List of state leaders in 991

This is a list of heads of state, government leaders, and other rulers in the year 991.

Africa

• Fatimid Caliphate – Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah, Caliph (975–996)
  • Ifriqiya – Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin, Zirid Viceroy (984–995)

Asia

• Byzantine Empire – Basil II Bulgaroktonus (976–1025)
• China (Northern Song Dynasty) – Emperor Taizong (976–997)
• Japan (Heian period) –
  • Monarch – Emperor Ichijō (986–1011)
  • Regent (Sesshō) – Fujiwara no Michitaka, Sesshō (990–993); Kampaku (993–995)
• Khitan Empire – Emperor Shengzong (982–1031)
• Korea (Goryeo Kingdom) – Seongjong (981–997)

Europe

• Bulgaria -
  • Roman I, Tsar of Bulgaria (977–997)
  • Samuil, Tsar of Bulgaria (977–1014)
• Kingdom of Burgundy - Conrad the Peaceful (937–993)
  • County of Burgundy - Otto-William (982–1026)
  • County of Provence -
    • Rotbold II, Count of Provence (968–1008)
    • William I, Margrave of Provence (968–993)
• Byzantine Empire - Basil II the Bulgar-slayer (976–1025)
• Caucasus
  • Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia - Gagik I (989–1020)
  • Kingdom of Iberia - Bagrat II (958–994)
  • Principality of Kakheti - David (976–1010)
  • Klarjeti - David II, Prince of Klarjeti (988–993)
• Kingdom of Croatia - Stephen Držislav (969–997)
• Kingdom of Denmark - Sweyn I (985/986–1014)
• Kingdom of England – Æthelred the Unready (978–1013)
• France - Hugh Capet, King of France (987–996)
  • County of Angoulême - William IV (988–1028)
  • County of Anjou - Fulk III (987–1040)
  • Duchy of Aquitaine - William IV (963–995)
  • County of Blois - Odo I (975–995)
  • Duchy of Brittany - Conan I (990–992)
  • Duchy of Burgundy - Eudes-Henry (965–1002)
  • County of Flanders - Baldwin IV (987–1035)
  • County of Maine - Hugh II (950–992)
  • Duchy of Normandy - Richard I (942–996)
  • County of Toulouse - William III Taillefer (978–1037)
  • County of Vermandois - Herbert III (987–1000)
• Duchy of Gascony - William II (c. 961–996)
• Holy Roman Empire - Otto III, King of Germany (983–1002)
  • Duchy of Bavaria - Henry II the Wrangler (985–995)
    • March of Austria - Leopold I (976–994)
  • Duchy of Bohemia - Boleslaus II (972–999)
  • Duchy of Carinthia - Henry II the Wrangler (989–995)
  • Duchy of Lower Lorraine - Charles (977–993)
    • County of Frisia - Arnulf (988–993)
    • County of Mons - Godfrey I (974–998)
    • County of Namur - Albert I (c. 981–1011)
  • Duchy of Upper Lorraine - Theodoric I (978–1026/1027)
    • County of Bar - Theodoric I (978–1026/1027)
    • County of Luxembourg - Siegfried (963–998)
  • Palatinate – Hermann I, Count Palatine of Lotharingia (985–996)
  • Duchy of Saxony - Bernard I (973–1011)
    • Saxon Eastern March - Odo I (965–993)
    • Northern March - Lothair (983–1003)
    • March of Meissen - Ekkehard I (985–1002)
  • Duchy of Swabia - Conrad I (983–997)
• Hungarian tribal federation - Geza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians (c. 972–997)
• Ireland - Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, High King of Ireland (980–1002)
  • Ailech - Áed mac Domnaill Ua Néill, King of Ailech (989–1004)
  • Connacht - Cathal mac Conchobar mac Taidg, King of Connacht (973–1010)
  • Uí Maine - Tadhg Mór Ua Cellaigh, King of Uí Maine (985–1014)
  • Leinster - Donnchad mac Domnall Claen, King of Leinster (984–1003)
  • Kingdom of Mide - Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill (c. 975–1022)
  • Munster - Brian Boru, King of Munster (978–1014)
• Italy -
  • Duchy of Amalfi - Manso I (966–1004)
  • Principality of Benevento - Pandulf II (981–1014)
  • Principality of Capua - Landenulf II (982–993)
  • Catepanate of Italy - John Ammiropoulos (988–998)
  • Duchy of Gaeta - John III (984–1008)
  • March of Ivrea - Arduin (c. 990–1015)
  • March of Montferrat -
    1. Otto I, Marquess of Montferrat (967–991)
    2. William III, Marquess of Montferrat (991–1042)
  • Duchy of Naples - Marinus II (968–992)
  • Papal States - Pope John XV (985–996)
  • Principality of Salerno - John II (983–994)
  • Emirate of Sicily - Yusuf al-Kalbi (990–998)
  • Duchy of Spoleto - Hugh of Tuscany (989–996)
  • March of Tuscany - Hugh (961–1001)
  • Republic of Venice -
    1. Tribuno Memmo, Doge of Venice (979–991)
    2. Pietro II Orseolo, Doge of Venice (991–1009)
• Kievan Rus' - Vladimir I (980–1015)
  • Principality of Polotsk - Izyaslav (989–1001)
• Kingdom of Norway - Haakon Sigurdsson (970–995)
• Poland - Mieszko I, Duke of the Polans (c. 960–992)
• Kingdom of Alba (Scotland) - Kenneth II (971–995)
• Spain -
  • County of Barcelona - Borrell II (947–993)
  • County of Castile - García Fernández (970–995)
  • Caliphate of Córdoba -
    • Hisham II, Caliph of Córdoba (976–1009)
    • Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, Hajib (978–1002)
  • Kingdom of León - Bermudo II (984–999)
    • County of Portugal - Gonçalo I Mendes (c. 950–997)
  • Kingdom of Pamplona - Sancho II Abarca (970–994)
    • Kingdom of Viguera -
      1. Ramiro Garcés (970–c. 991)
      2. Sancho Ramírez (c. 991–c. 1002)
• Kingdom of Sweden - Eric the Victorious (970–995)
• Wales -
  • Deheubarth - Maredudd ab Owain, Prince of Deheubarth (987–999)
  • Kingdom of Gwynedd - Maredudd ab Owain (986–999)
  • Kingdom of Powys - Maredudd ab Owain (987–999)

Middle East

• Abbasid Caliphate – At-Ta'i, Caliph (991–1031)
• Byzantine Empire – Basil II (976–1025)
• Persia
  • Fars (Buwayhids) – Samsam al-Daula, Emir (989–998)
  • Hamadan (Buwayhids) – Fakhr al-Daula, Emir (984–997)
  • Samanids – Nuh II (976–997)
  • Seistan (Saffarids) – Wali-ud-Dawlah Khalaf I (963–1003)