (1863–1944), Belgian–American – Velox photographic paper and Bakelite
Ralph H. Baer (1922-December 6, 2014), German born American – video game console
Adolf von Baeyer (1835–1917), Germany – a.o. Fluorescein, synthetic Indigo dye, Phenolphthalein
John Logie Baird (1888–1946), Scotland – an electromechanical television, electronic color television
Abi Bakr of Isfahan (c. 1235), Persia/Iran – mechanical geared astrolabe with lunisolar calendar
George Ballas (1925–2011), USA – String trimmer
Donát Bánki (1859–1922), Hungary – inventor of the carburetor for the stationary engine^[1]
Ridgway Banks, inventor of the Banks Engine, a Nitinol based solid state heat engine
Vladimir Baranov-Rossine (1888–1944), Ukraine/Russia/France – Optophonic Piano, pointillist or dynamic military camouflage
John Barber (1734–1801), UK – gas turbine
John Bardeen (1908–1991), USA – co-inventor of the transistor
Vladimir Barmin (1909–1993), Russia – first rocket launch complex (spaceport)
Anthony R. Barringer (1925–2009), Canada/USA – INPUT (Induced Pulse Transient) airborne electromagnetic system
Earl W. Bascom (1906–1995), Canada/USA – side-delivery rodeo chute, hornless rodeo saddle, rodeo bareback rigging, rodeo chaps
Nikolay Basov (1922–2001), Russia – co-inventor of laser and maser
Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius) (853-929), Syria/Turkey – observation tube
Émile Baudot (1845-1903), France - Baudot code
Eugen Baumann (1846–1896), Germany – PVC
Trevor Baylis (born 1937), UK – a wind-up radio
Francis Beaufort (1774–1857), Ireland/UK – Beaufort scale, Beaufort cipher
Ernest Beaux (1881–1961), Russia/France – Chanel No. 5
Claude Beck (1894–1971), USA – Defibrillator
Arnold O. Beckman (1900–2004), USA – electric pH meter
Ulugh Beg (1394–1449), Persia/Iran – Fakhri sextant, mural sextant
Vladimir Bekhterev (1857–1927), Russia – Bekhterev's Mixture
Josip Belušić (1847–?), Croatia – electric speedometer
Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922), UK, Canada, and USA – telephone
Nikolay Benardos (1842–1905), Russia – arc welding (specifically carbon arc welding, the first arc welding method)
Ruth R. Benerito (1916–2013), USA – a.o. Permanent press (no-iron clothing)
Miriam Benjamin (1861–1947), Washington, D.C. – Gong and signal chair (adopted by House of Representatives and precursor to flight attendant signal system)
William R. Bennett, Jr. (1930–2008), together with Ali Javan (1926–), USA/Iran – Gas laser (Helium-Neon)
Melitta Bentz (1873–1950), Germany – paper Coffee filter
Karl Benz (1844–1929), Germany – the petrol-powered automobile, the carburetor^[2]^[3]
Alexander Bereznyak (1912–1974), Russia – first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Isaev)
Paul Berg (born 1926), USA – created the first Recombinant DNA molecules
Hans Berger (1873–1941), Germany – first human EEG and its development
Friedrich Bergius (1884–1949), Germany – Bergius process (synthetic fuel from coal)
Georgy Beriev (1903–1979), Georgia/Russia – Be-series amphibious aircraft
Emile Berliner (1851–1929), Germany and USA – the disc record gramophone
Tim Berners-Lee (born 1955), UK – with Robert Cailliau, the World Wide Web
Marcellin Berthelot (1827–1907), France – Berthelot's reagent (chemistry)
Max Bielschowsky (1869–1940), Germany – Bielschowsky stain (histology)
Alfred Binet (1857–1911), France – with his student Théodore Simon (1872–1961), first practical Intelligence test
Lucio Bini (1908–1964), together with Ugo Cerletti (1877–1963), Italy – Electroconvulsive therapy
Gerd Binnig (born 1947), with Christoph Gerber (?–), and with Calvin Quate (born 1923), Germany/Switzerland/USA – Atomic force microscope
Gerd Binnig (born 1947), together with Heinrich Rohrer (1933–2013), Germany/Switzerland – Scanning tunneling microscope
Clarence Birdseye (1886–1956), USA – frozen food process
Laszlo Biro (1899–1985), Hungary – modern ballpoint pen
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048), Persia/Iran – mechanical geared lunisolar calendar, laboratory and surveying equipment.
Thor Bjørklund (1889–1975), Norway – Cheese slicer
J. Stuart Blackton (1875–1941), USA – stop-motion film
Otto Blathy (1860–1939), Hungary – co-inventor of the transformer, wattmeter, alternating current (AC) and turbogenerator
John Blenkinsop (1783–1831), UK – Blenkinsop rack railway system
Fyodor Blinov (1827–1902), Russia – first tracked vehicle, steam-powered continuous track tractor
Charles K. Bliss (1897–1985), Austro-Hungary/Australia – Blissymbols
Katharine B. Blodgett (1898–1979), UK – nonreflective glass
Jacob Christoph Le Blon (1667–1741), Germany/UK – three and four color Color printing
Alan Blumlein (1903–1942), UK – stereo
Leonard Bocour (1910–1993), together with Sam Golden (1915–1997), USA – Acrylic paint
David Boggs (born 1950), USA – Ethernet
Nils Bohlin (1920–2002), Sweden – the three-point seat belt
Joseph-Armand Bombardier (1907–1964), Canada – snowmobile
Charlie Booth (1903–2008), Australia – Starting blocks
Gail Borden (1801–1874), USA – a.o. Condensed milk produced by vacuum
Sam Born, Russia/USA – lollipop-making machine
Satyendra Nath Bose (1894–1974), India – work on gas-like properties of electromagnetic radiation, Boson and providing foundation for Bose–Einstein statistics and Bose–Einstein condensate
Jagdish Chandra Bose (1858–1937), India – Crescograph
George de Bothezat (1882–1940), Russia/USA – quadrotor helicopter, (The Flying Octopus)
Matthew Piers Watt Boulton (1820–1894), UK – aileron
Robert W. Bower (born 1936), USA – self-aligned–gate MOSFET
Seth Boyden (1788–1870), USA – nail-making machine
Herbert Boyer (born 1936), together with Paul Berg (1926–), and Stanley Norman Cohen (1935–), USA – created first Genetically modified organism
Willard Boyle (1924–2011), together with George E. Smith (1930–), USA – Charge-coupled device (CCD)
Hugh Bradner (1915–2008), USA – Wetsuit
Louis Braille (1809–1852), France – Braille writing system, Braille musical notation
Jacques E. Brandenberger (1872–1954), Switzerland – Cellophane
Édouard Branly (1844–1940), France – the coherer, the first widely used detector for radio communication.
Charles F. Brannock (1903–1992), USA – Brannock Device (shoe size)
Walter Houser Brattain (1902–1987), USA – co-inventor of the transistor
Karl Ferdinand Braun (1850–1918), Germany – cathode-ray tube oscilloscope
Harry Brearley (1871–1948), UK – stainless steel
Stanislav Brebera (1925–2012), Czech Republic – Semtex explosive
David Brewster (1781–1868), United Kingdom – Kaleidoscope
Sergey Brin (born 1973), Russia/USA – with Larry Page invented Google web search engine
Mikhail Britnev (1822–1889), Russia – first metal-hull icebreaker (Pilot)
Harold P. Brown (1857–1944), USA – electrical safety equipment, plastic rail bond electric contact alloy, application of concrete with compressed air or steam
Rachel Fuller Brown (1898–1980), USA – Nystatin, the world's first antifungal antibiotic
Wendell Brown (born 1961), USA – ADAP sound editor, eVoice voicemail, Teleo VoIP, virtual workforce and energy efficiency technologies
William C. Brown (1916–1999), USA – Crossed-field amplifier
John Moses Browning (1855–1926), USA – Semi-automatic pistol
Maria Christina Bruhn (1732–1802), Sweden – Gunpowder
Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn (1853–1927), Germany – Taximeter
Nikolay Brusentsov (born 1925), Russia – ternary computer (Setun)
Charles F. Brush (1849–1929), USA – a.o. Brush dynamo
Dudley Allen Buck (1927–1959), USA – a.o. Cryotron, content-addressable memory
Edwin Beard Budding (1795–1846), UK – lawnmower
Gersh Budker (1918–1977), Russia – electron cooling, co-inventor of collider
Robert Bunsen (1811–1899), Germany – Bunsen burner
Corliss Orville Burandt, USA – Variable valve timing
Henry Burden (1791–1871) Scotland and USA – Horseshoe machine, first usable iron railed road spike
Richard James Burgess (born 1949), UK – Simmons (electronic drum company), co-inventor of SDS5 drum synthesizer

