Cyclone Mahina

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Cyclone Mahina
Category 5 severe tropical cyclone (Aus scale)
Formed Unknown
Dissipated 5 March 1899 (1899-03-06)
Highest winds 10-minute sustained: 205 km/h (125 mph)
Lowest pressure 880 hPa (mbar); 25.99 inHg
(Lowest recorded pressure[1])
Fatalities 410 [?]
Areas affected Far North Queensland, Australia
Part of the Pre-1970 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons

Cyclone Mahina is the deadliest cyclone in recorded Australian history. It struck Bathurst Bay, Cape York, on 4 March 1899, and its winds and storm surge combined to kill at least around 300 people.[2][3][4]

The World Meteorological Organisation is currently considering an application from Queensland scientists and researchers to have the Mahina's intensity upgraded to 880 hectopascals. This would make it the most intense cyclone recorded to have hit the Australian mainland.[5]

Intensity

Tropical cyclone Mahina hit on 4 March 1899. It ranks as a Category 5 cyclone, the most powerful of the tropical cyclone severity categories. In addition, Mahina perhaps ranks among the most intense cyclones ever observed in the Southern Hemisphere and almost certainly as the most intense cyclone ever observed off the Eastern states of Australia in recorded history. Clement Lindley Wragge, Government Meteorologist for Queensland pioneered naming of such storms and gave this storm its name, Mahina.

Such storms occur extremely rarely. Scientists identified two other category-4 or 5 super-cyclones in the first half of the 19th century from their effects on the Great Barrier Reef and the Gulf of Carpentaria. This same research shows that such super-cyclones occur on average in the region only on average only once every two or three centuries.[6]

Contemporary reports vary considerably in the reported lowest barometric pressures. The pressure recorded on the schooner Olive reasonably consistently show her lowest pressure recorded: 29.60 inches of mercury (100.2 kPa) to 29.10 inches of mercury (98.5 kPa) [7] or between 29.00 inches of mercury (98.2 kPa) and 29.10 inches of mercury (98.5 kPa).[8] In a further variant, "during the lull in the hurricane, the barometer on the Olive recorded" 29.70 inches of mercury (100.6 kPa) to 29.10 inches of mercury (98.5 kPa).[9]

Most sources record the schooner Crest of the Wave observation as 27 inches of mercury (91 kPa)[10][11][12] More modern reports of an 18-inch observation on a vessel in the eye of Mahina seemingly lack relationship to contemporary records.[13]

One author [14] accepted the 29.1 inches of mercury (99 kPa) report from the Olive and the and 27 inches of mercury (91 kPa) report from the Crest of the Wave, seemingly unaware of the discrepant reports. He estimated the track of the cyclone from the damage reports, placing it directly over the position of the Crest of the Wave. The Olive to the north missed the centre. The separation between these schooners explains the difference between their respective pressure measurements. He calculates the centre pressure, standardised for temperature, as 914 hectopascals (13.26 psi).[14]

A study in 2014 found the lowest pressure perhaps around 880 hectopascals (12.8 psi), based upon modeling of meteorological variables needed to induce the potentially world-record-setting surge height of 13 metres (43 ft). This surge closely matches new evidence on storm depositions and accounts actually reported to two other captains and in a letter to his parents a reading of 26 inches of mercury (880 hPa). This study considers the apparently third-hand report of 27 inches of mercury (910 hPa) a not necessarily reliable measurement perhaps made five hours prior to passage of the eye.[15]

In comparison, tiny Cyclone Tracy devastated Darwin in 1974 with a central pressure of 950 hectopascals (13.8 psi). Barometric pressure this low at mean sea level also likely caused cyclone Mahina to create such an intense, phenomenal, claimed world-record storm surge not thereafter known.

