List of thermal conductivities

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In heat transfer, the thermal conductivity of a substance, k, is an intensive property that indicates its ability to conduct heat.

Thermal conductivity is often measured with laser flash analysis. Alternative ments are also established.

Mixtures may have variable thermal conductivities due to composition.

Note that this table shows thermal conductivity in units of watts per metre per Kelvin (W·m−1·K−1). This is the current metric unit of measurement. Prior to this, however, thermal conductivity was measured in terms of BTUs per foot per hour per degree Fahrenheit. A value for the former can be computed from the latter by multiplying by 1.728.[1] To convert from W/m K to Btu/hr.ft.F multiply by 0.5777892052

Material Thermal conductivity [W·m−1·K−1] Temperature [K] Electrical conductivity @ 293 K
[Ω−1·m−1]		 Notes
Acrylic Glass (Plexiglas V045i) 0.17[2]-0.19[2]-0.2[3] 296[2] 7.143E-15[2] - 5.0E-14[2]
Air 0.024[4][5][6]-0.025[7]
0.0262 (1 bar)[8]
0.0457 (1 bar)[8]		 273[4][5]-293[7]-298[6]
300[8]
600[8]		 hiAerosols2.95[9]-loAerosols7.83[9]×10−15 (78.03%N2,21%O2,+0.93%Ar,+0.04%CO2) (1 atm)
Alcohols OR Oils 0.1[6][7]-0.110[10]-0.21[6][7]-0.212[10] 293[7]-298[6]-300[10]
Aluminium, pure 204.3[11]-205[4]-220[12]-237[7][13][14][15]-250[6]
214.6[11]
249.3[11]		 293[7][11]-298[6][14][15]
366[11]
478[11]		 37,450,000[14] - 37,740,000[16]
Aluminium nitride 170[13]-175[17]-190[17] 293[17] 1×10^−11[17]
Aluminium oxide, pure 26[18]-30[7]-35[18]-39[13]-40[19] 293[7][18][19] 1×10^−12-[18][19]
Ammonia, saturated 0.507[10] 300[10]
Argon 0.016[6]-0.01772[15]-0.0179[15][20] 298[6][15]-300[15][20]
Beryllium oxide 218[13]-260[21]-300[21] 293[21] 1×10^−12[21]
Bismuth 7.97[15] 300[15]
Brass Cu63% 125[22] 296[22] 15,150,000[22] - 16,130,000[22] (Cu63%, Zn37%)
Brass Cu70% 109[4][23] - 121[23] 293[4]-296[23] 12,820,000[23] - 16,130,000[23] (Cu70%, Zn30%)
Brick 0.15[4]-0.6[4]-0.69[6]-1.31[6] 293[4]-298[6]
Bronze 26[12]
42[24]-50[11][24]		 293[11]-296[24]
5,882,000[24] - 7,143,000[24]		 Sn25%[12]
(Cu89%, Sn11%)[24]
Calcium silicate 0.063[25] 373[25]
Carbon dioxide 0.0146[6]-0.01465[26]-0.0168[20](sat. liquid 0.087[27]) 298[6]-273[26]-300[20](293[27])
Carbon nanotubes, bulk 2.5 (multiwall)[28] - 35 (single wall, disordered mats)[28] - 200(single wall, aligned mats)[28] 300[28] "bulk" refers to a group of nanotubes either arranged or disordered, for a single nanotube, see "carbon nanotube, single" .[28]
Carbon nanotube, single 3180 (multiwall)[29][30]-3500 (single wall)[31]
(SWcalc.6,600[29][32]-37,000[29][32])		 320[29][30]-300[31]
(300[29][32]-100[29][32])		 (Lateral)10−16[33] - (Ballistic)108[33]) values only for one single SWNT(length:2.6 μm, diameter:1.7 nm) and CNT. "Single", as opposed to "bulk" quantity (see "carbon nanotubes, bulk" ) of many nanotubes, which should not be confused with the denomination of nanotubes themselves which can be singlewall(SWNT) or multiwall(CNT)[28]
Concrete 0.8[4] - 1.28[7] - 1.65 [34] - 2.5 [34] 293[7] ~61-67%CaO
Copper, pure 385[4]-386[11][12]-390[7]-401[6][15][35]
368.7[11]
353.1[11]		 293[4][6][7][11][15][35]
573[11]
873[11]		 59,170,000[35] - 59,590,000[16] International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) pure =1.7×10−8Ω•m
=58.82×106Ω−1•m−1

