List of tornadoes striking downtown areas of large cities
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This article is a list of tornadoes that have impacted the central business district (downtown or city centre) of a large city (that is, one having at least 50,000 people, not counting suburbs or outlying communities, at the time of the storm).
It is a common myth that tornadoes do not strike downtown areas. The odds are much lower due to the small areas covered, but paths can go anywhere, including over downtown areas. St. Louis, Missouri has taken a direct hit four times in less than a century.[1] Many of the tornadoes listed were extremely destructive or caused numerous casualties, and the occurrence of a catastrophic event somewhere is inevitable.[2]
This list is not exhaustive (listing every single tornado that has struck a downtown area or central business district of any city), as it may never be known if a tornado struck a downtown area, or if it was just a microburst (powerful downward and outward gush of wind, which cause damage from straight-line winds), particularly for older events or from areas with limited information. Downbursts often accompany intense tornadoes, extending damage across a wider area than the tornado path. When a tornado strikes a city, it is occasionally very difficult to determine whether it was a tornadic event at all or if the affected area was indeed the "downtown", "city centre", or "central business district" consisting of very high population density and mid to high-rises, as opposed to other heavily urbanized/built-up parts of the city or suburbs. It is sometimes also difficult to determine tornadoes that strike urban cores before 1950, when tornado records (particularly in the US) started to be consistently logged with detail. Before this, lack of details on information from the events, as well as that most cities were far smaller in area and population complicate the record.
For the list of cities that are not listed here for certain reasons, see below.
Contents
North America
Note: The F-Scale was superseded by the EF scale in the U.S. on February 1, 2007, and in Canada on April 18, 2013
For tornadoes and cities in: United States, Canada, Mexico, Bahamas, Cuba, Central America, and The Caribbean
South America
South America has no default tornado strength measurement system, so the storms here will be listed using the Fujita Scale.
F# | City | Date | Deaths | Event |
---|---|---|---|---|
F4 | Rojas, Buenos Aires, Argentina[citation needed] | September 16, 1816 | 21, (90 injured) | |
F4 | Encarnación, Paraguay[citation needed] | September 20, 1926 | 300 (700 injured) | Violent Tornado demolishes buildings and houses of the port and city center categorized as F4 or F5. is one of the deadliest tornadoes recorded in the world. |
F4 | Fray Marcos, Uruguay[citation needed] | April 21, 1970 | 11, (100 injured) | the strongest and deadliest tornado recorded in Uruguay. |
F5 | San Justo, Santa Fe, Argentina | January 10, 1973 | 65, (500 injured) | The San Justo tornado it was the most violent tornado ever recorded in South America, and also the entire Southern Hemisphere. |
F2 | Carmelo[citation needed] | November 21, 1985 | 2, (25 injured) | |
F3 | Dolores, Buenos Aires, Argentina[citation needed] | November 25, 1985 | 1, (1 injured) | |
