List of English irregular verbs

For details about the types and origin of irregular verbs in English, see English irregular verbs. For information about verbs generally, see English verbs.

This is a list of irregular verbs in the English language.

For each verb listed, the citation form (the bare infinitive) is given first, with a link to the relevant Wiktionary entry. This is followed by the simple past tense (preterite), and then the past participle. If there are irregular present tense forms (see below), these are given in parentheses after the infinitive. (The present participle and gerund forms of verbs, ending in -ing, are always regular. In English, these are used as verbs, adjectives, and nouns.) In the case of modal verbs the present and preterite forms are listed, since these are the only forms that exist.

The right-hand column notes whether the verb is weak or strong and whether it belongs to a subclass, and links to descriptions elsewhere. Information about the development of these verbs generally can be found at English irregular verbs; details of the etymology and usage of specific verbs can be found by consulting Wiktionary.

In some cases, there are two or more possibilities for a given form. In the table, the preferred or more common usage is generally listed first, though for some words the usage is nearly equal for the two choices. Sometimes the usage depends on the dialect. In many cases, such as spell (spelt vs. spelled), learn (learnt vs. learned), and spill (spilt vs. spilled), American English normally uses the regular form, while British English tends to favor the irregular. In other cases, such as dive (dived vs. dove) and sneak (sneaked vs. snuck), the opposite is true. Australian, New Zealand and South African English tend to follow the British practice, while Canadian English often sides with the American usage.

The table includes selected archaic forms, marked * (some of these forms may survive in dialectal or specialist uses).

Verb forms	Verb class and notes
be (am, is, are) – was, were – been	Suppletive. See Indo-European copula.
bear – bore/*bare – borne/born forbear – forbore/*forbare – forborne/forborn *misbear – *misbore/*misbare – *misborne/misborn overbear – overbore/*overbare – overborne/overborn underbear – underbore/*underbare – underborne/underborn	Strong, class 4. The spelling born is used in passive or adjectival contexts relating to birth.
beat – beat – beaten/beat browbeat – browbeat – browbeaten/browbeat overbeat – overbeat – overbeaten/overbeat	Strong, class 7
become – became – become misbecome – misbecame – misbecome	Strong, class 4
beget – begot/*begat – begotten/begot misbeget – misbegot/*misbegat – misbegotten/misbegot	Strong, class 5
begin – began – begun	Strong, class 3
bend – bent/*bended – bent/*bended overbend – overbent/*overbended – overbent/*overbended unbend – unbent/*unbended – unbent/*unbended	Weak with coalescence of dentals
beseech – beseeched/*besought – beseeched/*besought	Weak with Rückumlaut and Germanic spirant law (now regularized)
bet – bet/betted – bet/betted underbet – underbet/underbetted – underbet/underbetted	Weak with coalescence of dentals
beware – (no other forms)	Defective; formed from be with predicate adjective, used as infinitive, imperative and subjunctive only. Inflected forms (bewares, bewared, bewaring) are considered obsolete.
bid [in auctions etc.] – bid – bid outbid – outbid – outbid overbid – overbid – overbid rebid – rebid – rebid underbid – underbid – underbid	Weak with coalescence of dentals
bid [meaning to request or say] – bid/*bade – bid/*bidden	Strong, class 5
bide – bided/bode – bided/bidden abide – abided/*abode – abided/*abidden	Strong, class 1
bind – bound – bound unbind – unbound – unbound underbind – underbound – underbound	Strong, class 3
bite – bit – bitten frostbite – frostbit – frostbitten	Strong, class 1
bleed – bled – bled	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals
bless – blessed/*blest – blessed/*blest	Weak, regular with alternative (archaic) spelling
blow – blew – blown overblow – overblew – overblown	Strong, class 7
break – broke – broken outbreak – outbroke – outbroken rebreak – rebroke – rebroken	Strong, class 4
breed – bred – bred inbreed – inbred – inbred interbreed – interbred – interbred overbreed – overbred – overbred	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals
bring – brought – brought	Weak with Rückumlaut and Germanic spirant law
build – built – built overbuild – overbuilt – overbuilt rebuild – rebuilt – rebuilt underbuild – underbuilt – underbuilt	Weak with coalescence of dentals
burn – burned/burnt – burned/burnt sunburn – sunburned/sunburnt – sunburned/sunburnt	Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
burst – burst/*brast – burst/*bursten	Strong, class 3
bust – busted/bust – busted/bust	Strong, class 3 (or regular)
buy – bought – bought/*boughten *abuy – *abought – *abought overbuy – overbought – overbought underbuy – underbought – underbought	Weak with Rückumlaut and Germanic spirant law
can [auxiliary verb] – could – (none)	Preterite-present, defective. See English modal verbs
cast – cast – cast broadcast – broadcast – broadcast downcast – downcast – downcast forecast – forecast – forecast miscast – miscast – miscast overcast – overcast – overcast podcast – podcast – podcast precast – precast – precast recast – recast – recast simulcast – simulcast – simulcast telecast – telecast – telecast typecast – typecast – typecast undercast – undercast – undercast upcast – upcast – upcast webcast – webcast – webcast	Weak with coalescence of dentals. Many of the prefixed forms can also take -ed.
