List of state leaders in 1988
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. This is a list of heads of state, government leaders, and other rulers in the year 1988.
Contents
Africa
- Algeria
- President - Chadli Bendjedid, President of Algeria (1979–1992)
- Prime Minister -
- Abdelhamid Brahimi, Prime Minister of Algeria (1984–1988)
- Kasdi Merbah, Prime Minister of Algeria (1988–1989)
- Angola
- Communist Party Leader - José Eduardo dos Santos, Secretary of the Popular Liberation Movement of Angola-Labor Party (1979–1991)
- President - José Eduardo dos Santos, President of Angola (1979–present)
- Benin
- Communist Party Leader - Mathieu Kérékou, Secretary of the Popular Revolutionary Party of Benin (1979–1990)
- President - Mathieu Kérékou, President of Benin (1972–1991)
- Botswana
- President - Quett Masire, President of Botswana (1980–1998)
- Burkina Faso
- Head of State - Blaise Compaoré, Head of State of Burkina Faso (1987–2014)
- Burundi
- President - Pierre Buyoya, President of Burundi (1987–1993)
- Prime Minister - Adrien Sibomana, Prime Minister of Burundi (1988–1993)
- Cameroon
- President - Paul Biya, President of Cameroon (1982–present)
- Cape Verde
- President - Aristides Pereira, President of Cape Verde (1975–1991)
- Prime Minister - Pedro Pires, Prime Minister of Cape Verde (1975–1991)
- Central African Republic
- President - André Kolingba, President of the Central African Republic (1981–1993)
- Chad
- President - Hissène Habré, President of Chad (1982–1990)
- Comoros
- President - Ahmed Abdallah, President of the Comoros (1978–1989)
- Congo
- Communist Party Leader - Denis Sassou Nguesso, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Congolese Labor Party (1979–1991)
- President - Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of Congo (1979–1992)
- Prime Minister - Ange-Édouard Poungui, Prime Minister of Congo (1984–1989)
- Côte d'Ivoire
- President - Félix Houphouët-Boigny, President of Côte d'Ivoire (1960–1993)
- Djibouti
- President - Hassan Gouled Aptidon, President of Djibouti (1977–1999)
- Prime Minister - Barkat Gourad Hamadou, Prime Minister of Djibouti (1978–2001)
- Egypt
- President - Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt (1981–2011)
- Prime Minister - Atef Sedki, Prime Minister of Egypt (1986–1996)
- Equatorial Guinea
- President - Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President of Equatorial Guinea (1979–present)
- Prime Minister - Cristino Seriche Bioko, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea (1982–1992)
- Ethiopia
- Communist Party Leader - Mengistu Haile Mariam, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (1984–1991)
- President - Mengistu Haile Mariam, President of Ethiopia (1977–1991)
- Prime Minister - Fikre-Selassie Wogderess, Prime Minister of Ethiopia (1987–1989)
- Gabon
- President - Omar Bongo, President of Gabon (1967–2009)
- Prime Minister - Léon Mébiame, Prime Minister of Gabon (1975–1994)
- The Gambia
- President - Sir Dawda Jawara, President of The Gambia (1970–1994)
- Ghana
- Head of State - Jerry Rawlings, Chairman of the Provisional National Defence Council of Ghana (1981–2001)
- Guinea
- President - Lansana Conté, President of Guinea (1984–2008)
- Guinea-Bissau
- Head of State - João Bernardo Vieira, Chairman of the Council of State of Guinea-Bissau (1984–1999)
- Kenya
- President - Daniel arap Moi, President of Kenya (1978–2002)
- Lesotho
- Monarch - Moshoeshoe II, King of Lesotho (1970–1990)
- Head of Government - Justin Lekhanya, Chairman of the Military Council of Lesotho (1986–1991)
- Liberia
- President - Samuel Doe, President of Liberia (1980–1990)
- Libya
- De facto Head of State - Muammar Gaddafi, Guide of the Revolution of Libya (1969–2011)
- Nominal Head of State - Mifta al-Usta Umar, General Secretary of the General People's Congress of Libya (1984–1990)
- Head of Government - Umar Mustafa al-Muntasir, General Secretary of the General People's Committee of Libya (1987–1990)
- Madagascar
- President - Didier Ratsiraka, President of Madagascar (1975–1993)
- Prime Minister -
- Désiré Rakotoarijaona, Prime Minister of Madagascar (1977–1988)
- Victor Ramahatra, Prime Minister of Madagascar (1988–1991)
- Malawi
- President - Hastings Banda, President for Life of Malawi (1966–1994)
- Mali
- President - Moussa Traoré, President of Mali (1968–1991)
- Prime Minister - Mamadou Dembelé, Prime Minister of Mali (1986–1988)
- Mauritania
- Head of State - Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, Head of State of Mauritania (1984–2005)
- Prime Minister - Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, Prime Minister of Mauritania (1984–1992)
- Mauritius
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Mauritius (1968–1992)
- Governor-General - Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo, Governor-General of Mauritius (1986–1992)
- Prime Minister - Sir Anerood Jugnauth, Prime Minister of Mauritius (1982–1995)
- Mayotte (Territorial collectivity of France)
- Prefect -
- Akli Khider, Prefect of Mayotte (1986–1988)
- Daniel Limodin, Prefect of Mayotte (1988–1990)
- President of the General Council - Younoussa Bamana, President of the General Council of Mayotte (1976–1991)
- Prefect -
- Morocco
- Monarch - Hassan II, King of Morocco (1961–1999)
- Prime Minister - Azzedine Laraki, Prime Minister of Morocco (1986–1992)
- Western Sahara (self-declared, partially recognized state)
- President - Mohamed Abdelaziz, President of Western Sahara (1976–present)
- Prime Minister -