F4 | Estación Lopez, Argentina. | May 6, 1992 | 4 | There weren't nurses in that town of 150 habitants. |
F3 | Pampas | April 13–14, 1993 | 7, (80 injured) | There was more than 300 tornados in that night along the central Argentina. Located within the Corridor of the Tornados, this event was the largest tornado outbreak recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, from the twentieth century. The most affected locations were Henderson (F3), Urdampilleta (F3) and Mar del Plata (F2). |
F? | Santo Tomé, Santa Fe, Argentina[citation needed] | February 13, 1999 | 5, (47 injured) | |
F2 | Guernica, Dolores, Buenos Aires and Chascomus, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina[citation needed] | December 26, 2000 | 3, (47 injured) | |
F3 | Guernica and Glew, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina[citation needed] | January 10, 2001 | 5, (200 injured) | |
F? | Santo Tomé, Santa Fe, Argentina[citation needed] | December 15, 2003 | 5, (50 injured) | |
F3 | Córdoba, Argentina, Argentina[citation needed] | December 26, 2003 | 5, (100 injured) | 400 houses, 1000 trees and 150 blasting ceiling F-3 tornado (lasted 24 minutes and swept three neighborhoods making it the tornado that lasted more time in the southern hemisphere.) |
F4 | São Paulo | May 24, 2004 | 1, (11 injured) | The destruction path of the tornado extended for approximately 15 km, with a width of up to 200 m, with several motor cars being overturned, roofs, concrete walls and pillars demolished, electricity lines interrupted, as well as 20 railroad cars having been pushed off their track. |
F2 | Chivilcoy, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina[148] | January 7, 2006 | 1, (9 injured) | |
F2 | Barranquilla, Colombia[148] | September 15, 2006 | (13 injured) | Damaging tornado that was followed by severe flash flooding. |
F1 | Bogotá, Colombia[149] | November 6, 2007 | (1 injured) | Roofs were torn off of buildings, including a car dealership. Windows were blown out and trees were uprooted. |
F0 | Buenos Aires, Argentina[citation needed] | March 1, 2008 | 0 | Two strong waterspouts over La Plata River. |
F4 | San Pedro Department, Misiones, Argentina[citation needed] | September 3, 2009 | 11, (110 injured) | Severe damage in San Pedro and the community of Santa Rosa was completely destroyed by an EF4 tornadoes |
F2 | Bragado, Argentina[citation needed] | October 29, 2009 | 1, (15 injured) | |
F3 | Buenos Aires, Argentina[citation needed] | April 4, 2012 | 27, (900 injured) | A severe storm system of bow echo rise to four tornadoes F1, one F2 and one F3 intensity affecting the west and south of Greater Buenos Aires. |
F3 | Taquarituba | September 22, 2013 | 3, (64 injured) | The bus station in the city, gas stations, industries and homes were collapsed. |
F4 | Villa del Rosario, Córdoba, Argentina | December 2, 2013 | 3, (+20 injured) | 90% of the city was destroyed. |
F1 | Berazategui | February 21, 2014 | (2 injured) | |
F2 | San Vicente, Misiones, Argentina | November 6, 2014 | (4 injured) |
Europe
Note: The UK uses the TORRO scale.
T#/F# | City | Date | Deaths | Event |
---|---|---|---|---|
T8/F4 | London, England[150][151][152] | October 23, 1091 | Unknown | London tornado of 1091, destroyed London Bridge |