C

Robert Cailliau (born 1947), Belgium – with Tim Berners-Lee, the World Wide Web
Nicholas Callan (1799–1864), Ireland – a.o. Induction coil
Tullio Campagnolo (1901–1983), Italy – Quick release skewer
Marvin Camras (1916–1995), USA – magnetic recording
Charles Cantor (born 1942), USA – Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (molecular biology)
Mario Ramberg Capecchi (born 1937), together with Sir Martin John Evans (born 1941), and Oliver Smithies (born 1925), USA – Knockout mouse, Gene targeting
Roxey Ann Caplin (1793–1888), UK – Corset
Arturo Caprotti (1881–1938), Italy – Caprotti valve gear
Richard Cannon (born 1954), USA – Electrical panel lockout
Gerolamo Cardano (1501–1576), Italy – a.o. Cardan grille (cryptography)
Chester Carlson (1906–1968), USA – Xerography
Wallace Carothers (1896–1937), USA – Nylon and Neoprene (together with Arnold Collins)
Antonio Benedetto Carpano (1764–1815), Italy – modern vermouth
Joseph Constantine Carpue (1764–1846), France – rhinoplastic surgery
George Washington Carver (c. 1864 – 1943), USA – agriculture
Giovanni Caselli (1815–1891), Italy/France – Pantelegraph
George Cayley (1773–1857), UK – glider, tension-spoke wheels, Caterpillar track
Anders Celsius (1701–1744), Sweden – Celsius temperature scale
Vint Cerf (born 1943), together with Bob Kahn (1938–), USA – Internet Protocol (IP)
Ugo Cerletti (1877–1963), together with Lucio Bini (1908–1964), Italy – Electroconvulsive therapy
Charles Chamberland (1851–1908), France – Chamberland filter
Min Chueh Chang (1908–1991), together with Gregory Goodwin Pincus (1903–1967), USA/China – Combined oral contraceptive pill
Thomas Chang (born 1933), Canada/China – Artificial cell
Octave Chanute (1832–1910), US – Civil Engineer
Emmett Chapman (1936–), US – Chapman Stick
Claude Chappe (1763–1805), France – Semaphore line
David Chaum (born 1955), USA – a.o. Digital signatures, ecash
Vladimir Chelomey (1914–1984), Russia – first space station (Salyut), Proton rocket (the most used heavy lift launch system)
Pavel Cherenkov (1904–1990), Russia – Cherenkov detector
Evgeniy Chertovsky (born 1902), Russia – pressure suit
Alexander Chizhevsky (1897–1964), Russia – air ionizer
Zang-Hee Cho (born 1936), South Korea – co-inventor of Positron emission tomography and PET-MRI
Andrey Chokhov (c. 1545–1629), Russia – Tsar Cannon
Niels Christensen (1865–1952), USA – O-ring
Ward Christensen (inv. 1978–), USA – Bulletin board system
Ole Kirk Christiansen (1891–1958), Denmark – creator of LEGO
Samuel Hunter Christie (1784–1865), UK – Wheatstone bridge
Juan de la Cierva (1895–1936), Spain – the autogyro
Alexandru Ciurcu (1854–1922), Romania – Reaction engine
Leland Clark (1918–2005), USA – Clark electrode (medicine)
Georges Claude (1870–1960), France – neon lamp
Carl Friedrich Claus (c. 1883), Germany – Claus process (petrochemistry)
Henri Marie Coandă (1886–1972), Romania – Coandă effect of fluid dynamics, Coandă-1910 world's first jet
Josephine Cochrane (1839–1913), USA – dishwasher
Christopher Cockerell (1910–1999), UK – Hovercraft
Aeneas Coffey (1780–1852), Ireland – heat exchanger, Coffey still
Sir Henry Cole (1808–1882), UK – Christmas card
Samuel Colt (1814–1862), USA – Revolver
George Constantinescu (1881–1965), Romania – creator of the theory of sonics, a new branch of continuum mechanics
Albert Coons (1912–1978), USA – Immunofluorescence (microscopy)
Harry Coover (1917–2011), USA – Super Glue
Lloyd Groff Copeman (1865–1956), USA – Electric stove
Cornelis Corneliszoon (1550–1607), The Netherlands – sawmill
Alexander Coucoulas (1933-), USA - Thermosonic Bonding
Wallace H. Coulter (1913–1998), USA – Coulter counter (cell biology)
Jacques Cousteau (1910–1997), France – co-inventor of the aqualung and the Nikonos underwater camera
John "Jack" Higson Cover, Jr. (1920–2009), USA – Taser
Thomas Crapper (1836–1910), UK – ballcock (toilet valve)
William Crookes (1832–1919), UK – Crookes radiometer, Crookes tube
Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655–1731), Italy – piano
George Crum (1822–1914), USA – potato chips^[4]
S. Scott Crump (inv. c. 1989), USA – a.o. Fused deposition modeling
János Csonka (1852–1939), Hungary – co-inventor of carburetor
Raul Cuero (born 1948), Buenaventura, Colombia, see Inventions and patents list
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (1725–1804), France – first steam-powered road vehicle
William Cullen (1710–1790), UK – first artificial refrigerator
William Cumberland Cruikshank (1745–1800), UK – chlorinated water
Glenn Curtiss (1878–1930), USA – aeronautical and aeroengine improvements
Jan Czochralski (1885–1953), Poland / Germany – Czochralski process (crystal growth)

D

Nils Gustaf Dalén (1869–1937), Sweden – AGA cooker, Dalén light, Agamassan, Sun valve for lighthouses and buoys
John Frederic Daniell (1790–1845), United Kingdom – Daniel cell
Salvino D'Armate (1258–1312), Italy – credited for inventing eyeglasses in 1284
Corradino D'Ascanio (1891–1981), Italy – D'AT3 helicopter; Vespa scooter
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), Italy – conceptualized a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, the double hull. Relatively few of his designs were constructed during his lifetime. Some that were used are an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire
Jacob Davis (1868–1908), USA – riveted jeans
Edmund Davy (1785–1857), Ireland – acetylene
Humphry Davy (1778–1829), UK – Davy miners lamp
Joseph Day (1855–1946), UK – the crankcase-compression two-stroke engine
Lee DeForest (1873–1961), USA – a.o. Phonofilm, triode, directional antenna, wireless telegraphy
Vasily Degtyaryov (1880–1949), Russia – first self-loading carbine, Degtyaryov-series firearms, co-developer of Fedorov Avtomat
Akinfiy Demidov (1678–1745), Russia – co-developer of rebar, cast iron dome, lightning rod (all found in the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk)
Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk (1927–2006), Russia – 3D holography
Robert H. Dennard (born 1932), USA– Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM)
Miksa Deri (1854–1938), Hungary – co-inventor of an improved closed-core transformer
James Dewar (1842–1923), UK – Thermos flask
Aleksandr Dianin (1851–1918), Russia – Bisphenol A, Dianin's compound
William Kennedy Laurie Dickson (1860–1935), UK – motion picture camera
Philip Diehl (1847–1913), USA – Ceiling fan, electric sewing machine
Rudolf Diesel (1858–1913), Germany – Diesel engine
Al-Dinawari (828–896), Persia/Iran – more than a hundred plant drugs
William H. Dobelle (1943–2004), United States – first functioning artificial eye
Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner (1780–1849), Germany – Döbereiner's lamp (chemistry)
Toshitada Doi (born 1943), Japan, together with Joop Sinjou, Netherlands – Compact disc
Ray Dolby (1933–2013), USA – Dolby noise-reduction system
Gene Dolgoff (inv. c. 1985), USA – LCD projector
Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky (1862–1919), Poland/Russia – three-phase electric power (first 3-phase hydroelectric power plant, 3-phase electrical generator, 3-phase motor and 3-phase transformer)
Nikolay Dollezhal (1899–2000), Russia – AM-1 reactor for the 1st nuclear power plant, other RBMK reactors, VVER pressurized water reactors
Bryan Donkin (1768–1855), UK – print industry composition roller
Marion O'Brien Donovan (1917–1998), USA – Waterproof diaper
Hub van Doorne (1900–1979), Netherlands, Variomatic continuously variable transmission
John Thompson Dorrance (1873–1930), USA – Condensed soup
Amanda Minnie Douglas (1831–1916), writer and inventor (portable folding mosquito net frame)
Charles Dow (1851–1902), USA – Dow Jones Industrial Average
Mulalo Doyoyo (born 1970), South Africa/USA - engineer and inventor, (Cenocell - cementless concrete)
Anastase Dragomir (1896–1966), Romania – Ejection seat
Karl Drais (1785–1851), Germany – dandy horse (Draisine)
Cornelius Drebbel (1572–1633), The Netherlands – first navigable submarine
Richard Drew (1899–1980), USA – Masking tape
John Boyd Dunlop (1840–1921), UK – first practical pneumatic tyre
Cyril Duquet (1841–1922), Canada – Telephone handset
Peter Durand (inv. 1810), UK – canning using tin cans, see also Nicolas Appert
Alexey Dushkin (1904–1977), Russia – deep column station
James Dyson (born 1947), UK – Dual Cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner, incorporating the principles of cyclonic separation.

E

George Eastman (1854–1932), USA – roll film
J. Presper Eckert (1919–1995), USA – ENIAC – the first general purpose programmable digital computer
Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931), USA – phonograph, commercially practical light bulb, stock ticker, ticker-tape machine etc.
Pehr Victor Edman (1916–1977), Sweden – Edman degradation for Protein sequencing
Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards (1925–2013), United Kingdom – In vitro fertilisation
Ellen Eglin (born 1849), USA – Clothes wringer
Brendan Eich (born 1961), USA – JavaScript (programming language)
Willem Einthoven (1860–1927), The Netherlands – the electrocardiogram
Benjamin Eisenstadt (1906–1996), USA – a.o. Sugar packet
Paul Eisler (1907–1992), Austria/USA – Printed circuit board (electronics)
Giorgi Eliava (1892–1937), together with Félix d'Herelle (1873–1949), France / Georgia – Phage therapy
Ivan Elmanov, Russia – first monorail (horse-drawn)
Rune Elmqvist (1906–1996), Sweden – implantable pacemaker
John Haven Emerson (1906–1997), USA – iron lung
Douglas Engelbart (1925–2013), USA – the computer mouse
John Ericsson (1803–1889), Sweden – the two screw-propeller
Lars Magnus Ericsson (1846–1926), Sweden – the handheld micro telephone^{[citation needed]}
Emil Erlenmeyer (1825–1909), Germany – Erlenmeyer flask
Sir Martin John Evans (1941–), together with Mario Ramberg Capecchi (born 1937), and Oliver Smithies (1925–), USA – Knockout mouse, Gene targeting
Ole Evinrude (1877–1934), Norway – outboard motor

F

Charles Fabry (1867–1945), together with Alfred Perot (1863–1925), France – Fabry–Pérot interferometer (physics)
Samuel Face (1923–2001), USA – concrete flatness/levelness technology; Lightning Switch
Federico Faggin (born 1941), Italy – microprocessor
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), The Netherlands – Fahrenheit temperature scale, Mercury-in-glass thermometer
Michael Faraday (1791–1867), UK – electric transformer, electric motor
Johann Maria Farina (1685–1766), Germany; Eau de Cologne
Myra Juliet Farrell (1878–1957), Australia – stitchless button, Press stud
Philo Farnsworth (1906–1971), USA – a.o. electronic television
Muhammad al-Fazari (d. 796/806), Persia – astrolabe
John Bennett Fenn (1917–2010), USA – Electrospray ionization
Henry John Horstman Fenton (1854–1929), UK – Fenton's reagent (chemistry)
James Fergason (born 1934), USA – improved liquid crystal display
Enrico Fermi (1901–1954), Italy – nuclear reactor
Humberto Fernández Morán (1924–1999), Venezuela – Diamond scalpel, Ultra microtome
Michele Ferrero (1925–2015), Italy – Kinder Surprise = Kinder Eggs, Nutella
Reginald Fessenden (1866–1932), Canada – two-way radio
Robert Feulgen (1884–1955), Germany – Feulgen stain (histology)
Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick (1829–1901), Germany – contact lens
Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) (810–887), Al-Andalus – artificial wings, fused quartz and silica glass, metronome
Artur Fischer (born 1919) Germany – fasteners including fischertechnik.
Franz Joseph Emil Fischer (1877–1947), together with Hans Schrader (1921–2012), Germany – Fischer assay (oil yield test)
Franz Joseph Emil Fischer (1877–1947), together with Hans Tropsch (1889–1935), Germany – Fischer–Tropsch process (refinery process)
Gerhard Fischer (1899–1988), Germany/USA – hand-held metal detector
Paul C. Fisher (1913–2006), USA – Space Pen
Alexander Fleming (1881–1955), Scotland – penicillin
John Ambrose Fleming (1848–1945), UK – vacuum diode
Sandford Fleming (1827–1915), Canada – Universal Standard Time
Nicolas Florine (1891–1972), Georgia/Russia/Belgium – first tandem rotor helicopter to fly freely
Tommy Flowers (1905–1998), UK – Colossus an early electronic computer.
Thomas J. Fogarty (born 1934), USA – Embolectomy catheter (medicine)
Enrico Forlanini (1848–1930), Italy – Steam helicopter, hydrofoil, Forlanini airships
Eric Fossum (born 1957), USA – intra-pixel charge transfer in CMOS image sensors
Jean Bernard Léon Foucault (1819–1868), France – Foucault pendulum, gyroscope, eddy current
Benoît Fourneyron (1802–1867), France – water turbine
John Fowler (1826–1864), UK – steam-driven ploughing engine
Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), USA – the pointed lightning rod conductor, bifocal glasses, the Franklin stove, the glass harmonica
Herman Frasch (1851–1914), Germany / USA – Frasch process (petrochemistry), Paraffin wax purification
Ian Hector Frazer (born 1953), together with Jian Zhou (1957–1999), USA/China – HPV vaccine against cervical cancer
Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788–1827), France – Fresnel lens
William Friese-Greene (1855–1921), UK – cinematography
Julius Fromm (1883–1945), Germany – first seamless Condom
Arthur Fry (born 1931), USA – Post-it note
Buckminster Fuller (1895–1983), USA – geodesic dome
Robert Fulton (1765–1815), United States – first commercially successful steamboat, first practical submarine
Ivan Fyodorov (c. 1510–1583), Russia/Poland–Lithuania – invented multibarreled mortar, introduced printing in Russia
Svyatoslav Fyodorov (1927–2000), Russia – radial keratotomy
Vladimir Fyodorov (1874–1966), Russia – Fedorov Avtomat (first self-loading battle rifle, arguably the first assault rifle)