For main article, see: Copper in heat exchangers.
Cork 0.04[4] - 0.07[7] 293[7]
Cotton or Plastic Insulation-foamed 0.03[6][7] 293[7]
Diamond, impure 1,000[4][36] 273[36] - 293[4] 1×10^−16~[37] Type I (98.1% of Gem Diamonds) (C+0.1%N)
Diamond, natural 2,200[38] 293[38] 1×10^−16~[37] Type IIa (99%12C and 1%13C)
Diamond, isotopically enriched 3,320[38]-41,000[29][39](99.999% 12C calc.200,000[39]) 293[38]-104[29][39](~80[39]) (Lateral)10−16[37] - (Ballistic)108[37] Type IIa isotopically enriched (>99.9%12C)
Epoxy, thermally conductive 0.682[40] - 1.038 - 1.384[41] - 4.8[42]
Expanded polystyrene - EPS 0.03[6]-0.033[4][6][36]((PS Only)0.1[43]-0.13[43]) 98[36]-298[6][36](296[43]) 1×10^−14[43] (PS+Air+CO2+CnH2n+x)
Extruded polystyrene - XPS 0.029 - 0.39 98-298
Fiberglass or Foam-glass 0.045[7] 293[7]
Gallium arsenide 56[36] 300[36]
Glass 0.8[4]-0.93[7](SiO2pure1[13]-SiO296%1.2[44]-1.4[44]) 293[4][7][44] 10−14[45][46]-10−12[44]-10−10[45][46] <1% Iron oxides
Glycerol 0.285[10]-0.29[7] 300[10]-293[7]
Gold, pure 314[4]-315[11]-318[12][15][47] 293[11]-298[15][47] 45,170,000[16] - 45,450,000[47]
Granite 1.73[48] - 3.98[48] (72%SiO2+14%Al2O3+4%K2O etc.)
Graphene (4840±440)[49] - (5300±480)[49] 293[49] 100,000,000[50]
Graphite, natural 25-470[51] 293[51] 5,000,000-30,000,000[51]
Helium II >100000[52] 2.2 liquid Helium in its superfluid state below 2.2 K
Hydrogen 0.1819[53] 290 Hydrogen gas at room temperature.
Ice 1.6[4]-2.1[7]-2.2[36]-2.22[54] 293[4][7] - 273[36][54]
Indium phosphide 80[36] 300[36]
Iron, pure 71.8[12]-72.7[11]-79.5[4]-80[6]-80.2[36]-80.4[15][55]
55.4[11]
34.6[11]		 293[4][11]-298[6]-300[15][36][55]
573[11]
1273[11]		 9,901,000[55] - 10,410,000[16]
Iron, cast 55[6][12] 298[6] (Fe+(2-4)%C+(1-3)%Si)
Lead, pure 34.7[4][11]-35.0[6][12]-35.3[15][56]
29.8[11]		 293[4][11]-298[6]-300[15][56]
573[11]		 4,808,000[16] - 4,854,000[56]
Limestone 1.26[48] - 1.33[48] Mostly CaCO3
Marble 2.07[48]-2.08[6]-2.94[6][48] 298[6] Mostly CaCO3
Methane 0.030[6]-0.03281[57] 298[6]-273[57]
Mineral Insulation or Wool(Felt/Glass/Rock) 0.04[4][6][7] 293[7]-298[6]
Nickel 90.9[15]-91[6] 298[6][15]
Nitrogen, pure 0.0234[4]-0.024[6]-0.02583[15]-0.026[20][36] 293[4]-298[6]-300[15][20][36] (N2) (1 atm)
Oxygen, pure (gas) 0.0238[4]-0.024[6]-0.0263[20]-0.02658[15] 293[4]-298[6]-300[15][20] (O2) (1 atm)
Paper 0.05[6] 298[6]
Perlite, (1 atm) 0.031[6] 298[6]
Perlite in partial vacuum 0.00137[6] 298[6]
Plastic, fiber-reinforced 0.23[58] - 0.7[58] - 1.06[7] 293[7] - 296[58] 10−15[58] - 100[58] 10-40%GF or CF
