Manado Malay

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Manado Malay
Bahasa Manado
Native to Indonesia
Region North Sulawesi
Native speakers
850,000 (2001)[1]
Malay Creole
  • East Indonesian
    • Manado Malay
Language codes
ISO 639-3 xmm
Glottolog mala1481[2]

Manado Language is a language spoken in Manado and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is Bahasa Manado, and the name Minahasa Malay is also used, after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used only for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography.

Manado Malay is actually a creole of the Malay language. It differs from Malay in having a large number of Portuguese and Dutch loan words and in traits like for example its use of "kita" as a first person singular pronoun, while "kita" is a first person inclusive plural pronoun in Malay.

Word stress

Most words have stress on the pre-final syllable:

kadéra 'chair'
sténga 'half'
dói 'money'

But there are also many words with final stress:

butúl 'right, correct, true'
tolór 'egg'
sabóng 'soap'

Pronouns

Personal

  Standard Indonesian Manado Malay
First singular saya kita
First plural kami / kita torang
Second singular anda ngana
Second plural kalian ngoni
Third singular dia dia
Third plural mereka dorang

Possessives

Possessives are built by adding "pe" to the personal pronoun or name or noun, then followed by the 'possessed' noun. Thus "pe" has the function similar to English "'s" as in "the doctor's uniform".

English Manado Malay
My friend kita pe tamang / ta pe tamang
Your (sing.) friend ngana pe tamang / nga pe tamang
His/her book dia pe buku / de pe buku
This book is yours (pl.) ini ngana pe buku

The W-Words

why = kyápa?

where = di mána?

who = sápa?

which one(s) = tu mána?

Grammatical aspect

Ada ('to be') can be used in Manadonese Malay to indicate the perfective aspect e.g. :

  • Dorang ada turung pigi Wenang = "They already went down to Wenang"
  • Torang so makang = "We ate already", or "We have eaten already".
  • kita- me, myself, i or we, us
  • torang- we, us

Nasal finals

The final nasals /m/ and /n/ in Indonesian are replaced by the "-ng" group in Manado Malay, similar with Terengganu dialect of Malaysia, e.g. :

  • makang (Indonesian makan) = "to eat",
  • jalang (Indonesian jalan) = "to walk",
  • sirang (Indonesian siram) = "to shower" etc.

Prefix

"ba-" prefix

The ber- prefix in Indonesian, which serves a function similar to the English -ing, is modified into ba- in Manado Malay. E.g.: bajalang (berjalan, walking), batobo (berenang, swimming), batolor (bertelur, laying eggs)

"ma(°)-" prefix

° = ng, n, or m depending on phonological context.

The me(°)- prefix in standard Indonesian, which also serves a function to make a verb active, is modified into ma(°)- in Manado Malay. E.g.: mangael (mengail, hooking fish), manari (menari, dancing), mancari (mencari, searching), mamasa (memasak, cooking), manangis (menangis, crying).

Other words

Several words in standard Indonesian are shortened in Manado Malay. For example:
pi (standard Indonesian: pergi, to go)

mo pi mana ngoni? (where are you people going?)

co (standard Indonesian: coba, to try)

co lia ini oto (try have a look at this car)

so (standard Indonesian: sudah, have/has done)

so klar? (have you finished?), "so maleleh?" (has it molten?), so kanyang?" (are your stomachs full yet?)

ta (standard Indonesian: awalan ter, passive prefix)

tasono? (fallen asleep) , tajatung? (fallen), tagoso (being rubbed)

Indonesian loanwards from Manado Malay

Several words in Manado Malay are loaned to the standard Indonesian:

  • baku (which indicates reciprocality) e.g. : baku hantam (to punch each other), baku ajar (to hit each other), baku veto (to debate one another), baku sedu (to laugh oneselves off), baku dapa (to meet each other).

Manado Malay loanwords from other languages

Due to the past colonisation by the Dutch and the Portuguese in Sulawesi, several words of Manado Malay originate from their languages.

Standard Indonesian Manado Malay loanword Language of Origin English meaning
topi capéo Portuguese (chapéu) cap, hat
bosan fastíu Portuguese (fastio) bored
untuk for Dutch (voor) for
garpu fork Dutch (vork) fork
tenggorokan gargántang Portuguese (garganta) throat
kursi kadéra Portuguese (cadeira) chair
bendera bandéra Portuguese (bandeira) flag
saputangan lénso Portuguese (lenço) handkerchief
tapi mar Dutch (maar) but
jagung mílu Portuguese (milho) corn, maize
paman om Dutch (oom) uncle
nenek oma Dutch (oma) grandmother
kakek opa Dutch (opa) grandfather
berteduh sómbar Portuguese (sombra) shadow
keringat suár Portuguese (suar) sweat
bibi tánte Dutch (tante) aunt
dahi tésta Portuguese (testa) forehead, temple
penyu tuturúga Portuguese (tartaruga) turtle
sepatu chapátu Portuguese (sapato) shoe(s)
kebun kintál Portuguese (quintal) (agricultural) field or garden

References

  1. Manado Malay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
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