catch – caught – caught	Weak, French loanword conjugated perhaps by analogy with teach–taught
chide – chided/chid/*chode – chided/chid/chidden	Strong, class 1
choose – chose – chosen mischoose – mischose – mischosen	Strong, class 2
clad – clad – clad	Developed from clad, the past form of clothe (see below).
clap – clapped/*clapt – clapped/*clapt
cleave [meaning to split] – cleft/clove/cleaved/*clave – cleft/cloven/cleaved	Strong, class 2, sometimes switching to weak with vowel shortening. When meaning "adhere" the verb is regular.
*clepe – cleped/clepen/*clept – cleped/*clept/*clepen/*yclept	Weak with vowel shortening, or regular. Obsolete or dialectal.
cling – clung – clung	Strong, class 3
clothe – clad/clothed – clad/clothed overclothe – overclad/overclothed – overclad/overclothed unclothe – unclad/unclothed – unclad/unclothed underclothe – underclad/underclothed – underclad/underclothed	Weak; the regular clothed is from OE claþian, while clad (weak with coalescence of dentals) is from OE clæþan (both OE verbs having similar meaning).
come – came – come/comen overcome – overcame – overcome/overcomen see also under become	Strong, class 4
cost [intransitive sense] – cost/costed – cost/costed	Weak with coalescence of dentals. Regular when meaning "calculate the cost of".
creep – crept/creeped/*crope – crept/creeped/*cropen	Originally strong, class 2; switched to weak with vowel shortening (or regular)
crow – crowed/crew – crowed/*crown	Strong, class 7. Now usually regular, but crew can still be used of a cock's crowing.
cut – cut – cut clearcut – clearcut – clearcut crosscut – crosscut – crosscut *forcut – *forcut – *forcut intercut – intercut – intercut recut – recut – recut undercut – undercut – undercut	Weak with coalescence of dentals
dare (dares/dare) – dared/*durst – dared	Preterite-present, now regular except in the use of dare in place of dares in some contexts. See English modal verbs
deal – dealt – dealt misdeal – misdealt – misdealt redeal – redealt – redealt	Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending
dig – dug/*digged – dug/*digged underdig – underdug – underdug	Originally weak; past form dug developed by analogy with stick–stuck
dive – dived/dove – dived/dove	Weak, the alternative dove (found mainly in American usage) arising by analogy with strong verbs
do (does /dʌz/) – did – done *fordo – *fordid – *fordone misdo – misdid – misdone outdo – outdid – outdone overdo – overdid – overdone redo redid – redone undo – undid – undone underdo – underdid – underdone	Irregular since Proto-Germanic: past tense formed by reduplication. Past participle from Old English gedon
drag – dragged/*drug – dragged/*drug	Strong, class 6, now usually regular; drug is used in some dialects
draw – drew – drawn outdraw – outdrew – outdrawn overdraw – overdrew – overdrawn redraw – redrew – redrawn underdraw – underdrew – underdrawn withdraw – withdrew – withdrawn	Strong, class 6
dream – dreamed/dreamt/*drempt – dreamed/dreamt/*drempt	Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending (or regular)
dress – dressed/*drest – dressed/*drest	Weak with alternative (archaic) spelling
drink – drank/*drunk/*drinked – drunk/*drank/*drinked/*drunken outdrink – outdrank/*outdrunk/*outdrinked – outdrunk/*outdrank/*outdrinked/*outdrunken overdrink – overdrank/*overdrunk/*overdrinked – overdrunk/*overdrank/*overdrinked/*overdrunken	Strong, class 3
drive – drove/*drave – driven overdrive – overdrove/*overdrave – overdriven test-drive – test-drove/*test-drave – test-driven	Strong, class 1
dwell – dwelt/dwelled – dwelt/dwelled	Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
eat – ate/*et – eaten overeat – overate/*overet – overeaten undereat – underate/*underet – undereaten	Strong, class 5. Past tense usually /eɪt/, sometimes /ɛt/ in British English.
