London and North Eastern Railway

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For other uses, see LNER (disambiguation).
London and North Eastern Railway
LNERlogo.jpg
Dates of operation 1923–1948
Predecessor Great Eastern Railway
Great Central Railway
Great Northern Railway
Great North of Scotland Railway
Hull and Barnsley Railway
North British Railway
North Eastern Railway
and others
Successor Eastern Region
North Eastern Region
Scottish Region
Track gauge 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
Length 6,590 miles (10,610 km)
Timetable for Autumn 1926 detailing the resumption of services after the General Strike

The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) was the second largest of the "Big Four" railway companies created by the Railways Act 1921 in Britain. It existed from 1 January 1923 until nationalisation on 1 January 1948, when it was divided into the new British Railways' Eastern Region, North Eastern Region and partially the Scottish Region.

Sir Ralph Wedgwood was the Chief Officer for its first 16 years.

Formation

The principal constituents of the LNER were:

The route mileage was 6,590 miles (10,610 km). The North Eastern Railway had the largest route mileage, 1,757 miles (2,828 km), the Hull and Barnsley Railway just 106.5 miles (171.4 km).

The LNER owned:

  • 7,700 locomotives, 20,000 coaching vehicles, 29,700 freight vehicles, 140 items of electric rolling stock, 6 electric locomotives and 10 rail motor cars
  • 6 turbine and 36 other steamers, and river boats and lake steamers, etc.

In partnership with the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), the LNER was co-owner of the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway, the UK's biggest joint railway, much of which competed with the LNER's own lines. The M&GNJR was incorporated into the LNER in 1936. In 1933, on the formation of the London Passenger Transport Board, the LNER acquired the remaining operations of the Metropolitan Railway Company.

The LNER was the majority partner in the Cheshire Lines Committee and the Forth Bridge Railway Company.

Geographic area

The LNER covered the area north and east of London. It included the East Coast Main Line from London to Edinburgh via York and Newcastle upon Tyne and the routes from Edinburgh to Aberdeen and Inverness. Most of the country east of the Pennines was within its purview, including East Anglia. The main workshops were in Doncaster, with others at Darlington, Inverurie and Stratford, London.[1][2]

The LNER inherited four of London's termini: Fenchurch Street (ex-London and Blackwall Railway;[3] King's Cross (ex-Great Northern Railway); Liverpool Street (ex-Great Eastern Railway); and Marylebone (ex-Great Central Railway).[4] In addition, it ran suburban services to Broad Street (London, Midland and Scottish Railway) and Moorgate (Metropolitan Railway, later London Transport).[5]