- Mohamed Lamine Ould Ahmed, Prime Minister of Western Sahara (1985–1988)
- Mahfoud Ali Beiba, Prime Minister of Western Sahara (1988–1993)
- Mozambique
- Communist Party Leader - Joaquim Chissano, President of the Liberation Front of Mozambique (1986–1990)
- President - Joaquim Chissano, President of Mozambique (1986–2005)
- Prime Minister - Mário da Graça Machungo, Prime Minister of Mozambique (1986–1994)
- Niger
- Head of State - Ali Saibou, President of the Supreme Military Council of Niger (1987–1993)
- Prime Minister -
- Hamid Algabid, Prime Minister of Niger (1983–1988)
- Mamane Oumarou, Prime Minister of Niger (1988–1989)
- Nigeria
- Head of State - Ibrahim Babangida, President of the Armed Forces Ruling Council of Nigeria (1985–1993)
- Rwanda
- President - Juvénal Habyarimana, President of Rwanda (1973–1994)
- Saint Helena and Dependencies (British overseas territory)
- Governor -
- Francis Eustace Baker, Governor of Saint Helena (1984–1988)
- Robert F Stimson, Governor of Saint Helena (1988–1991)
- Governor -
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- President - Manuel Pinto da Costa, President of São Tomé and Príncipe (1975–1991)
- Prime Minister - Celestino Rocha da Costa, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (1988–1991)
- Senegal
- President - Abdou Diouf, President of Senegal (1981–2000)
- Seychelles
- President - France-Albert René, President of Seychelles (1977–2004)
- Sierra Leone
- President - Joseph Saidu Momoh, President of Sierra Leone (1985–1992)
- Somalia
- Communist Party Leader - Siad Barre, Secretary-general of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (1976–1991)
- President - Siad Barre, President of Somalia (1969–1991)
- Prime Minister - Muhammad Ali Samatar, Prime Minister of Somalia (1987–1990)
- South Africa
- President - P. W. Botha, State President of South Africa (1984–1989)
- Bophuthatswana (unrecognized state)
- President - Lucas Mangope, President of Bophuthatswana (1968–1994)[1]
- Ciskei (unrecognized state)
- President - Lennox Sebe, President of Ciskei (1973–1990)[2]
- Transkei (unrecognized state)
- President - Tutor Nyangelizwe Vulindlela Ndamase, President of Transkei (1986–1994)
- Prime Minister - Bantu Holomisa, Prime Minister of Transkei (1987–1994)
- Venda (unrecognized state)
- President -
- Patrick Mphephu, President of Venda (1969–1988)[3]
- Frank N. Ravel, President of Venda (1988–1990)
- President -
- South West Africa (League of Nations mandate administered by South Africa)
- Administrator-General - Louis Pienaar, Administrator-General of South West Africa (1985–1990)
- Chairman of the Government -
- Jan de Wet, Chairman of the Transitional Government of National Unity of South West Africa (1987–1988)
- Moses Katjikuru Katjiuongua, Chairman of the Transitional Government of National Unity of South West Africa (1988)
- Andrew Matjila, Chairman of the Transitional Government of National Unity of South West Africa (1988)
- Dirk Mudge, Chairman of the Transitional Government of National Unity of South West Africa (1988)
- Andreas Shipanga, Chairman of the Transitional Government of National Unity of South West Africa (1988)
- Andrew Matjila, Chairman of the Transitional Government of National Unity of South West Africa (1988–1989)
- Sudan
- Head of State - Ahmed al-Mirghani, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Sudan (1986–1989)
- Prime Minister - Sadiq al-Mahdi, Prime Minister of the Sudan (1986–1989)
- Swaziland
- Monarch - Mswati III, King of Swaziland (1986–present)
- Prime Minister - Sotsha Dlamini, Prime Minister of Swaziland (1986–1989)
- Tanzania
- President - Ali Hassan Mwinyi, President of Tanzania (1985–1995)
- Prime Minister - Joseph Sinde Warioba, Prime Minister of Tanzania (1985–1990)
- Togo
- President - Gnassingbé Eyadéma, President of Togo (1967–2005)
- Tunisia
- President - Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of Tunisia (1987–2011)
- Prime Minister - Hédi Baccouche, Prime Minister of Tunisia (1987–1989)
- Uganda
- President - Yoweri Museveni, President of Uganda (1986–present)
- Prime Minister - Samson Kisekka, Prime Minister of Uganda (1986–1991)
- Zaire
- President - Mobutu Sese Seko, President of Zaire (1965–1997)
- Head of Government -
- Mabi Mulumba, First State Commissioner of Zaire (1987–1988)
- Sambwa Pida Nbagui, First State Commissioner of Zaire (1988)
- Kengo Wa Dondo, First State Commissioner of Zaire (1988–1990)
- Zambia
- President - Kenneth Kaunda, President of Zambia (1964–1991)
- Prime Minister - Kebby Musokotwane, Prime Minister of Zambia (1985–1989)
- Zimbabwe
- President - Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe (1987–present)
Asia
- Afghanistan
- Communist Party Leader - Mohammad Najibullah, General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (1986–1990)
- President - Mohammad Najibullah, President of Afghanistan (1987–1992)
- Prime Minister -
- Sultan Ali Keshtmand, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1981–1988)
- Mohammad Hasan Sharq, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1988–1989)
- Bahrain
- Monarch - Sheikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Emir of Bahrain (1961–1999)[4]
- Prime Minister - Sheikh Khalifa ibn Salman Al Khalifa, Prime Minister of Bahrain (1970–present)[5]
- Bangladesh
- President - Hussain Muhammad Ershad, President of Bangladesh (1983–1990)
- Prime Minister -
- Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (1986–1988)
- Moudud Ahmed, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (1988–1989)
- Bhutan