F? | Vyšehrad (now Prague), Bohemia[153] | July 30, 1119 | Unknown | Vyšehrad tornado of 1119 |
F? | Prague, Bohemia[154][155] | May 14, 1144 | Unknown | Prague tornado of 1144 |
F1 | Prague, Bohemia[153][155] | April 8, 1255 | Unknown | Prague tornado of 1255 |
F4 | Valletta, Malta[151] | September 23, 1551 (or 1556) | 600 | Valletta, Malta tornado |
F? | Augsburg, Germany[154][156] | July 2, 1587 | ||
F? | Rome, Italy[154][157] | December 4, 1645 | ||
F3 | Utrecht, Netherlands[158][159][160] | August 1, 1674 | Unknown | Utrecht, Netherlands tornado, damaged Dom Tower and Cathedral of St. Martin |
F3 | Rome, Italy[154][157] | June 12, 1749 | 2 | Rome tornado of 1749 |
F3 | Padua, Italy[161] | August 17, 1756 | Unknown | Padua, 17th August Tornado; heavy damages to the city, the leaded roof of the Palazzo della Ragione was thrown nearly 30km away |
F5 | Woldegk, Germany[162][163] | June 29, 1764 | 1 | |
F5 | Hainichen, Germany[162][163] | April 23, 1800 | 0 | |
T8/F4 | Portsmouth, England[151] | December 14, 1810 | Unknown | Portsmouth, United Kingdom tornado |
F5 | Monville, France[151][154][162] | August 19, 1845 | ||
F3 | Frankfurt, Germany[164][165] | Summer of 1860 | Unknown | Frankfurt tornado of 1860 |
F? | Brno, Moravia[151][154][162] | October 13, 1870 | Brno, Czech tornado | |
F? | Vienna, Austria[154] | June 29, 1873 | Many fatalities | |
F3 | Madrid, Spain[166] | May 12, 1886 | 45 dead | The most catastrophic and deadliest tornado in Spain in the past 200 years, but not the most powerful |
F2 | Paris, France[167] | September 10, 1896 | 5 dead | Tornado touched down in the heart of downtown Paris. |
F0 | Munich, Germany[164] | May 27, 1897 | 0 | Munich tornado of 1897 |
F4 | Cologne, Germany[164][168][169] | August 7, 1898 | 3 | Cologne tornado of 1898 |
F4 | Moscow, Russia[170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177] | June 29, 1904 | >10 | 1904 Moscow tornado. The destroyed areas are within the city limits today, but were suburbs in 1904 |
F? | Berlin, Germany[178] | July 25, 1909 | Unknown | Berlin tornado of 1909 |
F3 | Chemnitz, Germany[179][180] | May 27, 1916 | 0 | Chemnitz tornado of 1916 |
T5/F2 | Düsseldorf, Germany[181][182][183] | June 8, 1924 | 2 | Düsseldorf tornado of 1924 |
F3 | Nice, France[citation needed] | December 1, 1924 | ~4 | Nice tornado of 1924 |
F4 | Neede-Berkelland, Netherlands[162] | June 1, 1927 | ||
F5 | Montello, Italy/Selva de Montello[184] | July 24, 1930 | 23 | Area between Treviso and Udine, Montello tornado |
F3-F4 | Lublin, Poland[162][185] | July 20, 1931 | 3 dead (1 in Lublin, 2 behind Lublin), a dozen injured | Lublin tornado of 1931 |
F4 | Düsseldorf, Germany[186][187] | January 10, 1936 | 2 | Düsseldorf tornado of 1936 |
F4 | Borzymmen (Borzymy), Mazury, Poland[162] | July 15, 1940 | ||
F4 | Klodzko-Slaskie, Poland[162] | August 20, 1946 | ||
F2 | Hannover, Germany[188] | September 15, 1950 | 0 | Hannover tornado of 1950 |
F3 | Castelo Branco, Portugal[189][190] | November 6, 1954 | 5 dead 220 injured | tornadoes in Portugal |
F0 | Magdeburg, Germany[188] | July 25, 1955 | 0 | Magdeburg tornado of 1955 |
F1 | Düsseldorf, Germany[188] | October 6, 1955 | Unknown | Düsseldorf tornado of 1955 |
F1 | Szczecin, Poland[191] | August 25, 1956 | 0 | Szczecin tornado of 1956 |