Accidents and incidents

  • On 13 February 1923, an express passenger train overran signals at Retford, Nottinghamshire and was in a rear-end collision with a freight train. Three people were killed.[6]
  • On 23 December 1923, an express passenger train overran signals and was in collision with a light engine at Belford, Northumberland.[7]
  • On 28 July 1924, a passenger train overran signals and collided with another at Haymarket station, Edinburgh, Lothian. Five people were killed.[8]
  • On 26 May 1926, during the General Strike, an express passenger train was deliberately derailed south of Cramlington, Northumberland.[9][10]
  • On 7 August 1926, an electric multiple unit overran signals and was in collision with a freight train at Manors station, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland. The accident was caused by the driver tying down the controller with a handkerchief. When he leant out of the train he struck an overbridge and was killed. The train was able to continue moving until the collision.[11]
  • On 30 August 1926, a passenger train was in collision with a charabanc on a level crossing at Naworth, Cumberland due to errors by the crossing keeper and a lack of interlocking between the signals and gates. Nine people are killed.[8]
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Main article: Hull Paragon rail accident
  • On 14 February 1927, two passenger trains were in a head-on collision at Hull Paragon station, Yorkshire due to a signalman's error. Twelve people were killed and 24 were injured.
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Main article: Penistone rail accidents
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Main article: Darlington rail crash
  • On 27 June 1928, an excursion train was in a head-on collision with a parcels train that was being shunted at Darlington, County Durham. Twenty-five people were killed and 45 were injured.[13]
  • On 9 June 1929, a steam railcar overran signals and was involved in a collision with an excursion train at Marshgate Junction, Doncaster, Yorkshire.[14]
  • On 4 October 1929, a freight train departed against a danger signal at Tottenham, London. The train subsequently stopped foul of a junction where the crew abandoned their locomotive. An express passenger train was in a head-on collision with it and was derailed.[15]
  • On 17 January 1931, a newspaper train departed from Thorpe-le-Soken station, Essex against signals and was in a head-on collision with a light engine at Great Holland. Two people were killed and two were seriously injured.[16]
  • On 27 May 1931, a passenger train overran signals and was in a head-on collision with another at Fakenham East station, Norfolk. One person was killed and fifteen were injured.[17]
  • On 8 September 1933, a passenger train was in collision with wagons on the line at Bowling, West Dunbartonshire due to a signalman's error. Five people were injured.[18]
  • In November 1934, a Class D16/2 locomotive was derailed at Wormley, Hertfordshire when it collided with a lorry on a level crossing. Both engine crew were killed.[19]
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Main article: Welwyn Garden City rail crashes
  • On 15 June 1935, an express passenger train was in a rear-end collision with another at Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire due to a signalman's error. Fourteen people were killed and 29 were injured.
  • On 15 February 1937, a passenger train was derailed at Sleaford North Junction, Lincolnshire due to excessive speed on a curve. Four people were killed and sixteen were injured, one seriously.[20]
  • On 15 February 1937, a freight train was derailed at Upton, Sleaford due to excessive speed on a curve. The train had been diverted due to the earlier derailment.[21]
  • On 6 March 1937, a passenger train was derailed at Langrick, Lincolnshire due to the poor condition of the track.[20]
  • On 13 June 1937, an excursion train overran signals and was derailed by trap points south of Durham. Nine people were injured.[22]
  • On 26 January 1939, an empty fish train was involved in a rear-end collision with a passenger train at Hatfield, Hertfordshire.[23]
  • On 1 June 1939, a passenger train collided with a lorry on an occupation crossing at Hilgay, Norfolk and was derailed.[24]
  • On 8 June 1939, a passenger train departed from Manchester Central station, Lancashire against a danger signal and collided with another passenger train. Several people were injured.[25]
  • On 10 February 1941, an express passenger train overran signals and was in a rear-end collision with a passenger train at Harold Wood, Essex. Seven people were killed and seventeen were seriously injured.[26]
  • On 28 April 1941, a fire broke out on an express passenger train which was brought to a stand at Westborough, Lincolnshire. The rear three carriages were burnt out. Six people were killed and seven were injured.[27][28] Among those killed were the two eldest children of Hubert Pierlot, the Prime Minister of the Belgian government in exile.[29]
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Main article: Soham rail disaster
  • On 2 June 1944, WD Austerity 2-8-0 locomotive No. 7337 was hauling a freight train which caught fire as it approached Soham, Cambridgeshire. The train comprised wagons carrying bombs. The train was divided behind the burning wagon, with the front portion being taken forward with the intention of isolating the wagon in open countryside. Its cargo detonated at Soham station, killing the driver and the Soham signalman and injuring the trains' fireman and guard. Soham station was severely damaged, but the line was re-opened within eighteen hours. For their actions, Benjamin Gimbert and James Nightall were awarded George Crosses.
  • In July 1944, a passenger train was derailed at Pannal Junction by points that were half-open.[30]
  • On 5 January 1946, a freight train became divided on the East Coast Main Line in County Durham. The front section was brought to a stand but the rear section crashed into it. The wreckage fouled signal cables, giving a false clear signal to a passenger train on the opposite line. This then crashed into the wreckage. Ten people were killed.[30][31]
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Main article: Potters Bar rail accidents
  • On 10 February 1946, a passenger train crashed at Potters Bar, Hertfordshire due to a signalman's error. The wreckage fouled signal cables, giving a false clear to an express passenger train which then ran into the wreckage. A third passenger train then collided with the wreckage. Two people were killed.[32]
  • On 2 January 1947, a passenger train overran signals and was in a rear-end collision with another passenger train at Gidea Park, Essex. Seven people were killed, 45 were hospitalised.[33]
  • On 9 August 1947, a passenger train was in a rear-end collision with another at Darlington, County Durham due to a signalman's error. Twenty-one people were killed and 188 were injured.[34]
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Main article: Goswick rail crash
  • On 26 October 1947, an express passenger train was derailed at Goswick, Northumberland due to excessive speed on a crossover. Twenty-eight people were killed and 65 were injured.