fall – fell/*felled – fallen/*felled befall – befell/*befelled – befallen/*befelled *misbefall – misbefell/*misbefelled – misbefallen/*misbefelled *misfall – misfell/*misfelled – misfallen/*misfelled	Strong, class 7
feed – fed – fed breastfeed – breastfed – breastfed force-feed – force-fed – force-fed hand-feed – hand-fed – hand-fed misfeed – misfed – misfed overfeed – overfed – overfed self-feed – self-fed – self-fed spoonfeed – spoonfed – spoonfed underfeed – underfed – underfed	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals
feel – felt – felt	Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending
fight – fought – fought/*foughten	Strong, class 3
find – found/*fand – found/*founden refind – refound/*refand – refound/*refounden	Strong, class 3
fit – fitted/fit – fitted/fit misfit – misfitted/misfit – misfitted/misfit	Weak with coalescence of dentals
flee – fled – fled	Originally strong, class 2, switched to weak with vowel shortening
fling – flung – flung	By analogy with strong, class 3
fly – flew – flown outfly – outflew – outflown overfly – overflew – overflown test-fly – test-flew – test-flown	Strong, class 2. Regular when used for hitting a fly ball in baseball.
forbid – forbid/forbade/forbad – forbidden	Strong, class 5
forget – forgot/*forgat – forgotten/*forgot	Strong, class 5
*forlese – forlore – forlorn	Past participle remains in use adjectivally.
forsake – forsook – forsaken	Strong, class 6
freeze – froze – frozen quick-freeze – quick-froze – quick-frozen refreeze – refroze – refrozen unfreeze – unfroze – unfrozen	Strong, class 2
get – got/*gat – got/gotten *beget – begot/*begat – begot/begotten forget – forgot/*forgat – forgot/forgotten *misget – misgot/*misgat – misgot/misgotten *overget – overgot/*overgat – overgot/overgotten *underget – undergot/*undergat – undergot/undergotten	Strong, class 5. Past participle is got in British usage (except in fossilized phrases such as "ill-gotten"), and gotten in American (but see have got).
gild – gilded/gilt – gilded/gilt	Weak with coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending (or regular)
gird – girded/*girt – girded/*girt undergird – undergirded/*undergirt – undergirded/*undergirt	Weak with coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending (or regular)
give – gave – given forgive – forgave – forgiven misgive – misgave – misgiven overgive – overgave – overgiven	Strong, class 5
go – went – gone *bego – bewent – begone forego – forewent – foregone forgo – forwent – forgone *overgo – overwent – overgone undergo – underwent – undergone *withgo – withwent – withgone	Suppletive. See article on the verb go.
*grave – grove/graved – graven/graved	Strong, class 6. Past participle graven remains in use adjectivally, as in graven images in archaic language, e.g. from the 17th century. The verb engrave is regular.
grind – ground/grinded – ground/grinded/*grounden	Strong, class 3
grow – grew/*growed – grown/*growed outgrow – outgrew/*outgrowed – outgrown/*outgrowed overgrow – overgrew/*overgrowed – overgrown/*overgrowed regrow – regrew/*regrowed – regrown/*regrowed undergrow – undergrew/*undergrowed – undergrown/*undergrowed upgrow – upgrew/*upgrowed – upgrown/*upgrowed	Strong, class 7
hang – hung/hanged – hung/hanged overhang – overhung/overhanged – overhung/overhanged underhang – underhung/underhanged – underhung/underhanged uphang – uphung/uphanged – uphung/uphanged	Strong, class 7. Regularized alternative hanged was influenced by OE causative hangian, and is used chiefly for hanging as a means of execution.
have (has) – had – had	Weak; had results from contraction, from OE haefd. Third person present has also a result of contraction.
hear – heard – heard mishear – misheard – misheard overhear – overheard – overheard unhear – unheard – unheard	Weak, originally with vowel shortening (the modern pronunciation of heard in RP has the long vowel /ɜː/)
heave – heaved/*hove – heaved/*hove/*hoven upheave – upheaved/*uphove – upheaved/*uphove/*uphoven	Strong, class 6, now usually regular except in nautical uses
help – helped/*holp – helped/*holpen	Originally strong, class 6, but now weak.