F5 | Robecco Pavese, Valle Scuropasso, Italy[162][192][193] | June 16, 1957 | ||
F? | Rawa Mazowiecka and Nowe Miasto nad Pilicą, Poland[194] | May 15–16, 1958 | 3 dead, 100 injured | Almost 80% of the buildings were damaged. |
F3 | Garac, France[195][196] | May 18, 1960 | None | The Garac tornado was the most powerful tornadoes to ever strike southwestern France. |
F5 | Niechobrz, Poland[162] | May 20, 1960 | 3, 77 injured | |
F1 | Perm, Russia[citation needed] | June 17, 1960 | Unknown | Perm tornado of 1960 |
F1 | Voronezh, Russia[citation needed] | August 14, 1961 | Unknown | Voronezh tornado of 1961 |
F5 | Palluel, France[151][162][197] | June 24, 1967 | ||
F4 | Padua and Venice, Italy[198][198][199][200][201][202] | September 11, 1970 | 36 | Struck the area between the Province of Padua and Venice Lagoon. |
F3 | Nizhny Novgorod, Russia[203] | July 3, 1974 | Unknown | Nizhny Novgorod tornado of 1974 |
F5 | Ivanovo/Yaroslavl/Perm/Tver/Kostroma[204][205][206][207][208] | June 9, 1984 | More 400 deaths in the outbreak | 1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak |
F3 | Beja, Portugal[196] | September 20, 1987 | 7 injured | Tornadoes in Portugal |
F3 | Mangualde, Portugal[209] | December 16, 1989 | Unknown | Tornadoes in Portugal |
F2 | Monza, Italy | 15 April 2000 | Monza-Villasanta tornado of 2000 | |
F3 | Concorezzo, Italy | 7 July 2001 | 92 injured | Strong F3 struck Agrate Brianza,Concorezzo and Arcore. |
F2 | Galliate, Italy | August 29 2003 | 12 injured | Galliate tornado of 2003 |
F2 | Duisburg, Oberhausen, Germany[210] | July 18, 2004 | 6 injured | |
T4/F2 | Birmingham, United Kingdom[211][212][213][214][215][216][217] | July 28, 2005 | 0 killed, 30 injured | Birmingham Tornado (UK) |
F2 | Hamburg, Germany[29][218][219][220] | March 27, 2006 | ||
T4/F2 | London, United Kingdom[221][222][223][224][225][226][227][228][229][230] | December 7, 2006 | 0 | London tornado of 2006 |
F2 | Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany[231] | January 18, 2007 | Unknown | Kyrill (storm) |
F3 | Brandenburg, Germany-Brachwitz, Germany[231] | January 18, 2007 | Unknown | Kyrill (storm) |
F3 | Lauchhammer, Brandenburg, Germany[231] | January 18, 2007 | Unknown | Kyrill (storm) |
F2 | Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany[232] | June 25, 2007 | Unknown | Oberrad tornado of 2007 |
T4/F2 | Malaga, Spain[233][234][235] | February 1, 2009 | 0 | Malaga tornado of 2009 |
F3 | Moscow, Russia[236] | June 3, 2009 | 1 killed, 185 injured | 2009 Krasnozavodsk tornado |
F3 | Riese Pio X, Italy | June 6, 2009 | 28 injured | Tornado struck Vallà di Riese |
F3 | Saint Petersburg, Russia[237] | July 10, 2010 | 0 | |
F5 | Blagoveshchensk, Russia[238][239][240] | July 31, 2011 | 1 killed, 38 injured | Blagoveshchensk tornado |
T4/F2 | Venice, Italy[202][241][242][243] | June 12, 2012 | 0 | |
T6/F3 | Silves, Portugal[244] | November 16, 2012 | 1 killed, 13 injured | Algarve tornadoes |
F3 | Taranto, Italy | November 28, 2012 | 1 killed, 42 injured | Wedge tornado over Taranto and Statte. |
T3/F1 | Catania, Italy | November 5, 2014 | Strong F1 tornado over Ognina |
Africa
Africa has no default tornado strength measurement system, so the storms here will be listed using the Fujita Scale.