G

Dennis Gabor (1900–1979), UK – holography
Boris Borisovich Galitzine (1862–1916), Russia – electromagnetic seismograph
Joseph G. Gall (born 1928), USA – In situ hybridization (cell biology)
Alfred William Gallagher (1911–1990), New Zealand – Electric fence for farmers
Dmitri Garbuzov (1940–2006), Russia/USA – continuous-wave-operating diode lasers (together with Zhores Alferov), high-power diode lasers
Elmer R. Gates (1859–1923), USA – foam fire extinguisher, electric loom mechanisms, magnetic & diamagnetic separators, educational toy ("box & blocks")*
Richard J. Gatling (1818–1903), USA – wheat drill, first successful machine gun
Georgy Gause (1910–1986), Russia – gramicidin S, neomycin, lincomycin and other antibiotics
E. K. Gauzen, Russia – three bolt equipment (early diving costume)
Norman Gaylord (1923–2007), USA – rigid gas-permeable contact lens
Karl-Hermann Geib (1908–1949), Germany / USSR – Girdler sulfide process
Hans Wilhelm Geiger (1882–1945), Germany – Geiger counter
Andrey Geim (born 1958), Russia/United Kingdom – graphene
Nestor Genko (1839–1904), Russia – Genko's Forest Belt (the first large-scale windbreak system)
Christoph Gerber (?–), with Calvin Quate (1923–), and with Gerd Binnig (1947–), Germany/USA/Switzerland – Atomic force microscope
Friedrich Clemens Gerke (1801–1888), Germany – current international Morse code
David Gestetner (1854–1939), Austria-Hungary / UK – a.o. Gestetner copier
Alberto Gianni (1891–1930), Italy – Torretta butoscopica
John Heysham Gibbon (1903–1973), USA – Heart-lung machine
Gustav Giemsa (1867–1948), Germany – Giemsa stain (histology)
Adolph Giesl-Gieslingen (1903–1992), Austria – Giesl ejector
Henri Giffard (1825–1882), France – powered airship, injector
Donald A. Glaser (1926–2013), USA – Bubble chamber
C. W. Fuller (inv. 1953), USA – Gilhoolie
Valentyn Glushko (1908–1989), Russia – hypergolic propellant, electric propulsion, Soviet rocket engines (including world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine RD-170)
Heinrich Göbel (1818–1893), Germany – incandescent lamp
Leonid Gobyato (1875–1915), Russia – first modern man-portable mortar
Robert Goddard (1882–1945), USA – liquid fuel rocket
Sam Golden (1915–1997), together with Leonard Bocour (1910–1993), USA – Acrylic paint
Peter Carl Goldmark (1906–1977), Hungary – vinyl record (LP), CBS color television
Camillo Golgi (1843–1926), Italy – Golgi's method (histology)
György Gömöri (1904–1957), Hungary / USA– Gömöri trichrome stain, Gömöri methenamine silver stain (histology)
Charles Goodyear (1800–1860), USA – vulcanization of rubber
Robert W. Gore (born 1937), United States – Gore-Tex
Igor Gorynin (born 1926), Russia – weldable titanium alloys, high strength aluminium alloys, radiation-hardened steels
James Gosling (born 1955), USA – Java (programming language)
Gordon Gould (1920–2005), USA – Laser, see also Theodore Maiman
Richard Hall Gower (1768–1833), UK – ship's hull and rigging
Boris Grabovsky (1901–1966), Russia – cathode commutator, an early electronic TV pickup tube
Bette Nesmith Graham (1924–1980), USA – Correction fluid, Liquid Paper
Hans Christian Gram (1853–1938), Denmark / Germany – Gram staining (histology)
Zénobe Gramme (1826–1901), Belgium/France – Gramme dynamo
Temple Grandin (born 1945), Inventor of the squeeze machine and humane abattoirs.
Michael Grätzel (born 1944), Germany/Switzerland– a.o. Dye-sensitized solar cell
James Henry Greathead (1844–1896), South Africa – tunnel boring machine, tunnelling shield technique
Chester Greenwood (1858–1937), USA – thermal earmuffs
James Gregory (1638–1675), Scotland – Gregorian telescope
Charles Leiper Grigg (1868–1940), USA – 7 Up
William Robert Grove (1811–1896), Wales – fuel cell
Gustav Guanella (1909–1982), Switzerland – DSSS, Guanella-Balun
Otto von Guericke (1602–1686), Germany – vacuum pump, manometer, dasymeter
Mikhail Gurevich (1893–1976), Russia – MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21 (together with Artem Mikoyan)
Goldsworthy Gurney (1793–1875), England - Gurney Stove
Johann Gutenberg (c. 1390s–1468), Germany – movable type printing press
Samuel Guthrie (physician) (1782–1848), USA – discovered chloroform

H

Fritz Haber (1868–1934), Germany – Haber process (ammonia synthesis)
John Hadley (1682–1744), UK – Octant
Waldemar Haffkine (1860–1930), Russia/Switzerland – first anti-cholera and anti-plague vaccines
Gunther von Hagens (born 1945), Germany – whole body Plastination
Charles Hall (1863–1914), USA – aluminum production
Robert N. Hall (born 1919), USA – a.o. Semiconductor laser
Tracy Hall (1919–2008), USA – synthetic diamond
Richard Hamming (1915–1998), USA – Hamming code
John Hays Hammond, Jr. (1888–1965), USA – radio control
Ruth Handler (1916–2002), USA – Barbie doll
James Hargreaves (1720–1778), UK – spinning jenny
John Harington (1561–1612), UK – the flush toilet
William Snow Harris (1791–1867), United Kingdom – much improved naval Lightning rods
John Harrison (1693–1776), UK – marine chronometer
Ross Granville Harrison (1870–1959), USA – first successful animal Tissue culture, Cell culture
Kazuo Hashimoto (died 1995), Japan – a.o. Caller-ID, answering machine
Victor Hasselblad (1906–1978), Sweden – invented the 6 x 6 cm single-lens reflex camera
Ludwig Hatschek (1856–1914), Austria – Fibre cement
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1039), Iraq – camera obscura, pinhole camera, magnifying glass
Zheng He (1371–1433), China – Chinese treasure ship
George H. Heilmeier (born 1936), USA – liquid crystal display (LCD)
Henry Heimlich (born 1920), USA – Heimlich maneuver
Robert A. Heinlein (1907–1988), USA – waterbed
Jozef Karol Hell (1713–1789), Slovakia – the water pillar
Rudolf Hell (1901–2002), Germany – the Hellschreiber
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894), Germany – Helmholtz pitch notation, Helmholtz resonator, ophthalmoscope
Zhang Heng (78–139), China – Seismometer, first hydraulic-powered armillary sphere
Charles H. Henry (born 1937), USA – Quantum well laser
Joseph Henry (1797–1878), Scotland/USA – electromagnetic relay
Félix d'Herelle (1873–1949), together with Giorgi Eliava (1892–1937), France / Georgia – Phage therapy
Heron (c. 10–70), Roman Egypt – usually credited with invention of the aeolipile, although it may have been described a century earlier
John Herschel (1792–1871), UK – photographic fixer (hypo), actinometer
Harry Houdini (1874-1926) USA Flight Time Illusion
Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894), Germany – radio telegraphy, electromagnetic radiation
Ephraim Hertzano (around 1950), Roumania / Israel – Rummikub
Lasse Hessel (born 1940), Denmark – Female condom
George de Hevesy (1885–1966), Hungary – radioactive tracer
Rowland Hill (1795–1879), UK – postage stamp
Maurice Hilleman (1919–2005) – vaccines against childhood diseases
Tanaka Hisashige (1799–1881), Japan – Myriad year clock
Ted Hoff (born 1937), USA – microprocessor
Felix Hoffmann (Bayer) (1868–1949), Germany – Aspirin
Albert Hofmann (1906–2008), Switzerland – LSD
Kotaro Honda (1870–1954), Japan – KS steel
Huang Hongjia (born 1924), China – Single-mode optical fiber.
Herman Hollerith (1860–1929), USA – recording data on a machine readable medium, tabulator, punched cards
Nick Holonyak (born 1928), USA – LED (Light Emitting Diode)
Norman Holter (1914–1983), USA – Holter monitor
Robert Hooke (1635–1703), UK – balance wheel, iris diaphragm, acoustic telephone
Erna Schneider Hoover (born 1926), USA – computerized telephone switching system
Grace Murray Hopper (1906–1992), USA – Compiler
Frank Hornby (1863–1936), UK – invented Meccano
Jimmy Hotz (born 1953), USA – Hotz MIDI Translator, Atari Hotz Box
Royal Earl House (1814–1895), USA – first Printing telegraph
Coenraad Johannes van Houten (1801–1887), Netherlands – cocoa powder, cacao butter, chocolate milk
Elias Howe (1819–1867), USA – sewing machine
Chuck Hull (born 1939), USA – 3D printer
Miller Reese Hutchison (1876–1944), USA – a.o. Klaxon, electric hearing aid
Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695), Netherlands – pendulum clock
John Wesley Hyatt (1837–1920), USA – celluloid manufacturing.