hew – hewed/*hew – hewed/hewn *underhew – underhewed/*underhew – underhewed/underhewn	Strong, class 7 (or regular)
hide – hid – hidden/*hid	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals, influenced by strong verbs
hit – hit – hit mishit – mishit – mishit overhit – overhit – overhit underhit – underhit – underhit	Weak with coalescence of dentals
hoist – hoisted/hoist – hoisted/hoist	Weak, hoist was originally the past form of the now archaic verb hoise
hold – held – held/*holden behold – beheld – beheld/*beholden inhold – inheld – inheld/*inholden mishold – misheld – misheld/*misholden uphold – upheld – upheld/*upholden withhold – withheld – withheld/*withholden	Strong, class 7
hurt – hurt – hurt	Weak with coalescence of dentals
keep – kept – kept miskeep – miskept – miskept underkeep – underkept – underkept	Weak with vowel shortening
ken – kenned/kent – kenned/kent misken – miskenned/miskent – miskenned/miskent	Northern and Scottish dialect word. Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
kneel – knelt/kneeled – knelt/kneeled	Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending (or regular)
knit – knit/knitted – knit/knitted	Weak with coalescence of dentals (or regular)
know – knew – known/*knowen *acknow – acknew – acknown/*acknowen foreknow – foreknew – foreknown/*foreknowen misknow – misknew – misknown/*misknowen	Strong, class 7
lade – laded – laden/laded overlade – overladed – overladen/overladed	Strong, class 6, often regularized (past participle laden is common adjectivally)
laugh – laughed/*laught/*laugh'd/*low – laughed/*laught/*laugh'd/*laughen	Originally strong, now weak, regular, with alternative (archaic) spelling
lay – laid/*layed – laid/*layed belay – belaid/*belayed – belaid/*belayed *forelay – forelaid/*forelayed – forelaid/*forelayed *forlay – forlaid/*forlayed – forlaid/*forlayed inlay – inlaid/*inlayed – inlaid/*inlayed interlay – interlaid/*interlayed – interlaid/*interlayed mislay – mislaid/*mislayed – mislaid/*mislayed onlay – onlaid/*onlayed – onlaid/*onlayed outlay – outlaid/*outlayed – outlaid/*outlayed overlay – overlaid/*overlayed – overlaid/*overlayed re-lay – re-laid/*re-layed – re-laid/*re-layed underlay – underlaid/*underlayed – underlaid/*underlayed unlay – unlaid/*unlayed – unlaid/*unlayed *uplay – uplaid/*uplayed – uplaid/*uplayed waylay – waylaid/*waylayed – waylaid/*waylayed	Weak, irregular in spelling only
lead – led – led *belead – beled – beled *forthlead – forthled – forthled inlead – inled – inled mislead – misled – misled offlead – offled – offled onlead – onled – onled outlead – outled – outled overlead – overled – overled underlead – underled – underled *uplead – upled – upled	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals
lean – leaned/leant – leaned/leant	Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending (or regular)
leap – leaped/leapt/*lept/*lope – leaped/leapt/*lopen beleap – beleaped/beleapt/*belept/*belope – beleaped/beleapt/*belopen forthleap – forthleaped/forthleapt/*forthlept/*forthlope – forthleaped/forthleapt/*forthlopen outleap – outleaped/outleapt/*outlept/*outlope – outleaped/outleapt/*outlopen overleap – overleaped/overleapt/*overlept/*overlope – overleaped/overleapt/*overlopen	Originally strong, class 7, now weak with vowel shortening (or regular)
learn – learned/learnt – learned/learnt mislearn – mislearned/mislearnt – mislearned/mislearnt overlearn – overlearned/overlearnt – overlearned/overlearnt relearn – relearned/relearnt – relearned/relearnt unlearn – unlearned/unlearnt – unlearned/unlearnt	Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
leave – left – left/*laft beleave – beleft – beleft/*belaft *forleave – forleft – forleft/*forlaft overleave – overleft – overleft/*overlaft	Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending
lend – lent – lent *forlend – forlent – forlent	Weak with coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending
let – let/*leet – let/*letten *forlet – forlet/*forleet – forlet/*forletten sublet – sublet/*subleet – sublet/*subletten *underlet – underlet/*underleet – underlet/*underletten	Strong, class 7
lie – lay – lain *forelie – forelay – forelain *forlie – forlay – forlain overlie – overlay – overlain underlie – underlay – underlain	Strong, class 5. Regular in the meaning "tell an untruth".
light – lit/lighted – lit/lighted alight – alit/alighted – alit/alighted backlight – backlit/backlighted – backlit/backlighted green-light – green-lit/green-lighted – green-lit/green-lighted relight – relit/relighted – relit/relighted	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals (or regular)
lose – lost – lost	Originally strong, class 2, now weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending
make – made – made remake – remade – remade unmake – unmade – unmade	Weak; made formed by contraction from "maked"
may – might – (none)	Preterite-present, defective. See English modal verbs
mean – meant – meant	Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending
meet – met – met	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals
melt – melted/*molt – melted/molten	Strong, class 3. Now regularized, but molten survives in adjectival uses.
mix – mixed/*mixt – mixed/*mixt	Weak, regular, with alternative (mostly archaic) spelling
mow – mowed – mowed/mown	Strong, class 7. Now regularized in past tense and sometimes in past participle.
must – (no other forms)	Defective; originally a preterite. See English modal verbs
need (needs/need) – needed – needed	Weak, regular except in the use of need in place of needs in some contexts, by analogy with can, must, etc. See English modal verbs
ought – (no other forms)	Defective; originally a preterite. See English modal verbs
pay – paid/*payed – paid/*payed overpay – overpaid/*overpayed – overpaid/*overpayed prepay – prepaid/*prepayed – prepaid/*prepayed repay – repaid/*repayed – repaid/*repayed underpay – underpaid/*underpayed – underpaid/*underpayed	Weak, irregular in spelling only. The spelling payed is used in the meaning of letting out a rope etc.