F# | City | Date | Deaths | Event |
---|---|---|---|---|
F4 | Karoo/Highveld, South Africa (Trompsburg, Johannesburg & Pretoria)[245] | November 26, 1948 | 6 | Johannesburg - Pretoria Tornado |
F? | Albertynesville, South Africa[246] | November 30, 1952 | 20 | Albertynesville, South Africa Tornado |
F2 | Paynesville, South Africa[247] | December 2, 1952 | 11 | Paynesville, South Africa Tornado |
F3 | Senekal, South Africa[citation needed] | September 15, 1988 | 2 | Senekal, South Africa Tornado |
F3 | Mtata, South Africa[248] | December 15, 1998 | 15 | Mtata, South Africa Tornado |
F4 | Mount Ayliff, South Africa[246][248] | January 18, 1999 | 25 | Mount Ayliff, South Africa Tornado Outbreak |
F3 | Heidelberg, Gauteng, South Africa[246] | October 21, 1999 | 0 | Heidelberg, South Africa Tornado Outbreak |
F3 | Mpumalanga, South Africa[28] | September 9, 2002 | 2 | Mpumalanga, South Africa Tornado Outbreak |
F3 | Klerksdorp, South Africa[249] | March 3, 2007 | 1 | Klerksdorp, South Africa Tornado |
F4 | Duduza/East Rand, South Africa[250] | October 2, 2011 | 2 | East Rand - East Rand Tornado |
F4 | Bebejia, Logone Oriental Prefecture, Chad[citation needed] | May 9, 2007 | 14, town was destroyed | Bebejia, Chad Tornado |
Asia
Most of Asia has no default tornado strength measurement system (though Japan has been known to use the Fujita Scale in the past), so the storms here will be listed using the Fujita Scale.[251]
F# | City | Date | Deaths | Event |
---|---|---|---|---|
F? | Miyazaki, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan[251] | September 26, 1881 | 16 | Miyazaki Tornado of 1881 |
F? | Dhaka, Bangladesh[252] | April 7, 1888 | 184 dead, 1200 injured | |
F? | Yodobashi City, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan[251] | September 23, 1903 | 10, 14 injured | |
F? | Toyohashi City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan[251] | November 28, 1941 | 12 dead, 177 injured, 347 homes destroyed | |
F? | Tomiye City, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan[251] | November 10, 1957 | 8 | |
F? | Tokyo, Japan[251] | May 24, 1964 | 480 homes damaged | |
F? | New Delhi, India[253] | March 17–18, 1978 | 28 dead, 700 injured | New Delhi Tornado |
F? | Dalatpur Upazila, Manikganj/Saturia, Bangladesh[citation needed] | April 26, 1989 | 1300+ | Daulatpur-Saturia Tornado |
F3 | Mobara, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan[254] | December 11, 1990 | 0, 78 injured, 1000 homes damaged | Mobara Tornado |
F? | Shanghai, People's Republic of China[255] | August 11, 1995 | 4 | |
F? | Dhaka Division, Bangladesh[256] | May 13, 1996 | 700+ | Jamalpur-Tangail Districts, Bangladesh Tornado |
F3 | Toyohashi City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan[257] | September 24, 1999 | 4 | Toyohashi City, Japan Tornadoes |
F? | Tokyo, Japan[251] | September 12, 2000 | 0, several homes damaged | |
F3 | Nobeoka, Miyazaki Prefecture on Kyūshū, Japan[258] | September 18, 2006 | 3 | Nobeoka, Miyazaki Tornado |
F4 | Lingbi County, Anhui, People's Republic of China[259] | June 20, 2008 | 1 | Lingbi, Anhui Tornado |
F1 | New Taipei, Taiwan[260] | May 12, 2011 | 0 known, some light damage | Xindian District, New Taipei city Tornado |
F? | New Manila, Quezon City, Philippines[261] | June 24, 2011 | at least 1 injured, more than 30 homes damaged | New Manila Tornando |
F3 | Tsukuba&Jōsō, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan[262] | May 6, 2012 | 1 dead,30 injured,345 homes damaged | Tsukuba & Jōsō, Ibaraki Tornado |
F3 | Kaohsiung, Taiwan[263] | April 6, 2013 | 2 injured,10 homes damaged | Dashu District, Kaohsiung city Tornado |
F2 | Koshigaya, Saitama Prefecture, Japan[264] | September 2, 2013 | 63 injured,89 homes damaged | Koshigaya, Saitama Tornado |
F? | Mandaue and Lapu-Lapu City, Philippines[265] | November 4, 2013 | 13 injured, more than 20 homes damaged | Tropical Depression Wilma (2013) |
F? | Cebu City, Philippines[266] | April 8, 2014 | 1 injured, more than 20 homes damaged | Cebu City Tornado |