I

Gavriil Ilizarov (1921–1992), Russia – Ilizarov apparatus, external fixation, distraction osteogenesis
Sergey Ilyushin (1894–1977), Russia – Il-series aircraft, including Ilyushin Il-2 bomber (the most produced military aircraft in history)
Mamoru Imura (born 1948), Japan – RFIQin (automatic cooking device)
Daisuke Inoue (born 1940), Japan – Karaoke machine
János Irinyi (1817–1895), Hungary – noiseless match
Aleksei Isaev (1908–1971), Russia – first rocket-powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Isaev)
Isidore (inventor) (15th Century), Russia – supposedly first Russian vodka
Ub Iwerks (1901–1971), U. S. – Multiplane camera for animation

J

Moritz von Jacobi (1801–1874), Germany/Russia – electrotyping, electric boat
Rudolf Jaenisch (born 1942), Germany/USA – first Genetically modified mouse
Karl Guthe Jansky (1905–1950), USA – radio telescope
Karl Jatho (1873–1933), Germany – aeroplane
Ali Javan (born 1926), together with William R. Bennett, Jr. (1930–2008), Iran/USA – Gas laser (Helium-Neon)
Al-Jazari (1136–1206), Iraq – crank-driven and hydropowered saqiya chain pump, crank-driven screw and screwpump, elephant clock, weight-driven clock, weight-driven pump, reciprocating piston suction pump, geared and hydropowered water supply system, programmable humanoid robots, robotics, hand washing automata, flush mechanism, lamination, static balancing, paper model, sand casting, molding sand, intermittency, linkage
Ibn Al-Jazzar (Algizar) (c. 898–980), Tunisia – sexual dysfunction and erectile dysfunction treatment drugs
Ányos Jedlik (1800–1898), Hungary – Jedlik dynamo
Alec John Jeffreys (1950–), United Kingdom – DNA profiling (forensics)
Charles Francis Jenkins (1867–1934) – television and movie projector (Phantoscope)
Steve Jobs (1955–2011), USA – Apple Macintosh computer, iPod, iPhone, iPad and other devices and software operating systems and applications.
Carl Edvard Johansson (1864–1943), Sweden – Gauge blocks
Johan Petter Johansson (1853–1943), Sweden – the pipe wrench and the modern adjustable spanner
Reynold B. Johnson (1906–1998), USA – Hard disk drive
Philipp von Jolly (1809–1884), Germany – Jolly balance
Scott A. Jones (born 1960), USA – created one of the most successful versions of voicemail as well as ChaCha Search, a human-assisted internet search engine

Tom Parry Jones (1935–2013), United Kingdom – first electronic Breathalyzer
Assen Jordanoff (1896–1967), Bulgaria – airbag
Anatol Josepho (1894–1980), patented the first coin-operated photo booth called the "Photomaton" in 1925.
Marjorie Joyner (1896–1994), USA – Permanent wave machine
Whitcomb Judson (1836–1909), USA – zipper
Percy Lavon Julian (1899–1975), USA – chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants
Ma Jun (c. 200–265), China – south-pointing chariot (see differential gear), mechanical puppet theater, chain pumps, improved silk looms

K

Mikhail Kalashnikov (1919–2013), Russia – AK-47 and AK-74 assault rifles (the most produced ever)^[5]
Bob Kahn (born 1938), together with Vint Cerf (1943–), USA – Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Dawon Kahng (1931–1992), South Korea, together with Simon Sze (1936–), Taiwan/USA – Floating-gate MOSFET
Dean Kamen (born 1951), USA – Invented the Segway HT scooter and the IBOT Mobility Device
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853–1926), Netherlands – liquid helium
Nikolay Kamov (1902–1973), Russia – armored battle autogyro, Ka-series coaxial rotor helicopters
Pyotr Kapitsa (1894–1984), Russia – first ultrastrong magnetic field creating techniques, basic low-temperature physics inventions
Georgii Karpechenko (1899–1941), Russia – rabbage (the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding)
Jamshīd al-Kāshī (c. 1380–1429), Persia/Iran – plate of conjunctions, analog planetary computer
Yevgeny Kaspersky (born 1965), Russia – Kaspersky Anti-Virus, Kaspersky Internet Security, Kaspersky Mobile Security anti-virus products
Andrew Kay (born 1919), USA – Digital voltmeter
Nicholas McKay, Sr. (1920–2014), USA – Lint roller
Adolphe Kégresse (1879–1943), France/Russia – Kégresse track (first half-track and first off-road vehicle with continuous track), dual clutch transmission
Carl D. Keith (1920–2008), together with John J. Mooney (c. 1928–), USA – three way catalytic converter
Mstislav Keldysh (1911–1978), Latvia/Russia – co-developer of Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite) together with Korolyov and Tikhonravov
John Harvey Kellogg (1852–1943), cornflake breakfasts
John G. Kemeny (1926–1992), together with Thomas E. Kurtz (1928–), Hungary/USA – BASIC (programming language)
Alexander Kemurdzhian (1921–2003), Russia – first space exploration rover (Lunokhod)
William Saville-Kent (1845–1908), UK/Australia – Pearl culture, see also Mikimoto Kōkichi
Kerim Kerimov (1917–2003), Azerbaijan and Russia – co-developer of human spaceflight, space dock, space station
Charles F. Kettering (1876–1958), USA – invented automobile self-starter ignition, Freon ethyl gasoline and more
Fazlur Khan (1929–1982), Bangladesh – structural systems for high-rise skyscrapers
Yulii Khariton (1904–1996), Russia – chief designer of the Soviet atomic bomb, co-developer of the Tsar Bomb
Anatoly Kharlampiev (1906–1979), Russia – Sambo (martial art)
Al-Khazini (fl.1115–1130), Persia/Iran – hydrostatic balance
Konstantin Khrenov (1894–1984), Russia – underwater welding
Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi (c. 940–1000), Persia/Iran – astronomical sextant
Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algoritmi) (c. 780-850), Persia/Iran – modern algebra, mural instrument, horary quadrant, Sine quadrant, shadow square
Marcel Kiepach (1894-1915), Croatia - dynamo, maritime compass that indicates north regardless of the presence of iron or magnetic forces
Erhard Kietz (1909–1982), Germany & USA. – signal improvements for video transmissions^[6]
Jack Kilby (1923–2005), USA – patented the first integrated circuit
Al-Kindi (Alkindus) (801–873), Iraq/Yemen – ethanol, pure distilled alcohol, cryptanalysis, frequency analysis
Petrus Jacobus Kipp (1808–1864), The Netherlands – Kipp's apparatus (chemistry)
Steve Kirsch (born 1956), USA – Optical mouse
Fritz Klatte (1880–1934), Germany – vinyl chloride, forerunner to polyvinyl chloride
Yves Klein (1928–1962), France – International Klein Blue
Margaret E. Knight (1838–1914), USA – machine that completely constructs box-bottom brown paper bags
Tom Knight (? - ), USA - BioBricks (synthetic biology)
Ivan Knunyants (1906–1990), Armenia/Russia – capron, Nylon 6, polyamide-6
Robert Koch (1843–1910), Germany – method for culturing bacteria on solid media
Willem Johan Kolff (1911–2009), Netherlands – artificial kidney hemodialysis machine
Rudolf Kompfner (1909–1977), USA – Traveling-wave tube
Konstantin Konstantinov (1817 or 1819–1871), Russia – device for measuring flight speed of projectiles, ballistic rocket pendulum, launch pad, rocket-making machine
Sergey Korolyov (1907–1966), Ukraine/Russia – first successful intercontinental ballistic missile (R-7 Semyorka), R-7 rocket family, Sputniks (including the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite), Vostok program (including the first human spaceflight)
Nikolai Korotkov (1874–1920), Russia – auscultatory technique for blood pressure measurement
Semen Korsakov (1787–1853), Russia – punched card for information storage
Mikhail Koshkin (1898–1940), Russia – T-34 medium tank, the best and most produced tank of World War II^[7]
Ognjeslav Kostović (1851–1916), Serbia/Russia – arborite (high-strength plywood, an early plastic)
Gleb Kotelnikov (1872–1944), Russia – knapsack parachute, drogue parachute
Harold D. Kraft (c. 1960) together with Jack A. Kraft (c. 1960), USA – Vortex mixer
William Justin Kroll (1889–1973), Luxemburg/USA – Kroll process
Alexei Krylov (1863–1945), Russia – gyroscopic damping of ships
Ivan Kulibin (1735–1818), Russia – egg-shaped clock, candle searchlight, elevator using screw mechanisms, a self-rolling carriage featuring a flywheel, brake, gear box, and bearing, an early optical telegraph
Shen Kuo (1031–1095), China – improved gnomon, armillary sphere, clepsydra, and sighting tube
Igor Kurchatov (1903–1960), Russia – first nuclear power plant, first nuclear reactors for submarines and surface ships
Thomas E. Kurtz (born 1928), together with John G. Kemeny (1926–1992), USA/Hungary – BASIC (programming language)
Raymond Kurzweil (born 1948), Optical character recognition; flatbed scanner
Ken Kutaragi (born 1950), Japan – PlayStation
Stephanie Kwolek (1923-2014), USA – Kevlar
John Howard Kyan (1774–1850), Ireland – The process of Kyanization used for wood preservation