- Monarch - Jigme Singye Wangchuck, King of Bhutan (1972–2006)
- Brunei
- Monarch - Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei (1967–present)[6]
- Prime Minister - Hassanal Bolkiah, Prime Minister of Brunei (1984–present)
- Burma
- President -
- San Yu, President of Burma (1981–1988)
- Sein Lwin, President of Burma (1988)
- Aye Ko, Acting President of Burma (1988)
- Maung Maung, President of Burma (1988)
- Saw Maung, Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council of Burma (1988–1992)
- Prime Minister -
- Maung Maung Kha, Prime Minister of Burma (1977–1988)
- Tun Tin, Prime Minister of Burma (1988)
- Saw Maung, Prime Minister of Burma (1988–1992)
- President -
- China (People's Republic of China)
- De facto leader - Deng Xiaoping, Paramount leader (late 1970s - early 1990s)
- Communist Party Leader - Zhao Ziyang, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (1987–1989)
- President -
- Li Xiannian, President of China (1983–1988)
- Yang Shangkun, President of China (1988–1993)
- Premier - Li Peng, Premier of the State Council of China (1987–1998)
- Hong Kong (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Sir David Wilson, Governor of Hong Kong (1987–1992)
- India
- President - R. Venkataraman, President of India (1987–1992)
- Prime Minister - Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (1984–1989)
- Indonesia
- President - Suharto, President of Indonesia (1967–1998)
- Iran
- Supreme Leader - Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Supreme Leader of Iran (1979–1989)
- President - Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, President of Iran (1981–1989)
- Prime Minister - Mir-Hossein Mousavi, Prime Minister of Iran (1981–1989)
- Iraq
- President - Saddam Hussein, President of Iraq (1979–2003)
- Prime Minister - Saddam Hussein, Prime Minister of Iraq (1979–1991)
- Israel
- President - Chaim Herzog, President of Israel (1983–1993)
- Prime Minister - Yitzhak Shamir, Prime Minister of Israel (1986–1992)
- Japan
- Monarch - Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (1926–1989)
- Prime Minister - Noboru Takeshita, Prime Minister of Japan (1987–1989)
- Jordan
- Monarch - Hussein, King of Jordan (1952–1999)
- Prime Minister - Zaid al-Rifai, Prime Minister of Jordan (1985–1989)
- Kampuchea
- Communist Party Leader - Heng Samrin, Secretary-General of the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party (1981–1991)
- Head of State - Heng Samrin, Chairman of the Council of State of Kampuchea (1979–1992)
- Premier - Hun Sen, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Kampuchea (1985–present)[7]
- North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)
- Communist Party Leader - Kim Il-sung, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Korean Workers' Party (1949–1994)
- President - Kim Il-sung, President of North Korea (1972–1994)
- Head of Government -
- South Korea (Republic of Korea)
- President -
- Chun Doo-hwan, President of South Korea (1980–1988)
- Roh Tae-woo, President of South Korea (1988–1993)
- Prime Minister -
- Kim Chung-yul, Prime Minister of South Korea (1987–1988)
- Lee Hyun-jae, Prime Minister of South Korea (1988)
- Kang Young-Hoon, Prime Minister of South Korea (1988–1990)
- President -
- Kuwait
- Monarch - Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (1977–2006)[8]
- Prime Minister - Sheikh Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Prime Minister of Kuwait (1978–2003)[9]
- Laos
- Communist Party Leader - Kaysone Phomvihane, General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (1975–1992)
- President -
- Souphanouvong, President of Laos (1975–1991)
- Phoumi Vongvichit, Acting President of Laos (1986–1991)
- Premier - Kaysone Phomvihan, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Laos (1975–1991)
- Lebanon
- President -
- Amin Gemayel, President of Lebanon (1982–1988)
- Selim al-Hoss, Acting President of Lebanon (1988–1989)
- Prime Minister -
- Selim al-Hoss, Prime Minister of Lebanon (1987–1990) (rival administration after 1988)
- Michel Aoun, Prime Minister of Lebanon (1988–1990)
- President -
- Macau (overseas province of Portugal)
- Governor - Carlos Montez Melancia, Governor of Macau (1987–1990)
- Malaysia
- Monarch - Sultan Iskandar, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (1984–1989)
- Prime Minister - Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia (1981–2003)
- Maldives
- President - Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President of the Maldives (1978–present)
- Mongolia
- Communist Party Leader - Jambyn Batmönkh, General secretary of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (1984–1990)
- Head of State - Jambyn Batmönkh, Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Khural of Mongolia (1984–1990)
- Premier - Dumaagiin Sodnom, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Mongolia (1984–1990)
- Nepal
- Monarch - Birendra, King of Nepal (1972–2001)
- Prime Minister - Marich Man Singh Shrestha, Prime Minister of Nepal (1986–1990)
- Oman
- Monarch - Qaboos bin Said al Said, Sultan of Oman (1970–present)
- Prime Minister - Qaboos bin Said al Said, Prime Minister of Oman (1972–present)
- Pakistan
- President -
- Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, President of Pakistan (1978–1988)
- Ghulam Ishaq Khan, President of Pakistan (1988–1993)
- Prime Minister -
- Muhammad Khan Junejo, Prime Minister of Pakistan (1985–1988)
- Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Prime Minister of Pakistan (1988)