Ancillary activities

The LNER inherited:

  • 8 canals, including the Ashton, Chesterfield, Macclesfield, Nottingham & Grantham, Peak Forest
  • Docks and harbours in 20 locations, including Grimsby, Hartlepool, Hull, Immingham, Middlesbrough, some eastern Scottish ports, Harwich, Lowestoft and London
  • Other wharves, staithes, piers
  • 2 electric tramways
  • 23 hotels (20 of them were nationalised in 1948 as British Transport Hotels. Of the other three,[35] Cruden Bay Hotel was requisitioned in 1940, Palace Hotel, Aberdeen caught fire in 1941 and the Yarborough Hotel, New Holland was sold, being advertised for sale in 1947.[36])
  • A 49% stake in the haulage firm Mutter, Howey & Co. Ltd.[1]

It took shares in a large number of bus companies, including for a time a majority stake in United Automobile Services Ltd. In Halifax and Sheffield, it participated in Joint Omnibus Committees with the LMS and the Corporation.[1]

In 1935, with the LMS, Wilson Line of Hull and others it formed the shipping company Associated Humber Lines Ltd.[1]

In 1938 it was reported that the LNER, with 800 mechanical horse tractors, was the world's largest owner of this vehicle type.[37]

Ships

The LNER operated a number of ships.

Ship Launched Tonnage
(GRT)		 Notes and references
SS Accrington 1910 1,629 Built for the Great Central Railway and served on the Grimsby – Hamburg, Germany route. Acquired by LNER in 1923 and passed to Associated Humber Lines in 1934.

From July 1942 used as a convoy rescue ship in the Second World War and completed 40 escort voyages. Returned to LNER post-war and in 1946, with her sister Dewsbury, was transferred to Harwich to replace war losses.
Passed to British Railways in 1948. Served until scrapped in 1951 mainly on the Harwich - Antwerp route.[38][39]
SS Amsterdam 1894 1,745 Built for the Great Eastern Railway. Served on the Harwich–Hook of Holland, Netherlands route until 1910 when she transferred to Harwich - Antwerp service.

Acquired by LNER in 1923 and served until scrapped in 1928.[40][41]
SS Amsterdam 1930 4,220 Built by John Brown and Company of Clydebank for use on the Harwich – Hook of Holland service. A sister of Vienna and Prague.

Sold in 1941 to the Ministry of War Transport and converted to a troopship. In 1944, she struck a mine and sank off Normandy, France.[42][43]
RMS Antwerp 1919 2,957 Built for the Great Eastern Railway. Acquired by LNER in 1923 and operated on the Harwich - Antwerp service. The vessel was returned to the LNER in 1945 and fitted out as a troopship. Passed to British Railways in 1948 and served until scrapped in 1951 carrying troops between Harwich and Hook of Holland.[40][44]
SS Archangel 1910 2,570 Built as St. Petersburg for the Great Eastern Railway. Renamed Archangel in 1916 and acquired by LNER in 1923. Bombed and sunk on 16 May 1941 off the East coast of Scotland.[40]
SS Arnhem 1946 4,891 Built by John Brown and Company at Clydebank for use on the Harwich – Hook of Holland route. She was the company's first oil burner. Passed to British Railways in 1948 and served on the Hook of Holland route with her near sister Amsterdam [of 1950] until withdrawn in April 1968. Attempts to sell the vessel failed and she was scrapped in 1969.[42][45]
SS Bruges 1920 2,949 Built for the Great Eastern Railway for service on the Harwich – Antwerp route.