pen – penned/pent – penned/pent	Weak with devoiced ending, but usually regular; pent is sometimes used when the verb has the meaning "to enclose", and mainly adjectivally
plead – pled/pleaded – pled/pleaded	French loanword, weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals. In North America, this verb is usually irregular.
prove – proved – proved/proven reprove – reproved – reproved/reproven	French loanword, weak, with the alternative past participle proven by analogy with some strong verbs
put – put – put/*putten input – input – input/*inputten output – output – output/*outputten *underput – *underput – *underput/*underputten	Weak with coalescence of dentals. Past participle form putten is characteristic for Yorkshire and Lancashire dialects.
*queath/*quethe – queathed/quethed/quoth/quod – queathed/quethed/quoth/quethen bequeath – bequeathed/bequethed/bequoth/bequod – bequeathed/bequethed/bequoth/bequethen	Strong, class 5. Past tense quoth is literary or archaic; other parts of that verb are obsolete. Bequeath is normally regularized in -ed.
quit – quit/quitted – quit/quitted	French loanword, weak, with coalescence of dentals (or regular)
reach – reached/*raught/*rought/*retcht – reached/*raught/*rought/*retcht	Weak, now regular (archaic raught from original conjugation like teach)
read /riːd/ – read /rɛd/ – read /rɛd/ / *readen *foreread – foreread – foreread/*forereaden lipread – lipread – lipread/*lipreaden misread – misread – misread/*misreaden proofread – proofread – proofread/*proofreaden reread – reread – reread/*rereaden sight-read – sight-read – sight-read/*sight-readen	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals
*reave – reaved/reft – reaved/reft bereave – bereaved/bereft – bereaved/bereft	Weak with vowel shortening and devoiced ending. The verb bereave is usually regular, but bereft survives as past participle, with distinct meanings.
rend – rent – rent	Weak with coalescence of dentals
rid – rid/ridded – rid/ridden/ridded	Weak with coalescence of dentals, or regular; ridden by analogy with strong verbs.
ride – rode/*rid – ridden/*rid outride – outrode/*outrid – outridden/*outrid override – overrode/*overrid – overridden/*overrid	Strong, class 1
ring – rang/*rung – rung	By analogy with strong, class 3. Regular when meaning "surround", etc.
rise – rose – risen arise – arose – arisen uprise – uprose – uprisen	Strong, class 1
rive – rived/rove – rived/riven	From Old Norse, originally followed pattern of strong class 1, later regularized. Now rarely used.
run – ran – run *forerun – foreran – forerun outrun – outran – outrun overrun – overran – overrun rerun – reran – rerun underrun – underran – underrun	Strong, class 3
saw – sawed – sawed/sawn	Weak; sawn by analogy with strong verbs
say (says /sɛz/) – said – said *forsay – forsaid – forsaid *gainsay – gainsaid – gainsaid missay – missaid – missaid *naysay – naysaid – naysaid soothsay – soothsaid – soothsaid *withsay – withsaid – withsaid	Weak, with vowel shortening in said /sɛd/ and in the third person present says /sɛz/
see – saw – seen *besee – besaw – beseen foresee – foresaw – foreseen missee – missaw – misseen oversee – oversaw – overseen sightsee – sightsaw – sightseen undersee – undersaw – underseen	Strong, class 5
seek – sought – sought beseek – besought – besought	Weak with Rückumlaut and Germanic spirant law
seethe – seethed/*sod – seethed/*sodden	Strong, class 2. Now regular, but sodden survives in some adjectival uses.
sell – sold – sold outsell – outsold – outsold oversell – oversold – oversold resell – resold – resold undersell – undersold – undersold upsell – upsold – upsold	Weak with Rückumlaut
send – sent – sent missend – missent – missent resend – resent – resent	Weak with coalescence of dentals
set – set – set/*setten beset – beset – beset/*besetten handset – handset – handset/*handsetten inset – inset – inset/*insetten misset – misset – misset/*missetten offset – offset – offset/*offsetten overset – overset – overset/*oversetten preset – preset – preset/*presetten reset – reset – reset/*resetten upset – upset – upset/*upsetten *withset – withset – withset/*withsetten	Weak with coalescence of dentals
sew – sewed – sewn/sewed/*sewen handsew – handsewed – handsewn/handsewed/*handsewen oversew – oversewed – oversewn/oversewed/*oversewen	Weak; sewn by analogy with strong verbs
shake – shook – shaken overshake – overshook – overshaken	Strong, class 6
shall – should – (none)	Preterite-present; defective. See English modal verbs, and shall and will
shape – shaped/*shope – shaped/*shapen *forshape – forshaped/*forshope – forshaped/*forshapen misshape – misshaped/*misshope – misshaped/*misshapen	Originally strong, class 6, now regular, but with misshapen (and archaically shapen) still used adjectivally
shave – shaved/*shove – shaved/shaven	Strong, class 6, now regular, but shaven sometimes used adjectivally
shear – sheared/shore – shorn/sheared	Strong, class 4 (or regular)
shed – shed – shed	Strong, class 7
shine – shone/shined – shone/shined *beshine – beshone/beshined – beshone/beshined outshine – beshone/beshined – beshone/beshined overshine – beshone/beshined – beshone/beshined	Strong, class 1
shit – shit/shitted/shat – shit/shitted/shat/*shitten shite – shited/shit – shited/shit	Strong, class 1. The form shite is chiefly Scottish and Irish.
