List of space stations

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File:ISS after STS-119 in March 2009 1.jpg
The International Space Station in front of the Earth. This image was taken by space shuttle Discovery while pulling away during STS-119.
An image of Skylab. The left side of the frame is dominated by a communications array, painted white with a cylindrical satellite dish on top. On they right is a brown-grey cylinder, which is the main station. No solar arrays are visible.
Skylab viewed from the command module of Skylab 2

A space station is a manned satellite designed to remain in low Earth orbit for a long period of time. In general, space stations have the ability for other spacecraft to dock to them. As of 2012, the International Space Station and Tiangong 1 are the only operational space stations currently in orbit. Previous stations include the Salyut and Almaz series, Skylab, and, most recently, Mir.[1]

Space stations are used to study the effects of long-term space flight on the human body. They also serve as a platform for extended scientific studies.[2] All space stations have been designed with the intention of rotating multiple crews, with each crew member staying aboard the station for weeks or months, but rarely more than a year. As of 2012, Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov, and Valeriy Polyakov have completed single missions of over a year, all aboard Mir.[3]

Space stations have been used for both military and civilian purposes. The first military-use space station was Salyut 2, which was launched by the Soviet Almaz program in 1973.[4] The Soviet Union also claimed the first civilian space station with the launch of Salyut 1. As of 2012, Russia, China, and private companies are building space stations.

Past stations

These stations have re-entered the atmosphere and disintegrated.

The Soviet Union ran two programs simultaneously, both of which were known to the outside world as Salyut. The Long Duration Orbital Station (DOS) program was intended for scientific research into spaceflight. The Almaz program was a secret military program that tested space reconnaissance tactics.[5]

double-dagger Never manned
Name Entity Program Crew size Launched Reentered Days
in orbit		 Days
occupied		 Total crew
and visitors		 Number of
manned visits		 Number of
unmanned visits		 Mass Pressurized volume
Salyut 1 Soviet Union USSR DOS[6] 3[7] 19 April 1971[8] 11 October 1971[9] 175 24[10] 6[11] 2[11] 0[11] 18,425 kg (40,620 lb)[8] 100 m3 (3,500 cu ft)[12]
DOS-2double-dagger Soviet Union USSR DOS[13] —[lower-alpha 1] 29 July 1972[8][14] 29 July 1972 (failed to reach orbit) — — — — — 18,000 kg (40,000 lb)[15] —
Salyut 2double-dagger Soviet Union USSR Almaz[14] —[lower-alpha 1] 3 April 1973[14] 16 April 1973[14] 13[14] — — — — 18,500 kg (40,800 lb)[16] —
Kosmos 557double-dagger Soviet Union USSR DOS[17] —[lower-alpha 1] 11 May 1973[18] 22 May 1973[19] 11 — — — — 19,400 kg (42,800 lb)[15] —
Skylab United States NASA Skylab[20] 3[21] 14 May 1973[22] 11 July 1979[23] 2249 171[24] 9[25] 3[26] 0[27] 77,088 kg (169,950 lb)[28] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).[29]
Salyut 3 Soviet Union USSR Almaz[6] 2[30] 25 May 1974[31] 24 January 1975[32] 213 15[33] 2[33] 1[33] 0 18,900 kg (41,700 lb)
(at launch)[34]		 90 m3 (3,200 cu ft)[17]
Salyut 4 Soviet Union USSR DOS[35] 2[36] 26 December 1974[37] 3 February 1977[37] 770[37] 92[38] 4[38] 2[38][39] 1[38] 18,900 kg (41,700 lb)[17]
(at launch)		 90 m3 (3,200 cu ft)[17]
Salyut 5 Soviet Union USSR Almaz[35] 2[40] 22 June 1976[41] 8 August 1977[42] 412 67[43] 4[43] 3[43] 0[43] 19,000 kg (42,000 lb)[17]
(at launch)		 100 m3 (3,500 cu ft)[17]
Salyut 6 Soviet Union USSR DOS[35] 2[44] 29 September 1977[44] 29 July 1982[45] 1764 683[46] 33[46] 16[46] 14[46] 9,000 kg (20,000 lb)[47] 90 m3 (3,200 cu ft)[48]
Salyut 7 Soviet Union USSR DOS[35] 3[49] 19 April 1982[50] 7 February 1991[50] 3216[50] 861[49] 22[49] 10[49] 15[49] 19,000 kg (42,000 lb)[51] 90 m3 (3,200 cu ft)[17]
Mir
DOS[52] 3[53] 19 February 1986[54][lower-alpha 2] 23 March 2001[23][54] 5511[54] 4594[55] 125[55] 39[56] 68[55] 129,700 kg (285,900 lb)[57] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).[58]

Prototypes

These stations are prototypes; they only exist as testing platforms and will never be manned. OPS 0855 was part of a cancelled Manned Orbiting Laboratory project by the United States, while the Genesis stations were launched privately and remain in orbit.