- Benazir Bhutto, Prime Minister of Pakistan (1988–1990)
- President -
- Philippines
- President - Corazon Aquino, President of the Philippines (1986–1992)
- Qatar
- Monarch - Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (1972–1995)
- Prime Minister - Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, Prime Minister of Qatar (1970–1995)[10]
- Saudi Arabia
- Monarch - Fahd, King of Saudi Arabia (1982–2005)
- Prime Minister - Fahd, Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia (1982–2005)
- Singapore
- President - Wee Kim Wee, President of Singapore (1985–1993)
- Prime Minister - Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore (1959–1990)[11]
- Sri Lanka
- President - Junius Richard Jayewardene, President of Sri Lanka (1978–1989)
- Prime Minister - Ranasinghe Premadasa, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (1978–1989)
- Syria
- President - Hafez al-Assad, President of Syria (1971–2000)
- Prime Minister - Mahmoud Zuabi, Prime Minister of Syria (1987–2000)
- Taiwan (Republic of China)
- President -
- Chiang Ching-kuo, President of Taiwan (1978–1988)
- Lee Teng-hui, President of Taiwan (1988–2000)
- Premier - Yu Kuo-hwa, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (1984–1989)
- President -
- Thailand
- Monarch - Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand (1946–present)
- Prime Minister -
- Prem Tinsulanonda, Prime Minister of Thailand (1980–1988)
- Chatichai Choonhavan, Prime Minister of Thailand (1988–1991)
- Turkey
- President - Kenan Evren, President of Turkey (1982–1989)
- Prime Minister - Turgut Özal, Prime Minister of Turkey (1983–1989)
- United Arab Emirates
- President - Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, Emir of Abu Dhabi, President of the United Arab Emirates (1971–2004)
- Prime Minister - Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, Emir of Dubai, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (1979–1990)
- Vietnam
- Communist Party Leader - Nguyễn Văn Linh, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (1986–1991)
- Head of State - Võ Chí Công, Chairman of the State Council of Vietnam (1987–1992)
- Premier -
- North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic)
- President - Ali Abdullah Saleh, President of North Yemen (1978–2012)[12]
- Prime Minister - Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani, Prime Minister of North Yemen (1983–1990)
- South Yemen (People's Democratic Republic of Yemen)
- Communist Party Leader - Ali Salim al-Beidh, Secretary-General of the Yemeni Socialist Party (1986–1990)
- Head of State - Haidar Abu Bakr al-Attas, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council of South Yemen (1986–1990)
- Prime Minister - Yasin Said Numan, Prime Minister of South Yemen (1986–1990)
Europe
- Albania
- Communist Party Leader - Ramiz Alia, First Secretary of the Albanian Party of Labor (1985–1991)
- Head of State - Ramiz Alia, Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly of Albania (1982–1991)
- Premier - Adil Çarçani, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Albania (1981–1991)
- Andorra
- Monarchs -
- French Co-Prince - François Mitterrand, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1981–1995)
- Co-Prince's Representative - Louis Deblé (1984–1989)
- Episcopal Co-Prince - Joan Martí i Alanis, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1971–2003)
- Co-Prince's Representative - Francesc Badia i Batalla (1972–1993)
- French Co-Prince - François Mitterrand, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1981–1995)
- Prime Minister - Josep Pintat-Solans, Head of Government of Andorra (1984–1990)
- Monarchs -
- Austria
- President - Kurt Waldheim, Federal President of Austria (1986–1992)
- Chancellor - Franz Vranitzky, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1986–1997)
- Belgium
- Monarch - Baudouin, King of the Belgians (1951–1993)
- Prime Minister - Wilfried Martens, Prime Minister of Belgium (1981–1992)
- Bulgaria -
- Communist Party Leader - Todor Zhivkov, General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party (1954–1989)
- Head of State - Todor Zhivkov, Chairman of the State Council of Bulgaria (1971–1989)
- Premier - Georgi Atanasov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1986–1990)
- Cyprus
- President -
- Spyros Kyprianou, President of Cyprus (1977–1988)
- George Vasiliou, President of Cyprus (1988–1993)
- Northern Cyprus (unrecognized, secessionist state)
- President - Rauf Denktaş, President of Northern Cyprus (1975–2005)
- Prime Minister - Derviş Eroğlu, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (1985–1994)
- President -
- Czechoslovakia
- Communist Party Leader - Miloš Jakeš, General Secretary of the Communisty Party of Czechoslovakia (1987–1989)
- President - Gustáv Husák, President of Czechoslovakia (1975–1989)
- Prime Minister -
- Lubomír Štrougal, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1970–1988)
- Ladislav Adamec, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia (1988–1989)
- Denmark
- Monarch - Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark (1972–present)
- Prime Minister - Poul Schlüter, Prime Minister of Denmark (1982–1993)
- Finland
- President - Mauno Koivisto, President of Finland (1981–1994)
- Prime Minister - Harri Holkeri, Prime Minister of Finland (1987–1991)
- France
- President - François Mitterrand, President of France (1981–1995)
- Prime Minister -
- Jacques Chirac, Prime Minister of France (1986–1988)
- Michel Rocard, Prime Minister of France (1988–1991)