F0 | Taichung, Taiwan[267] | May 29, 2014 | 0 | Waipu District, Taichung city Tornado |
F2 | Pingtung, Taiwan[268] | July 19, 2014 | 0 | Ligang, Pingtung Tornado |
F2 | Tainan, Taiwan[269] | July 20, 2015 | 0 | Xinhua District, Tainan city Tornado |
F1 | Tainan, Taiwan[270] | August 9, 2015 | 1 injured | South District, Tainan city Tornado |
F3 | Foshan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China[271] | October 4, 2015 | 6 dead,215 injured | Shunde District, Foshan, Guangdong Tornado |
Oceania
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F# | City | Date | Deaths | Event |
---|---|---|---|---|
F3 | Port Phillip, / Melbourne, Victoria[272][273][274] | February 2, 1918 | 2 killed, "many more" injured | Brighton tornado |
F4 | Bundaberg, Queensland[273][275][276] | November 29, 1992 | 0 killed, 0 injured | Bucca tornado / 1992 Queensland Tornadoes |
F? | Brisbane, Queensland[277] | November 4, 1973 | 0 killed, 0 injured | |
F? | Brisbane, Queensland[278] | December 24, 1989 | 0 killed, 0 injured | |
F3 | Bendigo, Victoria[279][280][281][282] | May 18, 2003 | 0 killed, 0 injured | 2003 Bendigo Tornado |
F? | Waitara / Taranaki, New Zealand[283][284] | August 15, 2004 | 2 killed, 2 seriously injured | |
F? | City of Onkaparinga, South Australia[285][286] | May 21, 2007 | 0 killed, 0 injured | |
F? | New Plymouth / Taranaki, New Zealand[287] | July 4, 2007 | 0 killed, 0 injured | |
F? | Ballarat, Victoria[288] | April 20, 2011 | 0 killed, 0 injured | |
F2 | Auckland, New Zealand[289][290] | May 3, 2011 | 1 killed, 20 injured | 2011 Auckland tornado |
Notable absences
The 1985 Barrie Tornado that struck Barrie, Ontario would be listed here, had it struck today. It is not listed, however, since the town's population was under 50,000 at the time (May 31, 1985). The tornado that hit Grand Valley, Ontario is not listed for similar reasons. Similarly, the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak that spawned the deadly F5 tornado which struck Oklahoma City and some of its suburbs, including Moore and Midwest City, is not listed because it did not reach the downtown core of Oklahoma City.
Similarly, the downtown areas of two then-small towns (now large cities) in North Carolina were struck during the 1884 Enigma outbreak: Concord and Cary. Downtown Concord was struck a second time by a tornado in May 1936.[291][292][293]
The 1987 Edmonton Tornado is likewise not listed because it struck industrial parks, trailer parks, and suburban areas, and was far away from Edmonton's downtown core. The "Oak Lawn tornado" of April 21, 1967 which killed 33 people, mostly those in rush hour traffic at a busy intersection, and moved across southern Chicago onto Lake Michigan is not included because it missed the downtown core. Most recently, the 2008 Memphis tornado on February 5, 2008 also missed the downtown area (by a significant distance).
The 1998 tornado that hit Spencer, South Dakota, killing 6 people, the 2000 tornado that hit a campground, killing 12 people, the 2007 tornado that hit Greensburg, Kansas, killing 11 people, the Elie, Manitoba tornado that hit Elie, Manitoba in 2007 with no fatalities, and the 2009 tornado that hit Durham, Ontario, killing one person, are not listed because none of these tornadoes hit a metropolitan area that had a population higher than 50,000. The Southern Ontario Tornado Outbreak of 2005 that hit Toronto was not confirmed and is therefore not listed.
Another notable absence is the July 7, 1915 storm that struck Cincinnati, killing 38 people. This was determined to be most likely a windstorm causing downbursts or even a series of microbursts (with much of the damage coming from the straight-line winds), and not a tornado.[294]
European tornadoes that are listed before 1950 are for cities that had at least 50,000 people in them at the time. Tornadoes dating back to 1054 are confirmed, due to extensive record-keeping for many weather events and other until-then unexplained weather occurrences.
