Modifier key

In computing, a modifier key is a special key (or combination) on a computer keyboard that temporarily modifies the normal action of another key when pressed together. By themselves, modifier keys usually do nothing; that is, pressing any of the Shift, Alt, or Ctrl keys alone does not (generally) trigger any action from the computer.

For example, in most keyboard layouts the Shift key combination ⇧ Shift+A will produce a capital letter "A" instead of the default lower-case letter "a" (unless in Caps lock or Shift lock mode). A combination of Alt+F4 in Microsoft Windows will close the program in the active window; in this instance, Alt is the modifier key. In contrast, pressing just ⇧ Shift or Alt will probably do nothing unless assigned a specific function in a particular program (for example, activating input aids or the toolbar of the active window in Windows).

User interface expert Jef Raskin coined the term "quasimode" to describe the state a computer enters into when a modifier key is pressed.

Modifier keys on typewriters

• ⇧ Shift

Modifier keys on personal computers

The most common are:

• ⇧ Shift
• Ctrl (Control)
• Alt (Alternate) – also labelled ⌥ Option on Apple Macintosh keyboards
• AltGr (Alternate Graphic)
• ◆ – Meta key, found on MIT, Symbolics, and Sun Microsystems keyboards
• ⊞ Win(Windows logo) – found on Windows keyboards
• ⌘ Command – Command key, found on Apple Macintosh keyboards. On older keyboards marked with the Apple logo.
• Fn (Function) – present on small-layout keyboard, usually on notebooks.

The (Sun) Meta key, Windows key, (Apple) Cmd key, and the analogous "Amiga key"(A) on Amiga computers, are usually handled equivalently. Under the GNU/Linux operating system, desktop environments such as KDE and GNOME call this key, neutrally, Super. (This is a bit confusing, since the original space cadet keyboard and the X Window System recognize a "Meta" modifier distinct from "Super".)

The Sinclair ZX Spectrum has a Symbol Shift key in addition to Caps Shift. This was used to access additional punctuation and keywords.

The MSX computer keyboard, besides Shift and Control, also included two special modifier keys, Code and Graph. In some models, as in the Brazilian Gradiente Expert, the Code and Graph keys are labelled "L Gra" and "R Gra" (Left and Right Graphics). They're used to select special graphic symbols and extended characters.

Likewise, the Commodore 64 and other Commodore computers had the Commodore key at the bottom left of the keyboard.

Compact keyboards, such as those used in laptops, often have a Fn key to save space by combining two functions that are normally on separate keys. On laptops, pressing Fn plus one of the function keys, e.g., F2, often control hardware functions. Keyboards that lack a dedicated numeric keypad may mimic its functionality by combining the Fn key with other keys.

The MIT space-cadet keyboard had additional Top, Front, Super and Hyper modifier keys. Combined with standard modifiers, it could enter as many as 8,000 different characters.

Accented characters

Some non-English language keyboards have special keys to produce accented modifications of the standard Latin-letter keys. In fact, the standard British keyboard layout includes an accent key on the top-left corner to produce àèìòù, although this is a two step procedure, press the accent key and release, then the letter key. These kinds of keys are called dead keys. The AltGr modifier produces the áéíóú sequence, or in conjunction with the Shift key, ÁÉÍÓÚ. Keyboards of some languages simply include the accented characters on their own keys. Some keyboards also have a Compose key for typing accented and other special characters. By pressing Compose, and then two other keys, something similar to a combination of the glyphs of the two previous keys will appear on the screen.

Dual-role keys

It is possible to use (with some utility software) one same key both as a normal key and as a modifier.

For example, you can use the space bar both as a normal Space bar and as a Shift. Intuitively, it'll be a Space when you want a whitespace, and a Shift when you want it to act as a shift. I.e. when you simply press and release it, it is the usual space, but when you press other keys, say X, Y and Z, while holding down the space, then they will be treated as ⇧ Shift plus X, Y and Z.

The above example is known as "SandS", standing for "Space and Shift" in Japan. But any number of any combinations are possible.

To press shift+space in the previous example, you need in addition to a space/shift dual role key, one of (a) another space/shift key, (b) a usual shift, or (c) a usual space key.

See also

• Bucky bit
• Control character
• Function key
• Keyboard layout
• Space-cadet keyboard
• Table of keyboard shortcuts
• Emacs pinky - repetitive strain injury developed by too much use of control key, notably for Emacs users.

External links

• Bucky bits in the Jargon file