shoe – shod/shoed – shodden/shod/shoed reshoe – reshod/reshoed – reshodden/reshod/reshoed	Weak with vowel shortening (or regular); shodden by analogy with strong verbs
shoot – shot – shot/*shotten misshoot – misshot – misshot/*misshotten overshoot – overshot – overshot/*overshotten reshoot – reshot – reshot/*reshotten undershoot – undershot – undershot/*undershotten	Strong, class 2
show – showed/*shew – shown/showed/*shewed foreshow – foreshowed/*foreshew – foreshown/foreshowed/*foreshewed reshow – reshowed/*reshew – reshown/reshowed/*reshewed	Weak, with participle shown perhaps by analogy with sown (from sow)
shrink – shrank/shrunk – shrunk/shrunken overshrink – overshrank/overshrunk – overshrunk/overshrunken	Strong, class 3; shrunken is mostly used adjectivally
*shrive – shrived/*shrove – shrived/*shriven	Strong, class 1
shut – shut – shut reshut – reshut – reshut	Weak with coalescence of dentals
sing – sang – sung/*sungen resing – resang – resung/*resungen	Strong, class 3
sink – sank/sunk – sunk/sunken	Strong, class 3. The form sunken appears in some adjectival uses.
sit – sat/*sate – sat/*sitten babysit – babysat/*babysate – babysat/*babysitten housesit – housesat/*housesate – housesat/*housesitten resit – resat/*resate – resat/*resitten *withsit – withsat/*withsate – withsat/*withsitten	Strong, class 5
slay – slew/slayed – slain/slayed	Strong, class 6 (or regular)
sleep – slept – slept oversleep – overslept – overslept undersleep – underslept – underslept	Originally strong, class 7, now weak with vowel shortening
slide – slid – slid/slidden backslide – backslid – backslid/backslidden overslide – overslid – overslid/overslidden	Strong, class 1
sling – slung/*slang – slung	Strong, class 3
slink – slunk/slinked/slank – slunk/slinked/slank	Strong, class 3
slip – slipped/*slipt – slipped/*slipt *overslip – *overslipped/*overslipt – *overslipped/*overslipt	Regular, with alternative (archaic) spelling
slit – slit – slit/slitten	Strong, class 1
smell – smelled/smelt – smelled/smelt	Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
smite – smote/*smit – smitten/smitted	Strong, class 1. Largely archaic; smitten is quite commonly used adjectivally.
sneak – sneaked/snuck – sneaked/snuck/*snucked	Weak, alternative form snuck (chiefly American) by analogy with strong verbs
sow – sowed/*sew – sown/sowed	Strong, class 7, with regularized past tense sowed
speak – spoke/*spake – spoken/*spoke bespeak – bespoke/*bespake – bespoken/*bespoke *forespeak – forespoke/*forespake – forespoken/*forespoke *forspeak – forspoke/*forspake – forspoken/*forspoke misspeak – misspoke/*misspake – misspoken/*misspoke	Strong, class 5
speed – sped/speeded – sped/speeded	Weak with vowel shortening and coalescence of dentals (or regular)
spell – spelled/spelt – spelled/spelt misspell – misspelled/misspelt – misspelled/misspelt	Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
spend – spent – spent *forspend – *forspent – *forspent misspend – misspent – misspent outspend – outspent – outspent overspend – overspent – overspent	Weak with coalescence of dentals
spill – spilled/spilt – spilled/spilt overspill – overspilled/overspilt – overspilled/overspilt	Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
spin – spun/*span – spun outspin – outspun/*outspan – outspun	Strong, class 3
spit – spat/spit – spat/spit	Weak with coalescence of dentals (for past form spit, which is common in America), or spat by analogy with strong verbs. (In the meaning of roast on a spit, the verb is regular.)