On September 8, 2010, Tropical Storm Hermine went over the state of Texas and produced a few tornadoes in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. One notable tornado was located in an industrialized area west of downtown Dallas before it lifted up over Interstate 35E just south of Dallas Love Field. However the EF-2 tornado was only about 3–4 miles away and did not strike the immediate downtown Dallas area.
See also
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 Edwards, Roger; J. Schaefer. "Downtown Tornadoes". Storm Prediction Center.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers at line 47: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- ↑ Tornado Climatology NWS St. Louis, Missouri
- ↑ "Chicago Area Significant Tornadoes". Retrieved 6 October 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991, Thomas Grazulis
- ↑ "Missouri Valley Special Collections : Search Results". Retrieved 6 October 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Watson, Barbara M. (1999-12-02). "D.C. Listing of Tornadoes". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office, Baltimore/Washington. Retrieved 2009-02-13.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Ludlam, pg. 46
- ↑ Grazulis, pg. 555
- ↑ Samuels, L. T. (May 1927). "Washington, D. C., Tornado of May 14, 1927" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. p. 227. Retrieved 2009-02-13.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Larry Randall – Behold I Give Unto You Power – North Ward School Merritton Tornado Sept 26, 1898, Ghosts, Orbs, Energy Photos « Paranormal UFO Aliens WOW! Severe Storm Predictions". Victoriastaffordapsychicinvestigation.wordpress.com. 2011-03-05. Retrieved 2012-07-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ z0diac. "St. Catharines Tornado Kills 5, Injures Dozens". Ontariostorms.com. Retrieved 2012-07-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Paul, Alexander H. (May 1995). "F3 and F4 Tornadoes in Saskatchewan" (PDF). Report to SGI. Saskatchewan Tornado Project, University of Regina. Retrieved 2011-05-02.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Skamlová, Dagmar (2006). "Regina Cyclone". Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. Retrieved 2011-05-02.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Canada's Deadliest Tornadoes". The Weather Doctor. Retrieved 2011-05-02.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Cyclone of 1912". Regina: The Early Years. Saskatchewan Council for Archives and Archivists. Retrieved 2011-05-02.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Presbyterian Church after Cyclone, c. 1912". City of Regina. 2010. Retrieved 2011-05-02.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Regina Tornado - June 30, 1912". SOS! Canadian Disasters. Library and Archives Canada. 2006-02-14. Retrieved 2011-05-02.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Intellicast - Local and National Weather Forecast, Radar, Maps and Severe Report". Retrieved 6 October 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Gray, Richard W. (1925). "The Tornado of April 5, 1925, near Miami, Fla" (PDF). U.S. Weather Bureau. Retrieved 2008-06-01.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>[dead link]
- ↑ Gregoria, Dan. "WFO Miami, Florida severe weather climatology" (PDF). National Weather Service. Retrieved 2008-06-01.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>[dead link]
- ↑ Lushine, James B. "Summary of Severe Weather Outbreak in South Florida: February 2, 1998". National Weather Service Miami, Florida office. Retrieved 2008-06-09.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991: Chronology and Analysis of Events. Environmental Films.