A sister of Antwerp and Malines. Acquired by LNER in 1923. Whilst operating as a cross channel troopship based in Southampton, she was bombed and sunk on 11 June 1940 off Le Havre, Seine Maritime, France.[40][44]
SS City of Bradford 1903 1,340 Built by Earle's Shipbuilding for the Great Central Railway. Made her maiden voyage to Rotterdam before transferring to Scandinavian routes, eventually taking up service on the Grimsby – Hamburg route for which she was designed.

In 1914 on passage to Hamburg and being unaware of the outbreak of war, she was intercepted off Heligoland and taken as a prize. Renamed Donau she was recovered by British forces in January 1919 and returned to Grimsby.
Acquired by LNER in 1923, she was transferred to Associated Humber Lines in 1935 but found to be surplus to requirements.
Sold in 1936 to the Near East Shipping Co, London and renamed Hanne. The vessel was bombed and sunk off Malta in February 1942.[38][46]
SS City of Leeds 1903 1,341 Built by Earle's Shipbuilding for the Great Central Railway. A sister of City of Bradford, for service on the Grimsby – Hamburg route. Was in Hamburg when war broke out in 1914 and was taken as a 'seized prize'.

She was recovered in early 1919 and towed to Grimsby, where she was refurbished entering service to Rotterdam pending resumption of the Hamburg service. Acquired by LNER in 1923, and with her sister was transferred to Associated Humber Lines in 1935 but was also found to be surplus to requirements.
The vessel was sold and scrapped in 1936 at Blyth, Northumberland.[38][47]
SS Dewsbury 1910 1,631 Built for the Great Central Railway for service on the Grimsby–Hamburg route. The first vessel in a series of five sister ships which were all built by Earle's Shipbuilding at Hull. Acquired by LNER in 1923. Passed to Associated Humber Lines in 1934 and was converted to a Convoy Escort Vessel in the war.

She returned to service post-war in late 1945 on the Harwich - Antwerp route with sister vessel Accrington replacing tonnage lost in the war by the Harwich fleet. Passed to British Railways in 1948 she was finally withdrawn from service in January 1959 and was scrapped in May of that year.[38][48]
SS Lutterworth 1891 1,002 Built by Earle's Shipbuilding of Hull, a sister of the Nottingham,Staveley and Leicester, for the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway, who later became the Great Central Railway in 1897. Entered service from Grimsby to Hamburg.

Acquired by LNER in 1923. Served until 1932 when she sold to British and Irish Steam Packet Company and was scrapped the following year.[38][49]
SS Macclesfield 1914 1,018 Built by Swan Hunter at Newcastle upon Tyne for the Great Central Railway. Remained in commercial service in the war mainly serving the Netherlands. Resumed Grimsby - Antwerp service in 1919 and acquired by LNER in 1923.

Transferred to Associated Humber Lines in 1935. Resumed service in 1945 between Goole or Hull to Antwerp or Rotterdam.
Passed to British Railways in 1948 and served until scrapped in 1958.[38][50]
SS Malines 1921 2,969 Built for the Great Eastern Railway by Armstrong Whitworth at Newcastle, for service on the Harwich – Antwerp route. Acquired by LNER in 1923 but was torpedoed and sunk off Port Said in 1942. Having been raised and towed back in 1945 to her builders, the level of engine damage led to her being laid up and she was eventually scrapped in 1948.[40][51]
SS Nottingham 1891 1,033 Built by Swan Hunter for the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway who later became the Great Central Railway in 1897. Entered service when delivered with her sisters Lutterworth and Staveley on the Grimsby - Hamburg route, but transferred to Grimsby - Rotterdam in 1897.