split – split – split	Weak with coalescence of dentals
spoil – spoiled/spoilt – spoiled/spoilt	Weak with devoiced ending (or regular)
spread – spread/*spreaded – spread/*spreaded *bespread – bespread/*bespreaded – bespread/*bespreaded	Weak with coalescence of dentals
spring – sprang/sprung – sprung/*sprang handspring – handsprang/handsprung – handsprung/*handsprang	Strong, class 3
stand – stood – stood/*standen forstand – forstood – forstood/*forstanden misunderstand – misunderstood – misunderstood/*misunderstanden overstand – overstood – overstood/*overstanden understand – understood – understood/*understanden upstand – upstood – upstood/*upstanden withstand – withstood – withstood/*withstanden	Strong, class 6
starve – starved/*starf/*storve – starved/*storven	Strong, class 3
stave – stove/staved – stove/staved/*stoven	Originally weak; irregular forms developed by analogy with strong verbs.
stay – stayed/*staid – stayed/*staid	Regular, with alternative spelling staid (now limited to certain adjectival uses)
steal – stole – stolen	Strong, class 4
stick – stuck/*sticked – stuck/*sticked	Originally weak, irregular forms by analogy with strong verbs
sting – stung/*stang – stung	Strong, class 3
stink – stank/stunk – stunk	Strong, class 3
stretch – stretched/*straught/*straight – stretched/*straught/*straight	Weak, now regular; obsolete past form straught as with teach–taught
strew – strewed – strewn/strewed bestrew – bestrewed – bestrewn/bestrewed overstrew – overstrewed – overstrewn/overstrewed	Originally weak, irregular forms by analogy with strong verbs
stride – strode/*strided – stridden/*strode/*strid/*stridded bestride – bestrode/*bestrided – bestridden/*bestrode/*bestrid/*bestridded outstride – outstrode/*outstrided – outstridden/*outstrode/*outstrid/*outstridded overstride – overstrode/*overstrided – overstridden/*overstrode/*overstrid/*overstridded	Strong, class 1
strike – struck – struck/stricken overstrike – overstruck – overstruck/overstricken	Strong, class 1. The form stricken is limited to certain adjectival and specialist uses.
string – strung/*stringed – strung/*stringed hamstring – hamstrung/*hamstringed – hamstrung/*hamstringed overstring – overstrung/*overstringed – overstrung/*overstringed	Originally weak, irregular forms developed by analogy with strong verbs
strip – stripped/stript – stripped/stript
strive – strove/strived – striven/strived outstrive – outstrove – outstriven overstrive – overstrove – overstriven	Strong, class 1 (or regularized)
swear – swore – sworn forswear – forswore – forsworn outswear – outswore – outsworn	Strong, class 6
sweat – sweated/sweat – sweated/sweat	Weak, usually regular, possible past form sweat with coalescence of dentals
sweep – swept/*sweeped – swept/*sweeped upsweep – upswept/*upsweeped – upswept/*upsweeped	Weak with vowel shortening
swell – swelled/*swole/*swelt – swollen/swelled upswell – upswelled/*upswole/*upswelt – upswollen/upswelled	Strong, class 3, with regularized forms
*swelt – swelted/*swolt – swelted/*swolten	Strong, class 3 (or regularized). Archaic
swim – swam/*swum – swum outswim – outswam/*outswum – outswum	Strong, class 3
swing – swang/swung – swung/*swungen overswing – overswang/overswung – overswung/*overswungen	Strong, class 3
*swink – swank/swonk/*swinkt/swinked – swunk/swunken/swonken/*swinkt/swinked	Strong, class 3
take – took/*taked – taken betake – betook/*betaked – betaken intake – intook/*intaked – intaken mistake – mistook/*mistaked – mistaken overtake – overtook/*overtaked – overtaken partake – partook/*partaked – partaken retake – retook/*retaked – retaken undertake – undertook/*undertaked – undertaken *uptake – uptook/*uptaked – uptaken	Strong, class 6
teach – taught/*teached – taught/*teached	Weak with Rückumlaut and Germanic spirant law
tear – tore – torn uptear – uptore – uptorn	Strong, class 4
*tee – teed/tow – teed/town betee – beteed/betow – beteed/betown fortee – forteed/fortow – forteed/fortown
tell – told/*telled – told/*telled foretell – foretold/*foretelled – foretold/*foretelled retell – retold/*retelled – retold/*retelled *outtell – outtold/*outtelled – outtold/*outtelled	Weak with Rückumlaut
think – thought/*thinked – thought/*thinked outthink – outthought/*outthinked – outthought/*outthinked rethink – rethought/*rethinked – rethought/*rethinked	Weak with Rückumlaut and Germanic spirant law
thrive – throve/thrived/*thrave – thriven/thrived	Of Old Norse origin; followed strong class 1 (now archaic) or weak (regular) pattern
throw – threw/*throwed – thrown/*throwed misthrow – misthrew/*misthrowed – misthrown/*misthrowed outthrow – outthrew/*outthrowed – outthrown/*outthrowed overthrow – overthrew/*overthrowed – overthrown/*overthrowed underthrow – underthrew/*underthrowed – underthrown/*underthrowed upthrow – upthrew/*upthrowed – upthrown/*upthrowed	Strong, class 7