- ↑ United Press (1925). "Three Perish, Heavy Damage in Tornado Near Miama, Florida". The Portsmouth Daily Times. Retrieved 2008-06-02.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ http://www.tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080206/NEWS15/802070393
- ↑ [1][dead link]
- ↑ [2][dead link]
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 NewsChannel 5.com - Nashville, Tennessee - Similarities and Differences Between 1933 and 1998 Nashville Tornadoes
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 The Nashville Tornado of March 14, 1933 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
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tag; name "autogenerated1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ NCDC: Event Details
- ↑ NCDC: Event Details
- ↑ US F4 , F5 TORNADOES
- ↑ Syracuse Herald, Syracuse New York. April 3, 1936
- ↑ "NWS Charleston, SC - 1938 Charleston Area Tornadoes". Erh.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2012-07-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "19530608.39.2". Tornado History Project. 1953-06-08. Retrieved 2012-07-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "West Park Neighborhood, OH. Tornado 1953". Westparkhistory.com. Retrieved 2012-07-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Wheeler, James R. (June 10, 1953). "Randall Street homes grim reminders of death, destruction". Worcester Telegram. Retrieved 1 August 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ TITLE - Documentary by local television station WFAA-TV
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- ↑ http://www.thunderstormteam.it/tornado-montello (Italian)
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- ↑ http://www.storm2k.org/phpbb2/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=95345 (English)
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- ↑ Ecclesiastical Law Society (English)
- ↑ BBC Birmingham Site (English)
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(help)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> (English) - ↑ Daily Mail (December 7, 2006). "Chaos and confusion as large tornado leaves hundreds homeless as Christmas approaches". Canadian Continent. Retrieved April 19, 2009.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> (English)
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- ↑ The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm - T. P. Grazulis - Google Books. Books.google.com. 1952-12-02. Retrieved 2012-07-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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- ↑ IOL: Tornado rips through Klerksdorp suburbs
- ↑ Location Settings (2012-07-13). "Duduza tornado". News24. Retrieved 2012-07-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 251.0 251.1 251.2 251.3 251.4 251.5 251.6 Japanese Tornadoes: Not As Uncommon As Believed
- ↑ "Tornadoes in Bangladesh". Tornadoproject.com. Retrieved 2012-07-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Tornadoes in India". Tornadoproject.com. Retrieved 2012-07-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "AMS Journals Online - Tornadoes in Chiba Prefecture on 11 December 1990". Journals.ametsoc.org. Retrieved 2012-07-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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- ↑ "Bangladesh and East India Tornado Prediction Site". Retrieved 6 October 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/workshop/ws02/Yoshino.pdf
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- ↑ "Tornado in Anhui,China captured by passenger's camera". YouTube.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Tornado rips through Sindian, overturns SUV". Retrieved 6 October 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Corpuz, Niña (2011-06-24). "Tornado stuns Quezon City residents". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 2014-07-29.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Tsukuba & Jōsō, Ibaraki Tornado". YouTube.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Kaohsiung city Tornado". YouTube.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "Koshigaya, Saitama Tornado". YouTube.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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- ↑ Ben Quinn (1989-12-24). "BSCH - Recent Events - Christmas Eve 1989 Tornadic Supercell". Bsch.au.com. Retrieved 2012-07-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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- ↑ Baker, Richard; Rood, David (2003-05-20). "'It was a dead-set tornado all right'". Fairfax. Melbourne: The Age. Retrieved 2008-06-09.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "'Mini tornado' wreaks havoc - theage.com.au". Melbourne: www.theage.com.au. May 19, 2003. Retrieved 2008-03-30.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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- ↑ Garvis, Sarah. "Tornado hits Port Noarlunga heartland - Local News - News - Southern Times Messenger". Southern-times-messenger.whereilive.com.au. Retrieved 2012-07-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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- ↑ "Tornado sweeps across Ballarat - Local News - News - General". The Courier. 2011-04-20. Retrieved 2012-07-17.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Asia-Pacific, BBC (3 May 2011). "Tornado rips through New Zealand city of Auckland". British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 5 May 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Chisnall, Kim (3 May 2011). "Auckland tornado leaves 1 dead, 20 injured". 3News. Retrieved 5 May 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ New York Times, New York. February 21, 1884
- ↑ Fort Wayne Daily Gazette, Fort Wayne, Indiana. February 22, 1884
- ↑ Finley, John P. Tornadoes: What They Are and How To Observe Them; With Practical Suggestions For The Protection of Life and Property, pages 98-103. The Insurance Monitor, New York, NY, 1887
- ↑ 1915: Cincinnati's Deadliest Winds
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