L

Dmitry Lachinov (1842–1902), Russia – mercury pump, economizer for electricity consumption, electrical insulation tester, optical dynamometer, photometer, elecrolyser
René Laennec (1781–1826), France – stethoscope
Lala Balhumal Lahuri (c. 1842), Mughal India – seamless globe and celestial globe
Georges Lakhovsky (1869–1942), Russia/USA – Multiple Wave Oscillator
Hedy Lamarr (1913–2000), Austria and USA – Spread spectrum radio
Edwin H. Land (1909–1991), USA – Polaroid polarizing filters and the Land Camera
Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906), USA – bolometer
Irving Langmuir (1851–1957), USA – gas filled incandescent light bulb, hydrogen welding
Norm Larsen (1923–1970), USA – a.o. WD-40
Lewis Latimer (1848–1928), USA – Invented the modern day light bulb
Gustav de Laval (1845–1913), Sweden – invented the milk separator and the milking machine
Semyon Lavochkin (1900–1960), Russia – La-series aircraft, first operational surface-to-air missile S-25 Berkut
John Bennet Lawes (1814–1900), UK – superphosphate or chemical fertilizer
Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901–1958), USA – Cyclotron
Nikolai Lebedenko, Russia – Tsar Tank, the largest armored vehicle in history
Sergei Lebedev (1874–1934), Russia – commercially viable synthetic rubber
William Lee (1563–1614), UK – Stocking frame knitting machine
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), The Netherlands – development of the microscope
Jerome H. Lemelson (1923–1997), USA – Inventions in the fields in which he patented make possible, wholly or in part, innovations like automated warehouses, industrial robots, cordless telephones, fax machines, videocassette recorders, camcorders, and the magnetic tape drive used in Sony's Walkman tape players.
Jean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir (1822–1900), Belgium – internal combustion engine, motorboat
Giacomo da Lentini (13th Century), Italy – Sonnet
R. G. LeTourneau (1888–1969), USA – electric wheel, motor scraper, mobile oil drilling platform, bulldozer, cable control unit for scrapers
Rasmus Lerdorf (born 1968), Greenland/Canada – PHP (programming language)
Willard Frank Libby (1908–1980), USA – radiocarbon dating
Justus von Liebig (1803–1873), Germany – nitrogen-based fertilizer
Hon Lik (1951 - ), Chinese. electronic cigarette
Otto Lilienthal (1848–1896), Germany – hang glider
Lin Yutang (1895–1976), China/USA – Chinese language typewriter
Charles Lindbergh (1902–1974), USA – organ perfusion pump
Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist (1862–1931), Sweden – Kerosene stove operated by compressed air
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), Sweden – formal Binomial nomenclature for living organisms, Horologium Florae
Hans Lippershey (1570–1619), The Netherlands – telescope
Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann (1845–1921), France – Lippmann plate, Integral imaging, Lippmann electrometer
Lisitsyn brothers, Ivan Fyodorovich and Nazar Fyodorovich, Russia – samovar (the first documented makers)
William Howard Livens (1889–1964), UK – chemical warfare – Livens Projector
Eduard Locher (1840–1910), Switzerland – Locher rack railway system
Alexander Lodygin (1847–1923), Russia – electrical filament, incandescent light bulb with tungsten filament
Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765), Russia – night vision telescope, off-axis reflecting telescope, coaxial rotor, re-invented smalt
Yury Lomonosov (1876–1952), Russia/United Kingdom – first successful mainline diesel locomotive
Aleksandr Loran (1849 – after 1911), Russia – fire fighting foam, foam extinguisher
Oleg Losev (1903–1942), Russia – light-emitting diode, crystadine
Antoine Louis (1723–1792), France – Guillotine
Archibald Low (1882–1956), Britain – Pioneer of radio guidance systems
Ed Lowe (1920–1995), USA – Cat litter
Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy (1909–2001), Russia – Buran (spacecraft), Spiral project
Ignacy Łukasiewicz (1822–1882), Poland – modern kerosene lamp
Auguste and Louis Lumière (1862–1954 and 1864–1948, resp.), France – Cinématographe
Cai Lun, 蔡倫 (50–121 AD), China – paper
Giovanni Luppis or Ivan Vukić (1813–1875), Austrian Empire (ethnical Croatian, from Rijeka) – self-propelled torpedo
Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman (fl.1589–1590), Mughal India – seamless globe and celestial globe
Richard F. Lyon (1952–), USA – Optical mouse
Arkhip Lyulka (1908–1984), Russia – first double jet turbofan engine, other Soviet aircraft engines

M

Charles Macintosh (1766–1843), Scotland – waterproof raincoat, life vest
Theodore Maiman (1927–2007), USA – Laser, see also Gordon Gould
Ahmed Majan (1963–), UAE – instrumented racehorse saddle and others
Aleksandr Makarov, Russia/Germany – Orbitrap mass spectrometer
Stepan Makarov (1849–1904), Russia – Icebreaker Yermak, the first true icebreaker able to ride over and crush pack ice
Victor Makeev (1924–1985), Russia – first submarine-launched ballistic missile
Nestor Makhno (1888–1934), Ukraine/Russia – tachanka
Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov (1896–1964), Russia – Maksutov telescope
Annie Malone (1869–1957), USA – Cosmetics for African American women
Sergey Malyutin (1859–1937), Russia – designed the first matryoshka doll (together with Vasily Zvyozdochkin)
Al-Ma'mun (786–833), Iraq – singing bird automata, terrestrial globe
Boris Mamyrin (1919–2007), Russia – reflectron (ion mirror)
George William Manby (1765–1854), UK – Fire extinguisher
Joy Mangano, USA – household appliances
Charles Mantoux (1877–1947), France – Mantoux test (tuberculosis)
Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937), Italy – radio telegraphy
Gheorghe Marinescu (1863–1938), Romania – the first science films in the world in the neurology clinic in Bucharest (1898–1901)
Sylvester Marsh (1803–1884), USA – Marsh rack railway system
Konosuke Matsushita (1894–1989), Japan – a.o. battery-powered Bicycle lighting
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf (1526–1585), Syria/Egypt/Turkey – steam turbine, six-cylinder 'Monobloc' suction pump, framed sextant
Frank Marugg (inv. 1944), USA – Wheel clamp
John Landis Mason (1826–1902), USA – Mason jars
Fujio Masuoka (1943–), Japan – Flash memory
John W. Mauchly (1907–1980), USA – ENIAC – the first general purpose programmable digital computer
Henry Maudslay (1771–1831), UK – screw-cutting lathe, bench micrometer
Hiram Maxim (1840–1916), USA born, UK – First self-powered machine gun
James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) and Thomas Sutton, Scotland – color photography
Stanley Mazor (1941–), USA – microprocessor
John McAdam (1756–1836), Scotland – improved "macadam" road surface
Elijah McCoy (1843–1929), Canada – Displacement lubricator
James McLurkin (born 1972), USA – Ant robotics (robotics)
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845–1916), Russia – probiotics
Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès (1817–1880), France – margarine
Mordecai Meirowitz (born c. 1925), Roumania / Israel – Mastermind (board game)
Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907), Russia – Periodic table, pycnometer, pyrocollodion
George de Mestral (1907–1990), Switzerland – Velcro
Robert Metcalfe (born 1946), USA – Ethernet
Antonio Meucci (1808–1889), Italy/USA– a.o. various early telephones, a hygrometer, a milk test
Édouard Michelin (1859–1940), France – pneumatic tire
Anthony Michell (1870–1959), Australia – tilting pad thrust bearing, crankless engine
Artem Mikoyan (1905–1970), Armenia/Russia – MiG-series fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21 (together with Mikhail Gurevich)
Alexander Mikulin (1895–1985), Russia – Mikulin AM-34 and other Soviet aircraft engines, co-developer of the Tsar Tank
Mikhail Mil (1909–1970), Russia – Mi-series helicopter aircraft, including Mil Mi-8 (the world's most-produced helicopter) and Mil Mi-12 (the world's largest helicopter)
David L. Mills (born 1938), USA – a.o. Fuzzball router, Network Time Protocol
Marvin Minsky (born 1927), USA – a.o. Confocal microscopy
Tokushichi Mishima (1893–1975), Japan – MKM magnetic steel
Seiichi Miyake (inv. 1965), Japan – Tactile paving
Pavel Molchanov (1893–1941), Russia – radiosonde
Jules Montenier (1895–1962), USA – modern anti-perspirant deodorant
Montgolfier brothers (1740–1810) and (1745–1799), France – hot air balloon
John J. Montgomery (1858–1911), USA – heavier-than-air gliders
Narcis Monturiol i Estarriol (1819–1885), Spain – steam powered submarine
Robert Moog (1934–2005), USA – the Moog synthesizer
John J. Mooney (born c. 1928), together with Carl D. Keith (1920–2008), USA – three way catalytic converter
Roland Moreno (1945–2012), France – inventor of the smart card
Samuel Morey (1762–1843), USA – internal combustion engine
Garrett A. Morgan (1877–1963), USA – inventor of the smoke hood
Alexander Morozov (1904–1979), Russia – T-54/55 (the most produced tank in history), co-developer of T-34
Walter Frederick Morrison (1920–2010), USA – Flying disc
William Morrison (dentist) (1860–1926), USA – a.o. Cotton candy machine
Samuel Morse (1791–1872), USA – telegraph, early Morse code, see also Morse Code controversy
Sergei Ivanovich Mosin (1849–1902), Russia – Mosin–Nagant rifle
Motorins, Ivan Feodorovich (1660s–1735) and his son Mikhail Ivanovich (?–1750), Russia – Tsar Bell
Vera Mukhina (1889–1953), Russia – welded sculpture
Kary Mullis (born 1944), USA – PCR
Fe del Mundo (1911–2011), The Philippines – medical incubator made out of bamboo for use in rural communities without electrical power
Colin Murdoch (1929–2008), New Zealand – a.o. Tranquillizer gun, disposable hypodermic syringe
William Murdoch (1754–1839), Scotland – Gas lighting
Jozef Murgas (1864–1929), Slovakia – inventor of the wireless telegraph (forerunner of the radio)
Evgeny Murzin (1914–1970), Russia – ANS synthesizer
Banū Mūsā brothers, Muhammad (c. 800–873), Ahmad (803–873), Al-Hasan (810–873), Iraq – mechanical trick devices, hurricane lamp, self-trimming and self-feeding lamp, gas mask, clamshell grab, fail-safe system, mechanical musical instrument, automatic flute player, programmable machine
Pieter van Musschenbroek (1692–1761), Netherlands – Leyden jar, pyrometer
Walton Musser (1909–1998), USA – Harmonic drive gear
Eadweard Muybridge (1830–1904), UK – motion picture

N

Georgi Nadjakov (1896–1981), Bulgaria – wikt:photoelectret
Alexander Nadiradze (1914–1987), Georgia/Russia – first mobile ICBM (RT-21 Temp 2S), first reliable mobile ICBM (RT-2PM Topol)
Nagai Nagayoshi (1844–1929), Japan – Methamphetamine
James Naismith (1861–1939), Canadian born, USA – invented basketball and American football helmet
Yoshiro Nakamatsu (born 1928), Japan – "PyonPyon" spring shoes, digital watch, CinemaScope, armchair "Cerebrex", sauce pump, taxicab meter
Shuji Nakamura (born 1954), Japan – Blue laser
John Napier (1550–1617), Scotland – logarithms
Andrey Nartov (1683–1756), Russia – first lathe with a mechanic cutting tool-supporting carriage and a set of gears, fast-fire battery on a rotating disc, screw mechanism for changing the artillery fire angle, gauge–boring lathe for cannon-making, early telescopic sight
James Nasmyth (1808–1890), Scotland – steam hammer
Giulio Natta (1903–1979), together with Karl Ziegler (1898–1973), Italy/Germany – Ziegler–Natta catalyst
Nebuchadrezzar II (c. 630–562 BC), Iraq (Mesopotamia) – screw, screwpump
Erwin Neher (born 1944), together with Bert Sakmann (1942–), Germany – Patch clamp technique
Ted Nelson (born 1937), USA – Hypertext, Hypermedia
Sergey Nepobedimiy (born 1921), Russia – first supersonic anti-tank guided missile Sturm, other Soviet rocket weaponry
Karl Nessler (1872–1951), Germany/USA – a.o. Permanent wave machine, artificial eyebrows
John von Neumann (1903–1957), Hungary – Von Neumann computer architecture
Isaac Newton (1642–1727), UK – reflecting telescope (which reduces chromatic aberration)
Joseph Nicephore Niépce (1765–1833), France – photography
Nikolai Nikitin (1907–1973), Russia – prestressed concrete with wire ropes structure (Ostankino Tower), Nikitin-Travush 4000 project (precursor to X-Seed 4000)
Paul Gottlieb Nipkow (1860–1940), Germany – Nipkow disk
Jun-Ichi Nishizawa (born 1926), Japan – Optical communication system, SIT/SITh (Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor), Laser diode, PIN diode
Alfred Nobel (1833–1896), Sweden – dynamite
Ludvig Nobel (1831–1888), Sweden/Russia – first successful oil tanker
Emmy Noether (1882–1935), Germany, groundbreaking contributions to abstract algebra and theoretical physics; Noether's Theorem
Jean-Antoine Nollet (1700–1770), France – Electroscope
Wilhelm Normann (1870–1939), Germany – Hydrogenation of fats
Carl Rickard Nyberg (1858–1939), Sweden – the blowtorch