Name Entity Program Launched Reentered Days in orbit Mass Pressurized volume
OPS 0855 United States US Air Force MOL 3 November 1966[59] 9 January 1967[59] 67 9,680 kg (21,340 lb) 11.3 m3 (400 cu ft)
Genesis I Bigelow Aerospace 12 July 2006[60] (In Orbit) Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. 1,360 kg (3,000 lb)[61] 11.5 m3 (410 cu ft)[62]
Genesis II Bigelow Aerospace 28 June 2007[60] (In Orbit) Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. 1,360 kg (3,000 lb)[61] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).[62]

Operational stations

These stations are currently orbiting Earth. They have life support systems in place.

Name Entity Crew size Launched Days in
orbit[lower-alpha 3]		 Days
occupied[lower-alpha 4]		 Total crew
and visitors[lower-alpha 4]		 Manned
visits[lower-alpha 4]		 Unmanned
visits[lower-alpha 4]		 Mass Pressurized
volume
International Space Station
6[63] 20 November 1998[63][lower-alpha 2] Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist.[64] 215[64] 75 [65] 72 [65] 417,289 kg (919,965 lb)[66] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).[67]
Tiangong 1 China CNSA 3[68] 29 September 2011[69][70] Script error: The function "age_generic" does not exist. 25[71] 6[71][72] 2[71] 1[73] 8,506 kg (18,753 lb)[74] Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).[75]

Planned stations

These space stations have been announced by their host entity and are currently in active development or production. The launch date listed here may change as more information becomes available.

Name Entity Planned
crew size		 Planned
launch date
Tiangong 2 China CNSA 3[76] 2016[77]
Space Complex Alpha (private)[lower-alpha 5] 3+[78] 2017 or later[79]
Space Complex Bravo (private)[lower-alpha 5] 24[80] 2017 or later[81]
Tiangong 3 China CNSA 3[82] 2022[83]
Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex
(OPSEK)		 Russia RFSA Unknown Pre-ISS deorbit[84]
Chinese space station
(to be named at a later date)[85]		 China CNSA 3[86] After Tiangong 3
Almaz commercial (private)[lower-alpha 6] 4 or more[87]

Canceled projects

A mockup of the inside of Skylab at the Smithsonian, based on the Skylab B module. In the center, a dummy dressed in a gold jumpsuit sits at a table. Behind him are white cabinets that hold the crews equipment. Off to the right, a porthole shows a view of the Smithsonian.
An image of the interior of Skylab B, on display at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum

These projects were canceled by their owner.

Space station Entity Crew size Launch date Remarks
Manned Orbiting Laboratory 1-7 United States NASA 2[88] Mockup launched 3 November 1966[89]
(In orbit 40 days, cancelled after launch)[90]		 Canceled due to excessive costs[91]
Skylab B United States NASA 3[92] Between 1975 and 1979 (planned)[93] Canceled due to lack of funding[94]
Galaxy (private)[lower-alpha 5] Unmanned[95] late 2008 (planned)[95] Canceled due to rising costs and ability to ground test key Galaxy subsystems[96]
Mir-2 Russia RFSA 2 [97] 1993[98] Canceled due to financial difficulties[98]
Freedom United States NASA 14-16[99] March 1994[100] Converted into the International Space Station[100]

Timeline


See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 The USSR intended to man this station, however; it re-entered the atmosphere before the cosmonauts were launched.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Launch date of the initial module. Additional modules for this station were launched later.
  3. ↑ Correct as of 19 April 2024
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Statistics are current as of 12 May 2012
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Bigelow Aerospace, LLC.
  6. ↑ Excalibur Almaz

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (Full text available on Wikisource)
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (Lecture at the University of Oregon, Salyut 3 is mentioned later in the lecture)
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (requires JSTOR access)
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  72. ↑ Shenzhou 10#Crew
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  79. ↑ http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/02/bigelow-moon-property-create-lunar-industry/
  80. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  82. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  84. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  85. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  86. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  87. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  88. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  89. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  90. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  91. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  92. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  93. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  94. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (page has been taken down, link is to an archived version)
  96. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  99. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

Media related to Space stations at Wikimedia Commons

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