- East Germany (German Democratic Republic)
- Communist Party Leader - Erich Honecker, General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (1971–1989)
- Head of State - Erich Honecker, Chairman of the Council of State of East Germany (1976–1989)
- Premier - Willi Stoph, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of East Germany (1976–1989)
- West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany)
- President - Richard von Weizsäcker, Federal President of West Germany (1984–1994)[13]
- Chancellor - Helmut Kohl, Federal Chancellor of West Germany (1982–1998)[14]
- West Berlin (Western Allies-occupied free city)
- Governing Mayor - Eberhard Diepgen, Governing Mayor of Berlin (1984–1989)
- Greece
- President - Christos Sartzetakis, President of Greece (1985–1990)
- Prime Minister - Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (1981–1989)
- Hungary
- Communist Party Leader -
- Head of State -
- Premier -
- Iceland
- President - Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, President of Iceland (1980–1996)
- Prime Minister -
- Þorsteinn Pálsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1987–1988)
- Steingrímur Hermannsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1988–1991)
- Ireland
- President - Patrick Hillery, President of Ireland (1976–1990)
- Prime Minister - Charles Haughey, Taoiseach of Ireland (1987–1992)
- Italy
- President - Francesco Cossiga, President of Italy (1985–1992)
- Prime Minister -
- Liechtenstein
- Monarch - Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1938–1989)
- Regent - Hereditary Prince Hans-Adam, Regent of Liechtenstein (1984–1989)
- Prime Minister - Hans Brunhart, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1978–1993)
- Luxembourg
- Monarch - Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1964–2000)
- Prime Minister - Jacques Santer, President of the Government of Luxembourg (1984–1995)
- Malta
- President - Paul Xuereb, Acting President of Malta (1987–1989)
- Prime Minister - Eddie Fenech Adami, Prime Minister of Malta (1987–1996)
- Monaco
- Monarch - Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (1949–2005)
- Head of Government - Jean Ausseil, Minister of State of Monaco (1985–1991)
- Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Monarch - Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands (1980–2013)
- Netherlands (constituent country)
- Prime Minister - Ruud Lubbers, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1982–1994)
- Netherlands Antilles (constituent country)
- see under North America
- Aruba (constituent country)
- see under North America
- Norway -
- Monarch - Olav V, King of Norway (1957–1991)
- Prime Minister - Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway (1986–1989)
- Poland
- Communist Party Leader - Wojciech Jaruzelski, Secretary-General of the Polish United Workers' Party (1981–1989)
- President - Wojciech Jaruzelski, President of Poland (1985–1990)
- Premier -
- Portugal
- President - Mário Soares, President of Portugal (1986–1996)
- Prime Minister - Aníbal Cavaco Silva, Prime Minister of Portugal (1985–1995)
- Romania
- Communist Party Leader - Nicolae Ceauşescu, General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party (1965–1989)
- President - Nicolae Ceauşescu, President of Romania (1967–1989)
- Premier - Constantin Dăscălescu, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Romania (1982–1989)
- San Marino
- Captains-Regent -
- Rossano Zafferani and Gian Franco Terenzi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1987–1988)
- Umberto Barulli and Rosolino Martelli, Captains Regent of San Marino (1988)
- Luciano Cardelli and Reves Salvatori, Captains Regent of San Marino (1988–1989)
- Captains-Regent -
- Soviet Union
- Communist Party Leader - Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)
- Head of State -
- Premier - Nikolai Ryzhkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)
- Spain
- Monarch - Juan Carlos I, King of Spain (1975–2014)
- Prime Minister - Felipe González, President of the Government of Spain (1982–1996)
- Sweden
- Monarch - Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden (1973–present)
- Prime Minister - Ingvar Carlsson, Prime Minister of Sweden (1986–1991)
- Switzerland
- Federal Council:[15]
- Otto Stich (1983–1995, President), Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1983–1998), Elisabeth Kopp (1984–1989), Arnold Koller (1986–1999), Flavio Cotti (1986–1999), René Felber (1987–1993), Adolf Ogi (1987–2000), Kaspar Villiger (1989–2003)
- Federal Council:[15]
- United Kingdom
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom (1952–present)
- Prime Minister - Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1979–1990)
- Guernsey (British Crown dependency)
- Lieutenant-Governor - Sir Alexander Boswell, Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey (1985–1990)
- Bailiff - Sir Charles Frossard, Bailiff of Guernsey (1982–1992)
- Jersey (British Crown dependency)
- Lieutenant-Governor - Sir William Pillar, Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey (1985–1990)
- Bailiff - Sir Peter Crill, Bailiff of Jersey (1986–1995)
- Isle of Man (British Crown dependency)
- Lieutenant Governor - Laurence New, Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man (1985–1990)
- Chief minister - Miles Walker, Chief Minister of the Isle of Man (1986–1996)
- Gibraltar (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Sir Peter Terry, Governor of Gibraltar (1985–1989)
- Chief Minister -
- Adolfo Canepa, Chief Minister of Gibraltar (1987–1988)