The vessel served as a naval supply vessel between 1915 and 1918 and changed her name to HMS Notts. Following refurbishment in 1919 she re-entered commercial service returning to her original name of Nottingham.
Acquired by LNER in 1923 and served until scrapped in 1935.[38][49]
SS Prague 1929 4,220 Built by John Brown and Company at Clydebank, a sister of Vienna and Amsterdam, for use on the Harwich – Hook of Holland route.

Sold in 1941 to the Ministry of War Transport and converted to a troopship. Returned to LNER in 1945 and re-opened the Hook of Holland service but in a spartan condition and without her running mates; the Amsterdam was a war loss and the Vienna retained as a troopship by the Ministry of War Transport.
Upon arrival of the new-built Arnhem in 1947, she was sent for an overdue refurbishment but was gutted by fire and sank whilst at the shipyard. She was raised and towed to Barrow in September 1947 where she was broken up.[42][43]
SS Roulers 1894 1,753 Built by Earle's Shipbuilding in Hull as Vienna for the Great Eastern Railway, and entered service with her sisters Amsterdam and Berlin on the Harwich - Hook of Holland route.

Renamed Roulers in 1920. Acquired by LNER in 1923 and served on the Harwich–Zeebrugge route until withdrawn and scrapped in 1930.[40][41]
SS Staveley 1891 1,034 Built by Swan Hunter at Newcastle upon Tyne for the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway which became the Great Central Railway in 1897. Entered service with her sisters Nottingham and Lutterworth on the Grimsby - Hamburg route.

Acquired by LNER in 1923 and continued in service until sold to the British and Irish Steam Packet Company in 1932. She was scrapped a year later by Thos.W.Ward at Preston.[38][49]
SS St Denis 1908 2,570 Built by John Brown and Company at Clydebank as Munich for the Great Eastern Railway for service on the Harwich – Hook of Holland route. Requisitioned in the First World War for use as a hospital ship and renamed St Denis.

Acquired by LNER in 1923 and continued to serve the Hook of Holland route until 1932 when she was relegated to summer secondary services by new buildings on the Hook route.
She was employed in evacuation duties at Amsterdam in 1940 when she became trapped and was scuttled. Salvaged by the Germans and served until scrapped in 1950, having been renamed twice as Skorpion and Barbara in the interim.[40][52]
MV Suffolk Ferry 1947 3,138 Built by John Brown and Company at Clydebank. Passed to British Railways in 1948, withdrawn 1980 and scrapped in 1981.
SS Train Ferry No. 1 1917 2,683 Built by Armstrong Whitworth in Newcastle upon Tyne for use between Richborough, Kent and Dunkirk, France. Laid up post-war.

Acquired by LNER in 1923 and in April 1924 opened the Harwich–Zeebrugge, Belgium train ferry route with her sister vessels.
Requisitioned in 1940 by the Royal Navy and renamed HMS Princess Iris and converted in 1941 to a Landing Craft carrier.
Returned to LNER in 1946 and renamed SS Essex Ferry. Following refurbishment at John Brown and Company at Clydebank, she re-opened the Harwich - Zeebrugge service.
Passed to British Railways in 1948 she was renamed SS Essex Ferry II in 1957, when they took delivery of a new train ferry of the same name. She was withdrawn from service and scrapped at Grays, Essex in that year.[42][53]
SS Train Ferry No. 2 1917 2,678 Built by Armstrong Whitworth at Newcastle upon Tyne for use between Richborough, and Dunquerque. Laid up post-war.

Acquired by LNER in 1923 and in 1924 opened the Harwich –Zeebrugge train ferry service with her two sisters. Requisitioned in 1940 by the Royal Navy she was lost on 13 June 1940 off Saint-Valery-en-Caux, Seine Maritime, France.[42][54]
SS Train Ferry No. 3 1917 2,672 Built by Fairfields of Glasgow for use between Richborough, and Dunquerque. Laid up post-war.