Polyethylene High Density 0.42[6] - 0.51[6] 298[6]
Polymer, High-Density 0.33[58] - 0.52[58] 296[58] 10−16[58] - 102[58]
Polymer, Low-density 0.04[58] - 0.16[7] - 0.25[7] - 0.33[58] 293[7] - 296[58] 10−17[58] - 100[58]
Polyurethane foam 0.02[6] - 0.021[6] 298[6]
Quartz (single crystal) 12[36] \parallel to c axis, 6.8[36] \perp to c axis 300[36]
Quartz-Fused or Vitreous Silica or Fused Silica 1.46[59]-3[7]
1.4[36]		 293[7][59]
323[36]		 1.333E-18[45] - 10−16[59]
Rice hulls (ash) 0.062[60]
Rice hulls (whole) 0.0359[60]
Rubber (92%) 0.16[36] 303[36] 1×10^−13~[45]
Sandstone 1.83[48] - 2.90[48]
2.1[61] - 3.9[61]		 ~95-71%SiO2
~98-48%SiO2, ~16-30% Porosity
Silica Aerogel 0.003[36](carbon black9%~0.0042[62])-0.008[62]-0.017[62]-0.02[6]-0.03[36] 98[36] - 298[6][36] Foamed Glass
Silver, pure 406[4]-407[11]-418[12]
427[13]-429[6][15][36][63]-430[15]		 293[4][11]
298[6][15][63]-300[15][36]		 61,350,000[63] - 63,010,000[16] Highest electrical conductivity of any metal
Silver, sterling 361[64]
Snow, dry 0.05[6]-0.11[4]-0.25[6] 273[6]
Sodium chloride 35.1 - 6.5 - 4.85[65] 80 - 289 - 400[65]
Soil, dry w/ organic matter 0.15[7][66]-1.15[66]-2[7] 293[7] composition may vary
Soil, saturated 0.6[7]-4[7] 293[7] composition may vary
Solder, Sn/63% Pb/37% 50[67]
Lead free solder, Sn/95.6% Ag/3.5% Cu/0.9%, Sn/95.5% Ag/3.8% Cu/0.7% (SAC) ~60[67]
Steel, carbon 36[11][12]-43[6] 50.2[4]-54[6][11][12] 293[4][11]-298[6] (Fe+(1.5-0.5)%C)
Steel, stainless 16.3[12][68]-16.7[69]-18[70]-24[70] 296[68][69][70] 1,176,000[69] - 1,786,000[70] (Fe, Cr12.5-25%, Ni0-20%, Mo0-3%, Ti0-trace)
Thermal grease 0.4[71]
Thermal grease, silver-based 8[71]
Thermal tape 0.60[72]
Titanium, pure 15.6[12]-19.0[11]-21.9[15][73]-22.5[11] 293[11]-300[15][73] 1,852,000[73] - 2,381,000[16]
Titanium Alloy 5.8[74] 296[74] 595,200[74] (Ti+6%Al+4%V)
Tungsten, Pure 173[37] 293[37] 18,940,000[37]
Water 0.563[75]-0.596[75]-0.6[4][7]-0.609[10] 273[75]-293[4][7][75]-300[10] 5×Pure10−6[37]-Sweet10−3±1[37]-Sea1[75] <4[75]%(NaCl+MgCl2+CaCl2)
Water vapor 0.016[6]-0.02479 (101.3 kPa)[76]
0.0471 (1 bar)[8]		 293[76]-398[6]
600[8]
Wood, +>=12% water 0.09091[77]-0.16[36]-0.21[77]-0.4[7] 298[36]-293[7] Species-Variable[77]
Wood, oven-dry 0.04[4]-0.055[6]-0.07692[77]-0.12[4]-0.17[6][77] 293[4]-298[6] Balsa[6]-Cedar[77]-Hickory[77]/Oak[6]
Zinc, Pure 116[37] 293[37] 16,950,000[37]
Zinc oxide 21[13]
Material Thermal conductivity [W·m−1·K−1] Temperature [K] Electrical conductivity @ 293 K [Ω−1·m−1] Notes