- Joe Bossano, Chief Minister of Gibraltar (1988–1996)
- Vatican City
- Monarch - Pope John Paul II, Sovereign of Vatican City (1978–2005)
- President of the Governorate - Cardinal Sebastiano Baggio, President of the Governorate of Vatican City (1984–1990)
- Holy See (sui generis subject of public international law)
- Secretary of State - Cardinal Agostino Casaroli, Cardinal Secretary of State (1979–1990)
- Yugoslavia
- Communist Party Leader -
- Head of State -
- Lazar Mojsov, Chairman of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1987–1988)
- Raif Dizdarević, Chairman of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1988–1989)
- Premier - Branko Mikulić, Chairman of the Federal Executive Council of Yugoslavia (1986–1989)
North America
- Anguilla (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Geoffrey Owen Whittaker, Governor of Anguilla (1987–1989)
- Chief Minister - Emile Gumbs, Chief Minister of Anguilla (1984–1994)
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Antigua and Barbuda (1981–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Wilfred Jacobs, Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda (1967–1993)[16]
- Prime Minister - Vere Bird, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda (1976–1994)[17]
- Aruba (constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Governor - Felipe Tromp, Governor of Aruba (1986–1992)
- Prime Minister - Henny Eman, Prime Minister of Aruba (1986–1989)
- The Bahamas
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the Bahamas (1973–present)
- Governor-General -
- Sir Gerald Cash, Governor-General of the Bahamas (1979–1988)
- Sir Henry Milton Taylor, Governor-General of the Bahamas (1988–1992)
- Prime Minister - Sir Lynden Pindling, Prime Minister of the Bahamas (1967–1992)[18]
- Barbados
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados (1966–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Hugh Springer, Governor-General of Barbados (1984–1990)
- Prime Minister - Lloyd Erskine Sandiford, Prime Minister of Barbados (1987–1994)
- Belize
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Belize (1981–present)
- Governor-General - Dame Elmira Minita Gordon, Governor-General of Belize (1981–1993)
- Prime Minister - Manuel Esquivel, Prime Minister of Belize (1984–1989)
- Bermuda (British dependent territory)
- Governor -
- John Morrison, Viscount Dunrossil, Governor of Bermuda (1983–1988)
- Sir Desmond Langley, Governor of Bermuda (1988–1992)
- Premier - John Swan, Premier of Bermuda (1982–1995)
- Governor -
- British Virgin Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Mark Herdman, Governor of the British Virgin Islands (1986–1991)
- Chief Minister - Lavity Stoutt, Chief Minister of the British Virgin Islands (1986–1995)
- Canada
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada (1952–present)
- Governor General - Jeanne Sauvé, Governor General of Canada (1984–1990)
- Prime Minister - Brian Mulroney, Prime Minister of Canada (1984–1993)
- Cayman Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Alan James Scott, Governor of the Cayman Islands (1987–1992)
- Costa Rica
- President - Óscar Arias, President of Costa Rica (1986–1990)
- Cuba
- Communist Party Leader - Fidel Castro, First secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (1965–2011)
- President - Fidel Castro, President of the Council of State of Cuba (1976–2008)
- Premier - Fidel Castro, President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (1959–2008)
- Dominica
- President - Sir Clarence Seignoret, President of Dominica (1983–1993)
- Prime Minister - Eugenia Charles, Prime Minister of Dominica (1980–1995)
- Dominican Republic
- President - Joaquín Balaguer, President of the Dominican Republic (1986–1996)
- El Salvador
- President - José Napoleón Duarte, President of El Salvador (1984–1989)
- Grenada
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Grenada (1974–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Paul Scoon, Governor-General of Grenada (1978–1992)
- Prime Minister - Herbert Blaize, Prime Minister of Grenada (1984–1989)
- Guatemala
- President - Vinicio Cerezo, President of Guatemala (1986–1991)
- Haiti
- President -
- Henri Namphy, Chairman of the National Council of Haiti (1986–1988)
- Leslie Manigat, President of Haiti (1988)
- Henri Namphy, President of Haiti (1988)
- Prosper Avril, President of Haiti (1988–1990)
- Prime Minister - Martial Célestin, Prime Minister of Haiti (1988)
- President -
- Honduras
- President - José Azcona del Hoyo, President of Honduras (1986–1990)
- Jamaica
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Jamaica (1962–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Florizel Glasspole, Governor-General of Jamaica (1973–1991)
- Prime Minister - Edward Seaga, Prime Minister of Jamaica (1980–1989)
- Mexico
- President -
- Miguel de la Madrid, President of Mexico (1982–1988)
- Carlos Salinas de Gortari, President of Mexico (1988–1994)
- President -
- Montserrat (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Christopher J. Turner, Governor of Montserrat (1987–1990)
- Chief Minister - John Osborne, Chief Minister of Montserrat (1978–1991)
- Netherlands Antilles (constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Governor - René Römer, Governor of the Netherlands Antilles (1983–1990)
- Prime Minister -
- Nicaragua
- President - Daniel Ortega, President of Nicaragua (1985–1990)
- Panama
- De facto leader - Manuel Noriega, Commandant of the Panamanian Defense Forces (1983–1989)