O

Aaron D. O'Connell (born 1981), USA – first Quantum machine
Theophil Wilgodt Odhner (1845–1903), Sweden/Russia – the Odhner Arithmometer, a mechanical calculator
Paul Offit, United States, along with Fred Clark and Stanley Plotkin, invented a pentavalent Rotavirus vaccine
Jarkko Oikarinen (1967–), Finland – Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
Katsuhiko Okamoto (?–), Japan – Okamoto Cubes = modifications of Rubik's Cube
Ransom Eli Olds (1864–1950), United States – Assembly line
Lucien Olivier (1838–1883), Belgium or France / Russia – Russian salad (Olivier salad)
Gerard K. O'Neill (1927–1992), USA – Storage ring (physics)
J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904–1967), United States – Atomic bomb
Edward Otho Cresap Ord, II (1858–1923) American – weapon sights & mining
Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851), Denmark – electromagnetism, aluminium
Elisha Otis (1811–1861), USA – safety system for Elevators
William Oughtred (1575–1660), UK – slide rule

P

Arogyaswami Paulraj (born 1944), India/USA – MIMO
Antonio Pacinotti (1841–1912), Italy – Pacinotti dynamo
Larry Page (born 1973), USA – with Sergey Brin invented Google web search engine
William Painter (1838–1906), UK/USA – a.o. Crown cork, Bottle opener
Alexey Pajitnov (born 1956), Russia/USA – Tetris
Julio Palmaz (born 1945), Argentina – balloon-expandable, stent
Helge Palmcrantz (1842–1880), Sweden – the multi-barrel, lever-actuated, machine gun
Daniel David Palmer (1845–1913), Canada – chiropractic
Luigi Palmieri (1807–1896), Italy – seismometer
Frank Pantridge (1916–2004), Ireland – Portable defibrillator
Georgios Papanikolaou (1883–1962), Greece / USA – Papanicolaou stain, Pap test = Pap smear
Philip M. Parker (born 1960), USA – computer automated book authoring
Alexander Parkes (1831–1890), UK – celluloid
Forrest Parry (1921–2005), USA – Magnetic stripe card
Charles Algernon Parsons (1854–1931), British – steam turbine
Spede Pasanen (1930–2001), Finland – a.o. ski jumping sling, boat ski
Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), France – Pascal's calculator
Gustaf Erik Pasch (1788–1862), Sweden – safety match
Dimitar Paskov (1914–1986), Bulgaria – Galantamine
C. Kumar N. Patel (1938–), India/USA – Carbon dioxide laser
Les Paul (1915–2009), USA – multitrack recording
Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936), Russia, – classical conditioning
Floyd Paxton (1918–1975), USA – a.o. Bread clip
John Pemberton (1831–1888), USA – Coca-Cola
Slavoljub Eduard Penkala (1871–1922), Croatia – mechanical pencil
William Henry Perkin (1838–1907), United Kingdom – first synthetic organic chemical dye Mauveine
Henry Perky (1843–1906), USA – shredded wheat
Alfred Perot (1863–1925), together with Charles Fabry (1867–1945), France – Fabry–Pérot interferometer (physics)
Stephen Perry, UK (fl. 19th century) – rubber band
Aurel Persu (1890–1977), Romania – first aerodynamic car, aluminum body with wheels included under the body, 1922
Vladimir Petlyakov (1891–1942), Russia – heavy bomber
Julius Richard Petri (1852–1921), Germany – Petri dish
Peter Petroff (1919–2004), Bulgaria – digital wrist watch, heart monitor, weather instruments
Fritz Pfleumer (1881–1945), Germany – magnetic tape
Auguste Piccard (1884–1962), Switzerland – Bathyscaphe
Wayne Pierce (inv. 1950), USA – Snow canon
Gregory Goodwin Pincus (1903–1967), together with Min Chueh Chang (1908–1991), USA/China – Combined oral contraceptive pill
Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (1810–1881), Russia – early use of ether as anaesthetic, first anaesthesia in a field operation, various kinds of surgical operations
Fyodor Pirotsky (1845–1898), Russia – electric tram
Arthur Pitney (1871–1933), United States – postage meter
Hippolyte Pixii (1808–1835), France – Pixii dynamo
Joseph Plateau (1801–1883), Belgium – phenakistiscope (stroboscope)
Baltzar von Platen (1898–1984), Sweden – gas absorption refrigerator
James Leonard Plimpton (1828–1911), USA – roller skates
Ivan Plotnikov (1902–1995), Russia – kirza leather
Roy Plunkett (1910–1994), United States – Teflon
Petrache Poenaru (1799–1875), Romania – fountain pen
Christopher Polhem (1661–1751), Sweden – the modern padlock
Nikolai Polikarpov (1892–1944), Russia – Po-series aircraft, including Polikarpov Po-2 Kukuruznik (world's most produced biplane)
Eugene Polley (1915–2012), United States – wireless remote control (with Robert Adler)
Ivan Polzunov (1728–1766), Russia – first two-cylinder steam engine
Mikhail Pomortsev (1851–1916), Russia – nephoscope
Olivia Poole (1889–1975), USA, – the Jolly Jumper baby harness
Alexander Popov (1859–1906), Russia – lightning detector (the first lightning prediction system and radio receiver), co-inventor of radio
Nikolay Popov (1931–2008), Russia – first fully gas turbine main battle tank (T-80)
Josef Popper (1838-1921), Austria- discovered the transmission of power by electricity.
Aleksandr Porokhovschikov (1892–1941), Russia – Vezdekhod (the first prototype tank, or tankette, and the first caterpillar amphibious ATV)
Ignazio Porro (1801–1875), Italy – Porro prism, Strip camera
Valdemar Poulsen (1869–1942), Denmark – magnetic wire recorder, arc converter
Joseph Priestley (1733–1804), UK – soda water
Alexander Procofieff de Seversky (1894–1974), Russia/United States of America – first gyroscopically stabilized bombsight, ionocraft, also developed air-to-air refueling
Alexander Prokhorov (1916–2002), Russia – co-inventor of laser and maser
Petro Prokopovych (1775–1850), Ukraine/Russia – early beehive frame, queen excluder and other beekeeping novelties
Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky (1863–1944), Russia/France – early colour photography method based on three colour channels, also colour film slides and colour motion pictures
Mark Publicover (born 1958), USA – First affordable trampoline safety net enclosure
George Pullman (1831–1897), USA – Pullman sleep wagon
Michael I. Pupin (1858–1935), Serbia – pupinization (loading coils), tunable oscillator
Tivadar Puskas (1844–1893), Hungary – telephone exchange

Q

Calvin Quate (1923–), with Gerd Binnig (1947–), and with Christoph Gerber (?–), USA/Germany/Switzerland – Atomic force microscope
Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874), France/Belgium – Body mass index (BMI)

R

Jacob Rabinow (1910–1999), USA – a.o. Magnetic particle clutch, various Phonograph-related patents
Hasan al-Rammah (fl.1270s), Syria – rocket-propelled torpedo
John Goffe Rand (1801–1873), USA – Tube (container)
Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) (865–965), Persia/Iran – distillation and extraction methods, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, soap kerosene, kerosene lamp, chemotherapy, sodium hydroxide
Alec Reeves (1902–1971), UK – Pulse-code modulation
Karl von Reichenbach (1788–1869), Germany – paraffin, creosote oil, phenol
Tadeus Reichstein (1897–1996), Poland/Switzerland – Reichstein process (industrial vitamin C synthesis)
Ira Remsen (1846–1927), USA – saccharin
Ralf Reski (born 1958), Germany – Moss bioreactor 1998
Josef Ressel (1793–1857), Czechoslovakia – ship propeller
Ri Sung-gi (1905–1996), North Korea – Vinylon
Charles Francis Richter (1900–1985), USA – Richter magnitude scale
Adolph Rickenbacker (1886–1976), Switzerland – Electric guitar
Hyman George Rickover (1900–1986), USA – Nuclear submarine
Niklaus Riggenbach (1817–1899), Switzerland – Riggenbach rack railway system, Counter-pressure brake
Dennis Ritchie (1941–2011), USA – C (programming language)
Leonard Rivkin (inv. 1962), USA – Child safety seat
Gilles de Roberval (1602–1675), France – Roberval balance
John Roebuck (1718–1794) UK – lead chamber process for sulfuric acid synthesis
Francis Rogallo (1912–2009), USA – Rogallo wing
Heinrich Rohrer (1933–2013), together with Gerd Binnig (1947–), Switzerland/Germany – Scanning tunneling microscope
Peter I the Great (Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov), Tsar and Emperor of Russia (1672–1725), Russia – decimal currency, yacht club, sounding line with separating plummet (sounding weight probe)
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845–1923), Germany – the X-ray machine
Ida Rosenthal (1886–1973), Belarus/Russia/United States – modern bra (Maidenform), the standard of cup sizes, nursing bra, full-figured bra, the first seamed uplift bra (all with her husband William)
Sidney Rosenthal (1907–1979), USA – Magic Marker
Eugene Roshal (born 1972), Russia – FAR file manager, RAR file format, WinRAR file archiver
Boris Rosing (1869–1933), Russia – CRT television (first television system using CRT on the receiving side)
Guido van Rossum (born 1956), The Netherlands – Python (programming language)
Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier (1754–1785), France – Rozière balloon
Ernő Rubik (born 1944), Hungary – Rubik's Cube, Rubik's Magic and Rubik's Clock
Ernst Ruska (1906–1988), Germany – electron microscope