Acquired by LNER in 1923 and opened the Harwich – Zeebrugge train ferry route in 1924.
Requisitioned in 1940 by the Royal Navy. Renamed HMS Daffodil and converted in 1941 to a Landing Craft carrier. Lost off Dieppe, Seine-Maritime, on 18 March 1945.[42][54]
SS Vienna 1929 4,227 Built by John Brown and Company at Clydebank for the Harwich – Hook of Holland route, the first of three sister vessels.

In 1932 she had modifications carried out including an extension to her promenade deck and inaugurated a programme of short summer cruises to the near continent which were to become very successful and which continued until 1939. In this pre-war period she was considered the pride of the Harwich fleet.
Sold in 1941 to the Ministry of War Transport and converted to a troopship.
Post-war the vessel operated under LNER/BR management as a leave ship for the British Army of the Rhine with services from Harwich - Hook of Holland and Tilbury – Ostend. She was based at Harwich in that period where she suffered an engine room explosion in February 1952 which killed two crew members.
She was withdrawn from service in June 1960 and scrapped later that year in Belgium.[42][55]

Liveries

Detail of LNER teak panelled coaches, preserved on the Severn Valley Railway

The most common liveries were lined apple green on passenger locomotives (much lighter and brighter than the green used by the Great Western Railway) and unlined black on freight locomotives, both with gold lettering. Passenger carriages were generally varnished teak (wood) finish; the few metal-panelled coaches were painted to represent teak.

Some special trains and A4 Pacific locomotives were painted differently, including silver-grey and garter blue.

Advertising

The LNER covered quite an extensive area of Britain, from London to the north east of England and Scotland. The 1923 grouping meant that former rivals within the LNER had to work together. The task of creating an instantly recognisable public image went to William M. Teasdale, the first advertising manager. Teasdale was influenced by the philosophies and policies of Frank Pick, who controlled the style and content of the London Underground's widely acclaimed poster advertising. Teasdale did not confine his artists within strict guidelines but allowed them a free hand. William Barribal designed a series of bold Art Deco posters in the 1920s and 1930s.[56] When Teasdale was promoted to Assistant General Manager, this philosophy was carried on by Cecil Dandridge who succeeded him and was the Advertising Manager until nationalisation in 1948. Dandridge was largely responsible for the adoption of the Gill Sans typeface, later adopted by British Railways.

The LNER was a very industrial company: hauling more than a third of Britain's coal, it derived two thirds of its income from freight. Despite this, the main image presented was one of glamour, of fast trains and sophisticated destinations. Advertising was highly sophisticated and advanced compared with those of its rivals. Teasdale and Dandridge commissioned top graphic designers and poster artists such as Tom Purvis to promote its services and encourage the public to visit the holiday destinations of the east coast in the summer.

Chief mechanical engineers

The most famous of the A1/A3 Class locomotives, A3 4472 Flying Scotsman

The public face of a railway is in large part its locomotives and rolling stock, and the personalities of the Chief Mechanical Engineers impressed their distinctive visions upon the railway. There were three CMEs:

Sir Nigel Gresley

A4 Pacific Mallard, world speed record holder for steam traction

Sir Nigel Gresley was the first CME and held the post for most of the LNER's existence, and thus he had the greatest effect on the company. He came to the LNER via the Great Northern Railway, where he was CME. He was noted for his "Big Engine" policy, and is best remembered for his large express passenger locomotives, many times the holder of the world speed record for steam locomotives. LNER Class A4 4-6-2 Pacific locomotive Mallard holds the record to this day. Gresley died in office in 1941.

Edward Thompson

Edward Thompson's short reign (1941–1946) was a controversial one. A noted detractor of Gresley even before his elevation to the post of CME, there are those who interpret many of his actions as being motivated by dislike of his predecessor. Against this Gresley's designs had their flaws as well as their brilliance. His record is best served by his solid and dependable freight and mixed-traffic locomotives built under and for wartime conditions. He retired in 1946.