- President -
- Eric Arturo Delvalle, President of Panama (1985–1988)
- Manuel Solís, Acting President of Panama (1988–1989)
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Clement Arrindell, Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1981–1995)[19]
- Prime Minister - Kennedy Simmonds, Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1980–1995)[20]
- Saint Lucia
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Lucia (1979–present)
- Governor-General -
- Vincent Floissac, Acting Governor-General of Saint Lucia (1987–1988)
- Stanislaus A. James, Governor-General of Saint Lucia (1988–1996)
- Prime Minister - John Compton, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (1982–1996)
- Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Territorial collectivity of France)
- Prefect - Jean-René Garnier, Prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1987–1988)
- President of the General Council - Marc Plantegenest, President of the General Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (1984–1994)
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1979–present)
- Governor-General -
- Prime Minister - James Fitz-Allen Mitchell, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1984–2000)
- Trinidad and Tobago
- President - Noor Hassanali, President of Trinidad and Tobago (1987–1997)
- Prime Minister - A. N. R. Robinson, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (1986–1991)
- Turks and Caicos Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Michael J. Bradley, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1987–1993)
- Chief Minister -
- United States of America
- President - Ronald Reagan, President of the United States (1981–1989)
- Puerto Rico (Commonwealth of the United States)
- Governor - Rafael Hernández Colón, Governor of Puerto Rico (1985–1993)
- United States Virgin Islands (Insular area of the United States)
- Governor - Alexander Farrelly, Governor of the United States Virgin Islands (1987–1995)
Oceania
- American Samoa (unorganized, unincorporated territory of the United States)
- Governor - A. P. Lutali, Governor of American Samoa (1985–1989)
- Australia
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia (1952–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Ninian Stephen, Governor-General of Australia (1982–1989)
- Prime Minister - Bob Hawke, Prime Minister of Australia (1983–1991)
- Christmas Island (external territory of Australia)
- Administrator - A.D. Taylor, Administrator of Christmas Island (1986-1990)
- Assembly Chairman - Gordon Bennett, Chairman of the Christmas Island Assembly (1985–1988)
- Cocos (Keeling) Islands (external territory of Australia)
- Administrator -
- Council Chairman - Parson bin Yapat, Chairman of the Cocos Islands Council (1983-1993)
- Norfolk Island (self-governing territory of Australia)
- Administrator -
- John Alexander Matthew, Administrator of Norfolk Island (1985–1988)
- William McFadyen Campbell, Acting Administrator of Norfolk Island (1988–1989)
- Head of Government - John Terence Brown, President of the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island (1986–1989)
- Administrator -
- Fiji
- President - Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, President of Fiji (1987–1993)
- Prime Minister - Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, Prime Minister of Fiji (1987–1992)
- French Polynesia (French overseas territory)
- High Commissioner - Jean Montpezat, High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia (1987–1992)
- President of the Government - Alexandre Léontieff, President of the Government of French Polynesia (1987–1991)
- Guam (Insular area of the United States)
- Governor - Joseph Franklin Ada, Governor of Guam (1987–1995)
- Kiribati
- President - Ieremia Tabai, President of Kiribati (1983–1991)
- Marshall Islands
- President - Amata Kabua, President of the Marshall Islands (1979–1996)[21]
- Micronesia -
- President - John Haglelgam, President of Micronesia (1987–1991)
- Nauru
- President - Hammer DeRoburt, President of Nauru (1986–1989)
- New Caledonia (French overseas territory)
- High Commissioner -
- Clément Bouhin, High Commissioner of New Caledonia (1987–1988)
- Bernard Grasset, High Commissioner of New Caledonia (1988–1991)
- President of the Government - Dick Ukeiwé, President of the Executive Council of New Caledonia (1984–1988)
- High Commissioner -
- New Zealand
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand (1952–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Paul Reeves, Governor-General of New Zealand (1985–1990)
- Prime Minister - David Lange, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1984–1989)
- Cook Islands (Associated state of New Zealand)
- Queen's Representative - Sir Tangaroa Tangaroa, Queen's Representative of the Cook Islands (1984–1990)
- Prime Minister - Pupuke Robati, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (1987–1989)
- Niue (associated state of New Zealand)
- Premier - Sir Robert Rex, Premier of Niue (1974–1992)
- Tokelau (dependent territory of New Zealand)
- Administrator -
- Harold Huyton Francis, Administrator of Tokelau (1984–1988)
- Neil Walter, Administrator of Tokelau (1988–1990)
- Administrator -
- Northern Mariana Islands (Commonwealth of the United States)
- Governor - Pedro Tenorio, Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands (1982–1990)
- Palau (United Nations Trust Territory administered by the USA)
- President -
- Lazarus Salii, President of Palau (1985–1988)