Impact

A pearling fleet, based at Thursday Island, Queensland, anchored in or near the bay before the storm. Within an hour, the storm drove much of the fleet ashore or onto the Great Barrier Reef; other vessels sunk at their anchorages. People lost four schooners and the manned Channel Rock lightship. A further two schooners wrecked but later re-floated. The fleets lost 54 luggers, and a further 12 wrecked but re-floated. People later rescued more than 30 survivors of the wrecked vessels from the shore; however, the storm killed more than 307 people, mostly non-European immigrant crew members.[14][16] a depiction of the Crest of the Wave in the storm can be seen here.

A storm surge, reportedly 13 metres (43 ft), swept across Princess Charlotte Bay and then inland about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi), destroying anything left of the Bathurst Bay pearling fleet and the settlement.

An eyewitness, constable J. M. Kenny, reported that a 48-foot (15 m) storm surge swept over their camp at Barrow Point atop a 40-foot (12 m)-high ridge and reached 3 miles (4.8 km) inland, the largest storm surge ever recorded. However, reviewing the evidence for this surge, some scientists [17] based on the 914-hectopascal (13.26 psi) central pressure, modeled a surge should only 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) to 3 metres (9.8 ft) in height. They also surveyed the area, seeking wave-cut escarpments and deposits characteristic of storm events but found none higher than 5 metres (16 ft). Of the 48-foot (15 m) surge, they suggest an incorrectly cited ground level or an involvement of freshwater (rain) flooding. A subsequent study considers this conclusion possibly premature and questions the barometer reading as considered unreliable and as not representative of the lowest pressure. This subsequent study also examined new evidence of exceptionally high storm surge and inundation.[15]

Casualties

Some indigenous Australians tried to help shipwrecked men, but the back surge caught them and swept them into the sea; the death toll includes more than 100 Indigenous Australians.

The cyclone continued southwest over Cape York Peninsula, emerging over the Gulf of Carpentaria before doubling back and dissipating on 10 March.[18]

Aftermath

People found thousands of fish and some sharks and dolphins several kilometres (miles) inland, and the storm embedded rocks in trees. On Flinders Island (Queensland), people found dolphins on the 15.2-metre (50 ft) cliffs; however, this finding need not indicate a surge of this height;[17] on this exposed site, wave run-up readily can produce these results even within the more modest calculated surge.

At Cape Melville, survivors erected a memorial stone to "The Pearlers" lost to the cyclone, naming 11 Europeans but only citing "over 300 coloured men" for the other seamen.[19] The Anglican church on Thursday Island, Queensland, also commemorates this disaster.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-26/cyclone-mahina/5964342
  6. ↑ *Michael Allaby, Richard Garratt, Hurricanes, page 98, Infobase Publishing, 2003 ISBN 0816047952.
  7. ↑ The Late Hurricane. The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA), p5, 14 March 1889. Available online at http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article29436768
  8. ↑ The Late Hurricane The Brisbane Courier, p5, 14 March 1899. Available on line at http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3689989
  9. ↑ The Hurricane in the North. Kalgoorlie Western Argus, p22, 16 March 1899. Available on line at http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32457780
  10. ↑ The Queensland Hurricane. The Sydney Morning Herald, p5 13 March 1899. on line at http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14204581
  11. ↑ The Queensland Hurricane. South Australian Register, p6, 14 March 1899. Available on line at http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article54427620
  12. ↑ Hurricane in the North. The Brisbane Courier, p8, 18 March 1899. Available on line at http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3690283
  13. ↑ The Cairns Post 20 November 2008, p17.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Whittingham, H. E. 1958, The Bathurst Bay Hurricane and associated storm surge. Australian Meteorological Magazine 23: 14-36. Available on line at http://reg.bom.gov.au/amoj/docs/1958/whittingham2.pdf
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Pixley, N S, Pearlers of North Australia: the romantic story of the diving fleets. Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland 9(3): 9-29. Available online at http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:209190/s00855804_1971_1972_9_3_9.pdf
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Bathurst Bay, Qld: Cyclone (incl Storm Surge) Emergency Management Australia Disasters Database. Accessed 2008-12-29.
  19. ↑ Outridge Monument http://monumentaustralia.org.au/monument_display.php?id=90490&image=0

External links

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