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polymethylmethacrylate.html
  3. ↑ http://www.plexiglas.com/tds/4b.pdf
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 HyperPhysics, most from Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, 1992. Table 15-5. (most data should be at 293 K (20 °C; 68 °F))
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-properties-d_156.html
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 6.35 6.36 6.37 6.38 6.39 6.40 6.41 6.42 6.43 6.44 6.45 6.46 6.47 6.48 6.49 6.50 6.51 6.52 6.53 6.54 6.55 6.56 6.57 6.58 6.59 6.60 6.61 6.62 6.63 6.64 6.65 6.66 6.67 http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 7.27 7.28 7.29 7.30 7.31 7.32 7.33 7.34 7.35 7.36 7.37 7.38 7.39 7.40 7.41 7.42 7.43 Hukseflux Thermal Sensors
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 "Thermal conductivity of gases", CRC Handbook, p. 6–195.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-liquids-d_1260.html
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23 11.24 11.25 11.26 11.27 11.28 11.29 11.30 11.31 11.32 11.33 http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-metals-d_858.html
  12. ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 12.12 http://www.engineersedge.com/properties_of_metals.htm
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Aluminium.html
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.19 15.20 15.21 15.22 15.23 15.24 15.25 15.26 15.27 Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/AluminiumNitride'.html
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Alumina.html
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Alumina (Al2O3) - Physical, Mechanical, Thermal, Electrical and Chemical Properties - Supplier Data by Ceramaret
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 http://www.engineersedge.com/heat_transfer/thermal-conductivity-gases.htm
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Beryllia.html
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Brass.html
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Brass'.html
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Bronze.html
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/calcium-silicate-insulation-k-values-d_1171.html
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/encyclopedia.asp?GasID=26
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/carbon-dioxide-d_1000.html
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 "Carbon nanotubes : Reinforced metal matrix composites" by A.Agarwal, S.R.Bakshi and D.Lahiri, CRC Press, 2011 (ch.1, p.8, chart 1.1 : physical properties of carbon materials )
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 International Standard EN-ISO 10456:2007 'Building materials and products - Hygrothermal properties - Tabulated design values and procedures for determining declared and design thermal values'
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Copper.html
  36. ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 36.11 36.12 36.13 36.14 36.15 36.16 36.17 36.18 36.19 36.20 36.21 36.22 36.23 36.24 36.25 36.26 36.27 36.28 36.29 CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[verification needed](subscription required)(HTTP cookies required)
  37. ↑ 37.00 37.01 37.02 37.03 37.04 37.05 37.06 37.07 37.08 37.09 37.10 37.11 Other references listed within Wikipedia (this table may not be cited, pure elements are sourced from Chemical elements data references, otherwise an in-table linked-page must list the relevant references) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Wikipedia" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Wikipedia" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Wikipedia" defined multiple times with different content
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polystyrene.html
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Silica.html
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Gold.html
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 48.6 48.7 Marble Institute of America (2 values are usually given: the highest and lowest test scores)
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ Physicists Show Electrons Can Travel More Than 100 Times Faster in Graphene
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Properties of Graphite
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/ice-thermal-properties-d_576.html
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Iron.html
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Lead.html
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/Encyclopedia.asp?GasID=41
  58. ↑ 58.00 58.01 58.02 58.03 58.04 58.05 58.06 58.07 58.08 58.09 58.10 58.11 58.12 58.13 58.14 http://www.goodfellow.com/Home.aspx?LangType=2057
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Quartz-Fused.html
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 http://esrla.com/pdf/ricehullhouse.pdf
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 http://edoc.gfz-potsdam.de/gfz/get/15306/0/69070f5918278d63d23cfce5cbad024a/15306.pdf
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 http://energy.lbl.gov/ECS/aerogels/sa-thermal.html Thermal Properties - Silica Aerogels
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Silver.html
  64. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 http://www.almazoptics.com/NaCl.htm
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Soil Sci Journals
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Stainless-Steel-AISI-302.html
    http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Stainless-Steel-AISI-304.html
    http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Stainless-Steel-AISI-310.html
    http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Stainless-Steel-AISI-316.html
    http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Stainless-Steel-AISI-321.html
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Stainless-Steel-17-7PH.html
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Stainless-Steel-AISI-410.html
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  72. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Titanium.html
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Titanium-Aluminium-Vanadium.html
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 75.4 75.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 "Thermal conductivity of saturated H2O and D2O, CRC Handbook, p. 6–4.
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 77.3 77.4 77.5 77.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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