Martin of Aragon

For other uses, see Martin of Aragon (disambiguation).

Martin
King of Aragon, Valencia and Majorca and count of Barcelona
Reign	19 May 1396 – 20 January 1410
Predecessor	John I
Successor	Ferdinand I
King of Sicily
Reign	25 July 1409 – 20 January 1410
Predecessor	Martin I
Successor	Ferdinand I
Born	(1356-07-29)29 July 1356 Girona
Died	Barcelona
Burial	Poblet Monastery
Consort	Maria de Luna Margaret of Prades
Issue more...	Martin I of Sicily
House	House of Barcelona
Father	Peter IV of Aragon
Mother	Eleanor of Sicily
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Martin the Humane (29 July 1356 – 20 January 1410), also called the Elder and the Ecclesiastic, was King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica and Count of Barcelona from 1396 and King of Sicily from 1409 (as Martin II). He failed to secure the accession of his illegitimate grandson, Frederic, Count of Luna, and with him the rule of the House of Barcelona came to an end.

Background

Martin was born in 1356, in either Girona or Perpignan. He was the second son of King Peter IV of Aragon and Eleanor of Sicily (Leonora), princess of the Sicilian branch of the House of Aragon.

As a cadet prince of the Aragonese royal family, Martin was given the Duchy of Montblanch (modern Montblanc). In Barcelona on 13 June 1373, Martin married María López de Luna (d. Villarreal, 20 December 1406), the daughter and heiress of Lope, Lord and 1st Count of Luna and Lord of Segorbe and his wife Brianda de Got, who was born in Provence and was related to Pope Clement V.

In 1380 his father appointed him lord and regent of the island of Sicily, then known also as Trinacria, since its queen Maria of Sicily, who was also Martin's cousin, was underage (Maria's father, Frederick III the Simple, died in 1377). As a son of Eleanor of Sicily, Martin was himself an heir to the island, should Maria's family die out.

Kingship

In 1396, Martin succeeded his elder brother John I, who had died sonless, on the throne of Aragon. However, Sicilian nobles were causing unrest and so Martin was kept in Sicily. Meanwhile, Martin's wife, María López de Luna, claimed the throne on his behalf of and acted as his representative until he arrived in 1397. Still, the delay opened the way for more problems and quarrels to surface in Aragon. His right to the throne was contested, first by Count Matthew of Foix on behalf of his wife Joanna, elder daughter of John I. However, Martin succeeded in quashing an invasion by troops of the count. After the death of the childless Joanna, John I's younger daughter, Yolande of Aragon, who had married the Angevin King Louis II of Naples, continued the claim, as did her sons.

Martin launched crusades against the Moors in North Africa in 1398 and 1399.

Aragon had been trying to subjugate Sardinia since the reign of James II, and gradually the Aragonese had conquered most of the island. However, in the 1380s, during the reign of Martin's father Peter IV, the remaining independent principality of Arborea became a fortress of rebellion and the Aragonese were rapidly driven back by Eleanor of Arborea, so that practically the whole of Sardinia was lost. King Martin sent his son Martin the Younger, by then king of Sicily through his marriage to Queen Maria, to reconquer Sardinia. The son won the Battle of Sanluri (San Luis, San Luigi) in 1409, drove away the Genoese allies of the Sardinians, and subjugated a vast number of Sardinian nobles. This soon caused Arborea's total loss of independence. Soon after the battle, however, Martin the Younger died suddenly, presumably of an illness. Martin of Aragon then succeeded his son as King of Sicily, taking the title of Martin II.

Overall, the Kingdom of Aragon enjoyed external peace during Martin's reign and he worked to quell internal strife caused by nobles, factions and bandits. He supported the Avignon line of Popes and Pope Benedict XIII, who was Aragonese, held the seat throughout Martin's reign. Martin's military intervention rescued the imprisoned Benedict in 1403 from the clutches of his rivals and the Pope settled in Valencia's countryside.

Issue

Martin had four legitimate children by Queen Maria: Martin the Younger (b. 1374/1376), James (b. 1378), John (b. 1380), and Margaret (b. 1384/1388). The three younger children all died early, and so after Martin the Younger's death, King Martin appointed his cousin James II, Count of Urgell, the closest legitimate agnate of the House of Barcelona, as Governor-General of all the kingdoms of Aragon, a position that belonged traditionally to the heir presumptive. Martin still married secondly on 17 September 1409 to his cousin Margaret of Prades, daughter of Peter of Aragon, Baron of Entenza, but the short marriage was childless.

Succession

Martin died, in either Valdonzella or Barcelona in 1410, reportedly due to indigestion and uncontrollable laughter. According to tradition, Martin was suffering from indigestion on account of eating an entire goose when his favorite jester, Borra, entered the king's bedroom. When Martin asked Borra where the jester had been, the jester replied with: "Out of the next vineyard, where I saw a young deer hanging by his tail from a tree, as if someone had so punished him for stealing figs." This joke caused the king to die from laughter.

All of Martin's legitimate descendants, born of his marriage with Queen Maria, were already dead, and his second marriage did not produce any children. Only an illegitimate grandson, Frederick, Count of Luna, a natural son of Martin the Younger, continued the direct line of inheritance. The king, despite his desire and some effort, was unable to obtain sufficient confirmation of Frederick as his successor prior to his death. As a result, Martin's death led to a two-year interregnum, during which at which least five contenders for the throne came forward, including Frederick of Luna and James II of Urgell. Succession of the Crown of Aragon was determined by the Compromise of Caspe on 28 June 1412, in which Martin's nephew Ferdinand, infante of Castile was chosen as the next king, establishing the House of Trastámara.

Ancestry

Family of Martin of Aragon

16. Peter III of Aragon (=24)               8. James II of Aragon                       17. Constance of Sicily (=25)               4. Alfonso IV of Aragon                             18. Charles II of Naples (=26)               9. Blanche of Anjou                       19. Maria of Hungary (=27)               2. Peter IV of Aragon                                   10. Gombald d'Entença                       5. Teresa d'Entença                             22. Sancho, Baron of Antilon               11. Constance of Antilon                       23. Eleanor of Urgel               1. Martin of Aragon                                         24. Peter III of Aragon (=16)               12. Frederick III of Sicily                       25. Constance of Sicily (=17)               6. Peter II of Sicily                             26. Charles II of Naples (=18)               13. Eleanor of Anjou                       27. Maria of Hungary (=19)               3. Eleanor of Sicily                                   28. Meinhard, Duke of Carinthia               14. Otto III of Carinthia                       29. Elisabeth of Bavaria               7. Elisabeth of Carinthia                             30. Henry V, Duke of Legnica               15. Euphemia of Legnica                       31. Elisabeth of Kalisz

References

Martin of Aragon House of Aragon Cadet branch of the House of Barcelona Born: 29 July 1356 Died: 20 January 1410
Regnal titles
Preceded by John I	King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica; Count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdagne 1396–1410	Succeeded by Ferdinand I
Preceded by Martin I	King of Sicily 1409–1410
Spanish nobility
New title	Duke of Montblanc 1387–1396	Vacant Title next held by John of Trastámara