S

Albert Bruce Sabin (1906–1993), USA – oral Polio vaccine
Alexander Sablukov (1783–1857), Russia – centrifugal fan
Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu (1385–1468), Turkey – illustrated surgical atlas
Gilles Saint-Hilaire (born 1948), Canada – Quasiturbine, Qurbine
Andrei Sakharov (1921–1989), Russia – invented explosively pumped flux compression generator, co-developed the Tsar Bomb and tokamak
Jonas Edward Salk (1914–1995), USA – injection Polio vaccine
Ibn Samh (c. 1020), Middle East – mechanical geared astrolabe
Franz San Galli (1824–1908), Poland/Russia (Italian and German descent) – radiator, modern central heating
Frederick Sanger (1918–2013), USA – Sanger sequencing (= DNA sequencing)
Larry Sanger (born 1968), together with Jimmy Wales (1966–), USA – Wikipedia
Yoshiyuki Sankai (c. 1957–), Japan – Robotic exoskeleton for motion support (medicine)
Alberto Santos-Dumont (1873–1932), Brazil – non-rigid airship and airplane
Arthur William Savage (1857–1938) – radial tires, gun magazines, Savage Model 99 lever action rifle
Thomas Savery (1650–1715), UK – steam engine
Adolphe Sax (1814–1894), Belgium – saxophone
Vincent Joseph Schaefer (1906–1993), USA – a.o. Cloud seeding by dry ice
Bela Schick (1877–1967), Hungary – diphtheria test
Hugo Schiff (1834–1915), Germany – Schiff test (histology)
Pavel Schilling (1786–1837), Estonia/Russia – first electromagnetic telegraph, mine with an electric fuse
Gilmore Schjeldahl (1912–2002), USA – Airsickness bag
Hubert Schlafly (1919–2011), USA – Teleprompter = Autocue
Wilhelm Schlenk (1879–1943), Germany – Schlenk flask (chemistry)
Bernhard Schmidt (1879–1935), Estonia/Germany – Schmidt camera
Otto Schmitt (1913–1998), USA – Schmitt trigger (electronics)
Christian Schnabel (1878–1936), German – simplistic food cutleries
Kees A. Schouhamer Immink (1946–), Netherlands – Major contributor to development of Compact Disc
August Schrader (1820–?), USA – Schrader valve for Pneumatic tire
Hans Schrader (1924–1963), together with Franz Joseph Emil Fischer (1877–1947), Germany – Fischer assay (oil yield test)
David Schwarz (1852–1897), Croatia, – rigid ship, later called Zeppelin
Marc Seguin (1786–1875), France – wire-cable suspension bridge
Hanaoka Seishū (1760–1835), Japan – General anaesthetic
Ted Selker (inv. 1987), USA – Pointing stick
Sennacherib (705–681 BC), Iraq (Mesopotamia) – screw pump
Léon Serpollet (1858–1907), France – Flash boiler, Gardner-Serpollet steam car
Iwan Serrurier (1878–1953), Netherlands/USA – inventor of the Moviola for film editing
Mark Serrurier (1904–1988), USA – Serrurier truss for Optical telescopes
Gerhard Sessler (born 1931), Germany – foil electret microphone, silicon microphone
Guy Severin (1926–2008), Russia – extra-vehicular activity supporting system
Ed Seymour (inv. c. 1949), USA – Aerosol paint
Leonty Shamshurenkov (1687–1758), Russia – first self-propelling carriage (a precursor to both bicycle and automobile), projects of an original odometer and self-propelling sledge
Ibn al-Shatir (1304–1375), Syria – "jewel box" device which combined a compass with a universal sundial
Bi Sheng (Chinese: 畢昇) (c. 990–1051), China – clay movable type printing
Nick Sheridon (1928–1962), USA – Electronic paper
Murasaki Shikibu (c. 973–1025), Japan – psychological novel
Pyotr Shilovsky (1871 – after 1924), Russia/United Kingdom – gyrocar
Masatoshi Shima (born 1943), Japan – microprocessor
Fathullah Shirazi (c. 1582), Mughal India – early volley gun
Joseph Shivers (1920-2014), USA – Spandex
William Bradford Shockley (1910–1989), USA – co-inventor of transistor
Henry Shrapnel (1761–1842), UK – Shrapnel shell ammunition
Vladimir Shukhov (1853–1939), Russia – thermal cracking (Shukhov cracking process), thin-shell structure, tensile structure, hyperboloid structure, gridshell, modern oil pipeline, cylindric oil depot
Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor (born 1972), Malaysia – cell growth in outer space, crystallization of proteins and microbes in space
Augustus Siebe (1788–1872), Germany/UK – Inventor of the standard diving dress
Sir William Siemens (1823–1883), Germany – regenerative furnace
Werner von Siemens (1816–1892), Germany – a.o. electric elevator, Electromote (= first trolleybus), an early Dynamo
Al-Sijzi (c. 945–1020), Persia/Iran – heliocentric astrolabe
Igor Sikorsky (1889–1972), Russia/USA – first four-engine fixed-wing aircraft (Russky Vityaz), first airliner and purpose-designed bomber (Ilya Muromets), modern helicopter, Sikorsky-series helicopters
Bernard Silver (1924–1963), together with Norman Joseph Woodland (1921–2012), USA – Barcode
Kia Silverbrook (born 1958), Australia – Memjet printer, world's most prolific inventor
Vladimir Simonov (born 1935), Russia – APS Underwater Assault Rifle, SPP-1 underwater pistol
Charles Simonyi (born 1948), Hungary – Hungarian notation
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (973–1037), Persia/Iran – steam distillation, essential oil, pharmacopoeia, clinical pharmacology, clinical trial, randomized controlled trial, quarantine, cancer surgery, cancer therapy, pharmacotherapy, phytotherapy, Hindiba, Taxus baccata L, calcium channel blocker
Isaac Singer (1811–1875), USA – sewing machine
B. F. Skinner (1904–1990), USA – Operant conditioning chamber
Nikolay Slavyanov (1854–1897), Russia – shielded metal arc welding
Alexander Smakula (1900–1983), Ukraine/Russia/USA – anti-reflective coating
Michael Smith (1932–2000), USA – Site-directed mutagenesis (molecular biology)
Oliver Smithies (born 1925), together with Sir Martin John Evans (1941–), and Mario Ramberg Capecchi (1937–), USA – Knockout mouse, Gene targeting
Yefim Smolin, Russia – table-glass (stakan granyonyi)
Friedrich Soennecken (1848–1919), Germany – Ring binder, Hole punch
Su Song (1020–1101), China – first chain drive
Marin Soljačić (1974), Croatia - Resonant inductive coupling
Edwin Southern (born 1938), USA – Southern blot (molecular biology)
Alfred P. Southwick (1826 – 1898), USA - Electric chair
Igor Spassky (born 1926), Russia – Sea Launch platform
Percy Spencer (1894–1970), USA – microwave oven
Elmer Ambrose Sperry (1860–1930), USA – gyroscope-guided automatic pilot
Lyman Spitzer (1914–1997), USA – Stellarator (physics)
Bhargav Sri Prakash (born 1977), India/USA - Learnification platform at FriendsLearn, Virtual Reality System, electromagnetic collision avoidance system, OBD based in-vehicle powertrain performance measurement, rate based driver controls for drive by wire systems
Ladislas Starevich (1882–1965), Russia/France – puppet animation, live-action/animated film
Gary Starkweather (born 1938), USA – laser printer, color management
Boris Stechkin (1891–1969), Russia – co-developer of Sikorsky Ilya Muromets and Tsar Tank, developer of Soviet heat and aircraft engines
George Stephenson (1781–1848), UK – steam railway
Simon Stevin (1548–1620), Netherlands – land yacht
Andreas Stihl (1896–1973), Switzerland/Germany – Electric chain saw
Reverend Dr Robert Stirling (1790–1878), Scotland – Stirling engine
Aurel Stodola (1859–1942), Slovakia – gas turbines
Aleksandr Stoletov (1839–1896), Russia – first solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effect
David Strang (inv. 1890), New Zealand – first Instant coffee
Levi Strauss (1829–1902), USA – blue jeans
John Stringfellow (1799–1883), UK – aerial steam carriage
Bjarne Stroustrup (born 1950), Denmark – C++ (programming language)
Almon Strowger (1839–1902), USA – automatic telephone exchange
Emil Strub (1858–1909), Switzerland – Strub rack railway system
Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi) (903–986), Persia/Iran – timekeeping astrolabe, navigational astrolabe, surveying astrolabe
Kyota Sugimoto (1882–1972), Japan – Japanese language typewriter
Mutsuo Sugiura (1918–1986), China – Esophagogastroduodenoscope
Pavel Sukhoi (1895–1975), Russia – Su-series fighter aircraft
Simon Sunatori (born 1959), Canada – inventor of MagneScribe and Magic Spicer
Sushruta (600 BC), Vedic India – inventor of Plastic Surgery, Cataract Surgery, Rhinoplasty
Theodor Svedberg (1884–1971), Sweden – Analytical ultracentrifuge
Joseph Swan (1828–1914), UK – Incandescent light bulb
Robert Swanson (1905–1994), Canada – Invented and developed the first multi-chime air horn for use with diesel locomotives
Remi Swierczek (born 1958), Poland – Inventor of Music Identification System and the Mico Changer (coin hopper and dispenser used in casinos)
Andrei Sychra (c.1773/76–1850), Lithuania/Russia, Czech descent – Russian seven-string guitar
Vladimir Syromyatnikov (1933–2006), Russia – Androgynous Peripheral Attach System and other spacecraft docking mechanisms
Simon Sze (born 1936), Taiwan/USA, together with Dawon Kahng (1931–1992), South Korea – Floating-gate MOSFET
Leó Szilárd (1898–1964), Hungary/USA – Co-developed the atomic bomb, patented the nuclear reactor, catalyst of the Manhattan Project