Arthur H. Peppercorn

Peppercorn's career was cut short by nationalisation and he was CME for only 18 months. In this short period and in an atmosphere of reconstruction rather than great new endeavours, his only notable designs were the A1 and A2 Pacific express passenger locomotives, most completed after nationalisation. Peppercorn was a student and admirer of Gresley and his locomotives combined the classic lines of Gresley's with the reliability and solidity they never quite achieved.

After the Second World War

The company was nationalised in 1948 along with the rest of the railway companies of Great Britain. It continued to exist as a legal entity for nearly two more years, being formally wound up on 23 December 1949.[57]

On the privatisation of BR in 1996, the franchise to run long distance express trains on the East Coast Main Line was won by Sea Containers Ltd, who named the new operating company Great North Eastern Railway (GNER), a name and initials deliberately chosen to echo the LNER.

Cultural activities

During the 1930s, the LNER Musical Society comprised a number of amateur male-voice choirs, based at Doncaster, Leicester, Huddersfield, Peterborough, Selby and elsewhere, which annually combined for a performance in London under their musical director Leslie Woodgate.[58]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Bonavia 1980, p. [page needed]
  2. ↑ Hughes 1987, p. 146.
  3. ↑ Awdry 1990, p. 144.
  4. ↑ Whitehouse & Thomas 1989, pp. 57, 59.
  5. ↑ Hughes 1987, p. 50.
  6. ↑ Hall 1990, p. 83.
  7. ↑ Hoole 1982, p. 25.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hall 1990, p. 84.
  9. ↑ Hoole 1982, p. 44.
  10. ↑ Earnshaw 1990, p. 15.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Hoole 1982, p. 26.
  12. ↑ Trevena 1980, p. 35.
  13. ↑ Hoole 1982, p. 27.
  14. ↑ Hoole 1982, p. 28.
  15. ↑ Earnshaw 1990, p. 16.
  16. ↑ Vaughan 1989, pp. 69-73.
  17. ↑ Vaughan 1989, pp. 74-49.
  18. ↑ Hoole 1983, p. 19.
  19. ↑ Trevena 1980, pp. 36-37.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Earnshaw 1991, p. 26.
  21. ↑ Earnshaw 1993, p. 18.
  22. ↑ Earnshaw 1990, p. 20.
  23. ↑ Trevena 1980, p. 41.
  24. ↑ Earnshaw 1990, p. 21.
  25. ↑ Earnshaw 1989, p. 28.
  26. ↑ Earnshaw 1991, p. 28.
  27. ↑ Earnshaw 1991, p. 32.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Hoole 1982, p. 35.
  31. ↑ Earnshaw 1991, p. 29.
  32. ↑ Hoole 1982, pp. 36-37.
  33. ↑ Earnshaw 1991, p. 30.
  34. ↑ Hoole 1982, p. 37.
  35. ↑ Railway Magazine September 1936 LNER hotels advert page iv
  36. ↑ advert on Wednesday 21 May 1947 in Hull Daily Mail
  37. ↑ Whitaker 1938[page needed]
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Haws 1993, p. 32.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Haws 1993, p. 46.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 42.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Haws 1993, p. 153.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Haws 1993, p. 55.
  45. ↑ Haws 1993, p. 159.
  46. ↑ Haws 1993, p. 29.
  47. ↑ Haws 1993, p. 28.
  48. ↑ Haws 1993, p. 31.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Haws 1993, p. 27.
  50. ↑ Haws 1993, p. 35.
  51. ↑ Haws 1993, p. 56.
  52. ↑ Haws 1993, p. 51.
  53. ↑ Haws 1993, p. 53.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Haws 1993, p. 54.
  55. ↑ Haws 1993, p. 152.
  56. ↑ Cole & Durack 1992, p. 128.
  57. ↑ The Railway Magazine (February 1950) "Main-Line Companies Dissolved", p. 73
  58. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Sources

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External links

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