- Thomas Remengesau, Sr., Acting President of Palau (1988–1989)
- President -
- Papua New Guinea
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Papua New Guinea (1975–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Kingsford Dibela, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (1983–1989)
- Prime Minister -
- Paias Wingti, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (1985–1988)
- Rabbie Namaliu, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (1988–1992)
- Pitcairn Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor - Robin Byatt, Governor of the Pitcairn Islands (1987–1990)
- Magistrate - Brian Young, Magistrate of the Pitcairn Islands (1984–1991)
- Solomon Islands
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the Solomon Islands (1978–present)
- Governor-General -
- Sir Baddeley Devesi, Governor-General of the Solomon Islands (1978–1988)
- Sir George Lepping, Governor-General of the Solomon Islands (1988–1994)
- Prime Minister - Ezekiel Alebua, Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands (1986–1989)
- Tonga
- Monarch - Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, King of Tonga (1965–2006)[22]
- Prime Minister - Prince Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake, Prime Minister of Tonga (1965–1991)[23]
- Tuvalu
- Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of Tuvalu (1978–present)
- Governor-General - Sir Tupua Leupena, Governor-General of Tuvalu (1986–1990)
- Prime Minister - Tomasi Puapua, Prime Minister of Tuvalu (1981–1989)
- Vanuatu
- President - Ati George Sokomanu, President of Vanuatu (1984–1989)
- Prime Minister - Walter Lini, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (1979–1991)[24]
- Wallis and Futuna (French overseas territory)
- Administrator-Superior -
- Gérard Lambotte, Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna (1987–1988)
- Roger Dumec, Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna (1988–1990)
- President of the Territorial Assembly -
- Administrator-Superior -
- Western Samoa
- Head of State - Malietoa Tanumafili II, O le Ao o le Malo of Western Samoa (1962–present)
- Prime Minister -
- Va'ai Kolone, Prime Minister of Western Samoa (1985–1988)
- Tofilau Eti Alesana, Prime Minister of Western Samoa (1988–1998)
South America
- Argentina
- President - Raúl Alfonsín, President of Argentina (1983–1989)
- Bolivia
- President - Víctor Paz Estenssoro, President of Bolivia (1985–1989)
- Brazil
- President - José Sarney, President of Brazil (1985–1990)
- Chile
- President - Augusto Pinochet, President of Chile (1973–1990)
- Colombia
- President - Virgilio Barco Vargas, President of Colombia (1986–1990)
- Ecuador
- President -
- León Febres Cordero, President of Ecuador (1984–1988)
- Rodrigo Borja Cevallos, President of Ecuador (1988–1992)
- President -
- Falkland Islands (British dependent territory)
- Governor -
- Gordon Wesley Jewkes, Governor of the Falkland Islands (1985–1988)
- William Hugh Fullerton, Governor of the Falkland Islands (1988–1992)
- Chief Executive -
- Governor -
- Guyana
- President - Desmond Hoyte, President of Guyana (1985–1992)
- Prime Minister - Hamilton Green, Prime Minister of Guyana (1985–1992)
- Paraguay
- President - Alfredo Stroessner, President of Paraguay (1954–1989)
- Peru
- President - Alan García, President of Peru (1985–1990)
- Prime Minister -
- Suriname
- De facto Leader - Dési Bouterse, Chairman of the National Military Council (1980–1988)
- President -
- Fred Ramdat Misier, Acting President of Suriname (1982–1988)
- Ramsewak Shankar, President of Suriname (1988–1990)
- Prime Minister - Jules Wijdenbosch, Prime Minister of Suriname (1987–1988)
- Uruguay
- President - Julio María Sanguinetti, President of Uruguay (1985–1990)
- Venezuela
- President - Jaime Lusinchi, President of Venezuela (1984–1989)
References
- ↑ Bophuthatswana was only declared to be independent in 1977.
- ↑ Ciskei was only declared to be independent in 1981, before independence Lennox Sebe was titled Chief Minister.
- ↑ Venda was only declared to be independent in 1979.
- ↑ Bahrain only became independent in 1971, until then the monarch was titled Hakim of Bahrain.
- ↑ Bahrain only became independent in 1971.
- ↑ Brunei only became independent in 1984.
- ↑ Hun Sen was titled Second Prime Minister between 1993 and 1998.
- ↑ In exile between 1990 and 1991.
- ↑ In exile between 1990 and 1991.
- ↑ Qatar only became independent in 1971.
- ↑ Singapore only became independent in 1965.
- ↑ Ali Abdullah Saleh became President of Yemen upon unification in 1990.
- ↑ Richard von Weizsäcker was President of unified Germany from 1990.
- ↑ Helmut Kohl was Chancellor of unified Germany from 1990.
- ↑ The seven member Swiss Federal Council is the collective head of state and the government of Switzerland. Within the Council, the President of the Swiss Confederation serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
- ↑ Antigua and Barbuda only became independent in 1981, until then Sir Wilfred Jacobs was titled Governor of Antigua and Barbuda.
- ↑ Antigua and Barbuda only became independent in 1981.
- ↑ The Bahamas only became independent on 1973.
- ↑ Saint Kitts and Nevis only became independent in 1983.
- ↑ Saint Kitts and Nevis only became independent in 1983, until then Sir Clement Arrindell was titled Governor of Saint Christopher and Nevis.
- ↑ The Marshall Islands only became independent in 1986.
- ↑ Tonga only became independent in 1970.
- ↑ Tonga only became independent in 1970.
- ↑ Vanuatu only became independent in 1980.