T

Salih Tahtawi (fl.1659–1660), Mughal India – seamless globe and celestial globe
Teiji Takada, Japan – Fire balloon
Gyula Takátsy (1914–1980), Hungary – first Microtiter plate
Esther Takeuchi (born 1953) - holds more than 150 US-patents, the largest number for any woman in the United States
Igor Tamm (1895–1971), Russia – co-developer of tokamak
Ching W. Tang (born 1947), Hong Kong/USA, together with Steven Van Slyke, USA – OLED
Mardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi (c. 1187), Middle East – counterweight trebuchet, mangonel
Gustav Tauschek (1899–1945), Austria – Drum memory
Kenyon Taylor (inv. 1961), USA – Flip-disc display
Bernard Tellegen (1900–1990), Netherlands – pentode
Edward Teller (1908–2003), Hungary – hydrogen bomb
Nikola Tesla (1856–1943), Croatia/Serbia – induction motor, high-voltage / high-frequency power experiments, the transmission of electrical power
Léon Theremin (1896–1993), Russia – theremin, interlace, burglar alarm, terpsitone, Rhythmicon (first drum machine), The Thing (listening device)
Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (1785–1870), France – Arithmometer
Elihu Thomson (1853–1937), UK, USA – Prolific inventor, Arc lamp and many others
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824–1907), United Kingdom – Kelvin absolute temperature scale
Sten Gustaf Thulin (around the 1960s), Sweden– disposable Plastic shopping bag
Eric Tigerstedt (1887–1925), Finland – Sound-on-film, triode vacuum tube
Kalman Tihanyi (1897–1947), Hungary – co-inventor of cathode ray tube and iconoscope
Mikhail Tikhonravov (1900–1974), Russia – co-developer of Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite) together with Korolyov and Keldysh, designer of further Sputniks
Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov (1875–1960), Russia – feathering spectrograph
Benjamin Chew Tilghman (1821–1897), USA – sandblasting
Fedor Tokarev (1871–1968), Russia – TT-33 semiautomatic handgun and SVT-40 self-loading rifle
Ray Tomlinson (inv. 1971), USA – First inter-computer email
Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647), Italy – barometer
Alfred Traeger (1895–1980), Australia – Pedal radio
Richard Trevithick (1771–1833), UK – high-pressure steam engine, first full-scale steam locomotive
Franc Trkman (1903–1978), Slovenia – electrical switches, accessories for opening windows
Hans Tropsch (1889–1935), together with Franz Joseph Emil Fischer (1877–1947), Germany – Fischer–Tropsch process (refinery process)
Yuri Trutnev (1927–), Russia – co-developer of the Tsar Bomb
Roger Y. Tsien (born 1952), together with Osamu Shimomura (1928–) and Martin Chalfie (born 1947), USA – Discovery and development of Green fluorescent protein
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935), Russia – spaceflight
Mikhail Tsvet (1872–1919), Russia – chromatography (specifically adsorption chromatography, the first chromatography method)
Alexei Tupolev (1925–2001), Russia – the Tupolev Tu-144 (first supersonic passenger jet)
Andrei Tupolev (1888–1972), Russia – turboprop powered long-range airliner (Tupolev Tu-114), turboprop strategic bomber (Tupolev Tu-95)
Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (1201–1274), Persia/Iran – observatory, Tusi-couple
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī (1135–1213), Persia/Iran – linear astrolabe

U

Shintaro Uda (1869–1976), together with Hidetsugu Yagi (1886–1976), Japan – Yagi-Uda antenna
Lewis Urry (1927–2004), Canada – long-lasting alkaline battery
Vladimir Utkin (1923–2000), Russia – railcar–launched ICBM (RT-23 Molodets)
Tomislav Uzelac, Croatia - first successful MP3 player, AMP

V

Vladimir Sergeyevich Vakhmistrov (1897–1972), Russia – first bomber with a parasite aircraft (Zveno project)
Ira Van Gieson (1866–1913), USA – Van Gieson's stain (histology)
Theophilus Van Kannel (1841–1919), United States – revolving door (1888)
Viktor Vasnetsov (1848–1926), Russia – budenovka military hat
Vladimir Veksler (1907–1966), Russia – synchrophasotron, co-inventor of synchrotron
John Venn (1834–1923), UK – Venn diagram (1881)
Auguste Victor Louis Verneuil (1856–1913), France – Verneuil process (crystal growth)
Pierre Vernier (1580–1637), France – Vernier scale (1631)
Lucien Vidi (1805–1866), France – Barograph
Edgar Villchur (1917–2011), USA – a.o. Acoustic suspension (loudspeaker)
Dmitry Vinogradov (c.1720/25–1758), Russia – original Russian hard-paste porcelain (together with Mikhail Lomonosov)
Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), Germany – standardised Autopsy protocols
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (1895–1973), Finland – a.o. AIV fodder
Louis R. Vitullo (1924?–2006), United States – developed the first sexual assault evidence kit
Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), Italy – battery, see also Voltaic pile
Bernard Vonnegut (1914–1997), together with Henry Chessin, and Richard E. Passarelli, Jr., USA – a.o. Cloud seeding by silver iodide
Faust Vrančić (1551–1617), Croatia – parachute
Ivan Vučetić (1858-1925), Croatia - Method of fingerprint classification
Traian Vuia (1872–1950), Romania – designed, built, tested the first aircraft able to take off/land independently on its own wheels in 1906. Vuia reportedly flew to a height of 1 Meter and was able to stay aloft for 20 Meters.
Ivan Vyrodkov (1488–1563–64), Russia – siege tower

W

Paul Walden (1863–1957), Latvia/Russia/Germany – Walden inversion, Ethylammonium nitrate (the first room temperature ionic liquid)
Jimmy Wales (born 1966), together with Larry Sanger (1968–), USA – Wikipedia
Madam C.J. Walker (1867–1919), USA – beauty and hair products for African American women
Barnes Wallis (1887–1979), UK – bouncing bomb
Frederick Walton (c. 1834–1928), UK – Linoleum
Aldred Scott Warthin (1866–1931), together with Allen Chronister Starry (1890–1973), USA – Warthin–Starry stain (histology)
Robert Watson-Watt (1892–1973), Scotland – microwave radar
James Watt (1736–1819), Scotland – improved Steam engine
Thomas Wedgwood (1771–1805), UK – first (not permanent) photograph
Huang Weilu, China – Anti-ship ballistic missile and series of DF-21 missiles
Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858–1929), Austria – Gas mantle, ferrocerium
Jonas Wenström (1855–1893), Sweden – three-phase electrical power
George Westinghouse (1846–1914), USA – Air brake (rail)
Charles Wheatstone (1802–1875), UK – a.o. concertina, stereoscope, microphone, Playfair cipher, pseudoscope, dynamo
Richard T. Whitcomb (1921–2009), USA – Supercritical airfoil, Winglet
Eli Whitney (1765–1825), USA – the cotton gin
Frank Whittle (1907–1996), UK – co-inventor of the jet engine
Otto Wichterle (1913–1989), Czechoslovakia – soft contact lens
Gottlob Widmann (inv. c. 1954), Germany – Electrical drip coffee maker
Norman Wilkinson (1878–1971), UK – Dazzle camouflage
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959), UK – Cloud chamber
Paul Winchell (1922–2005), USA – the artificial heart
Sergei Winogradsky (1856–1953), Russia / USSR – Winogradsky column for culturing microorganisms
Niklaus Wirth (born 1934), Switzerland – Pascal (programming language)
A. Baldwin Wood (1879–1956), USA – high volume pump
Norman Joseph Woodland (1921–2012), together with Bernard Silver (1924–1963), USA – Barcode
Granville Woods (1856–1910), USA – the Synchronous Multiplex Railway Telegraph
James Homer Wright (1869–1928), USA – Wright's stain (histology)
Wright brothers, Orville (1871–1948) and Wilbur (1867–1912) – USA – powered airplane
Arthur Wynne (1862–1945), UK – creator of crossword puzzle

X

Yi Xing (683–727), China – astronomical clock

Y

Pavel Yablochkov (1847–1894), Russia – Yablochkov candle (first commercially viable electric carbon arc lamp)
Hidetsugu Yagi (1886–1976), together with Shintaro Uda (1896–1976), Japan – Yagi-Uda antenna
Alexander Yakovlev (1906–1989), Russia – Yak-series aircraft, including Yakovlev Yak-40 (the first regional jet)
Linus Yale, Jr. (1821–1868), USA – cylinder lock
Linus Yale, Sr. (1797–1858), USA Penetomas – pin tumbler lock
Shunpei Yamazaki (born 1942), Japan – patents in a.o. computer science and solid-state physics, see List of prolific inventors
Gazi Yasargil (born 1925), Turkey – Microneurosurgery
Khalid ibn Yazid (635–704), Syria/Egypt – potassium nitrate
Ryōichi Yazu (1878–1908), Japan – Yazu Arithmometer
Gunpei Yokoi (1941–1997), Japan – Game Boy
Arthur M. Young (1905–1995), USA – the Bell Helicopter
Vladimir Yourkevitch (1885–1964), Russia/France/USA – modern ship hull design
Tu Youyou (1930–), China – Artemisinin
Sergei Yudin (1891–1954), Russia – cadaveric blood transfusion and other medical operations
Muhammad Yunus (born 1940), Bangladesh – microcredit, microfinance
Abu Yusuf Yaqub (c. 1274), Morocco/Spain – siege cannon
Abraham Albert Yuzpe (inv. c. 1974), USA – Yuzpe regimen (= form of Emergency contraception)

Z

Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) (936–1013), Islamic Spain – catgut surgical suture, various surgical instruments and dental devices
Frank Zamboni (1901–1988), USA – Ice resurfacer
Giuseppe Zamboni (1776–1846), Italy – Zamboni pile (early battery)
Ludwik Łazarz Zamenhof (1859–1917), Russia/Poland – Esperanto
Walter Zapp (1905–2003), Latvia/Estonia/Germany – Minox (subminiature camera)
Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) (1028–1087), Islamic Spain – almanac, equatorium, universal astrolabe
Yevgeny Zavoisky (1907–1976), Russia – EPR spectroscopy, co-developer of NMR spectroscopy
Nikolay Zelinsky (1861–1953), Russia – the first effective filtering coal gas mask in the world
Ferdinand von Zeppelin (1838–1917), Germany – Zeppelin
Frits Zernike (1888–1966), The Netherlands – Phase contrast microscope
Tang Zhongming (1897–1980), China – internal combustion engine powered by charcoal
Jian Zhou (1957–1999), together with Ian Hector Frazer (1953–), China/USA – HPV vaccine against cervical cancer
Nikolai Zhukovsky (1847–1921), Russia – an early wind tunnel, co-developer of the Tsar Tank
Karl Ziegler (1898–1973), together with Giulio Natta (1903–1979), Germany/Italy – Ziegler–Natta catalyst
Franz Ziehl (1857–1926), together with Friedrich Neelsen (1854–1898), Germany – Ziehl–Neelsen stain (histology)
Konrad Zuse (1910–1995), Germany – invented the first programmable general-purpose computer (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4)
Vasily Zvyozdochkin (1876–1956), Russia – matryoshka doll (together with Sergey Malyutin)
Vladimir Zworykin (1889–1982), Russia/USA – Iconoscope, kinescope.

References

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↑ Poyer, Joe. The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations. North Cape Publications. 2004.
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sv:Alfabetisk lista över svenska uppfinnare och vetenskapsmän

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v t e Inventions and discoveries
Lists of inventions or discoveries by country	Australia Austria Azerbaijan Brazil Britain England Scotland Canada China inventions discoveries France Germany Greece India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea Mexico Netherlands Pakistan Philippines Poland Portugal inventions discoveries Russia Spain Switzerland Taiwan Thailand United States inventions before 1890 1890–1945 1946–1991 after 1991 discoveries
by topic	Discoveries chemistry cosmology multiple discoveries science Historic inventions Analog-to-digital Byzantine Empire Indus Valley Medieval Islamic Military Native American
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