thrust – thrust/*thrusted – thrust/*thrusted outthrust – outthrust/*outthrusted – outthrust/*outthrusted	Weak, with coalescence of dentals (or regular)
tread – trod/*tread/*treaded/*trodden – trodden/trod/*tread/*treaded retread – retrod/*retread/*retreaded/*retrodden – retrodden/retrod/*retread/*retreaded	Strong, class 5 (or regularized)
vex – vexed/*vext – vexed/*vext
wake – woke/*waked – woken/*waked awake – awoke/*awaked – awoken/*awaked	Strong, class 6
wax – waxed/*wex – waxed/*waxen	Strong, class 7, now regularized
wear – weared/wore – weared/worn *forwear – forweared/forwore – forweared/forworn outwear – outweared/outwore – outweared/outworn overwear – overweared/overwore – overweared/overworn	Originally weak, fell into a strong pattern by analogy with bear
weave – wove – woven interweave – interwove – interwoven *unweave – unwove – unwoven	Strong, class 7
wed – wed/wedded – wed/wedded miswed – miswed/miswedded – miswed/miswedded rewed – rewed/rewedded – rewed/rewedded	Weak with coalescence of dentals (or regular)
weep – wept/weeped – wept/weeped *beweep – bewept/beweeped – bewept/beweeped	Originally strong, class 7, now weak with vowel shortening
wend – wended/*went – wended/*went	Weak, once with coalescence of dentals and devoiced ending, but now regular; went is used as the past of go
wet – wet/wetted – wet/wetted overwet – overwet/overwetted – overwet/overwetted	Weak with coalescence of dentals (or regular)
will – would – (none)	Preterite-present, defective. See English modal verbs, and shall and will. (In non-auxiliary uses the verb is regular.)
win – won – won	Strong, class 3
wind – wound – wound rewind – rewound – rewound unwind – unwound – unwound	Strong, class 3. (The identically spelt verb wind /wɪnd/, with meanings connected with air flow and breathlessness, is regular.)
work – worked/*wrought – worked/*wrought overwork – overworked/*overwrought – overworked/*overwrought	Weak, now regular, formerly with Rückumlaut and metathesis of r and o
*worth – worth/worthed – worth/worthed/worthen	Strong, class 3, or regularized
wreak – wreaked/*wrought/*wrack/*wroke – wreaked/*wrought/*wreaken/*wroken	Weak, usually regular; wrought (which is in fact from work) has come sometimes to be identified with this verb (perhaps by analogy with seek–sought). Other forms by analogy with strong verbs.
wring – wrang/wrung/*wringed – wrung/*wringed	Strong, class 3
write – wrote/*writ – written/*writ cowrite – cowrote/*writ – cowritten ghostwrite – ghostwrote/*ghostwrit – ghostwritten/*ghostwrit handwrite – handwrote/*handwrit – handwritten/*handwrit miswrite – miswrote/*miswrit – miswritten/*miswrit overwrite – overwrote/*overwrit – overwritten/*overwrit rewrite – rewrote/*rewrit – rewritten/*rewrit underwrite – underwrote/*underwrit – underwritten/*underwrit	Strong, class 1
writhe – writhed/*wrothe – writhed/*writhen	Strong, class 1, now regularized
zinc – zinced/zinked/zincked – zinced/zinked/zincked

Present tense irregular verbs

See also English irregular verbs: Verbs with irregular present tenses

Though the list of verbs irregular in the preterite or past participle is long, the list of irregular present tense verbs is very short. Excepting modal verbs like "shall", "will", and "can" that do not inflect at all in the present tense, there are only four (only two if pronunciation is ignored):

• be: I am, you are, he is, we are, they are.
• do (and compounds such as "undo" and "redo"): I do, you do, he does, we do, they do where "does" is pronounced /ˈdʌz/ in contrast to /ˈduː/, the pronunciation of the infinitive and the other present tense forms.
• have: I have, you have, he has, we have, they have.
• say (and compounds such as "gainsay" and "naysay"): I say, you say, he says, we say, they say where "says" may be, dependent on regional accent, pronounced /ˈsɛz/ as opposed to /ˈseɪz/ in the manner of the infinitive and the other present tense forms.

External links

• Wiktionary's category of English irregular verbs
• Complete List of 638 English Irregular Verbs with their forms in different tenses.
• Mind Our English: Strong and weak by Ralph Berry
• English Irregular Verb List A comprehensive list of English irregular verbs, including their base form, past simple, past participle, 3rd person singular, and the present participle / gerund.
• TheIrregularVerbs All the irregular verbs of the English language. Conjugation, pronunciation, translation and examples.
• verbbusters Searchable reference of English irregular verbs and cognates, with audio.