Monopteros
A monopteros (Ancient Greek:ὁ μονόπτερος from the Polytonic: μόνος, only, single, alone, and τὸ πτερόν, wing) is a circular colonnade supporting a roof but without any walls.[1] Unlike a tholos (in its wider sense as a circular building), it does not have a cella. In Greek and especially Roman antiquity the term could also be used for a tholos. In ancient times monopteroi (Ancient Greek: οἱ μονόπτεροι) served inter alia as a form of baldachin for an idol. An example of this is the Monument of Lysicrates in Athens, albeit the spaces between the columns were walled in, even in ancient times. The Temple of Rome and Augustus on the Athenian Acropolis is a monopteros from Roman times with open spaces between the columns. Cyriacus von Ancona, a 15th-century traveller, handed down his architrave inscription: Ad praefatae Palladis Templi vestibulum.
In baroque and classicist architecture, the monopteros as a "muses' temple" is a popular motif in English and French gardens. The monopteros also occurs in German parks, as in the English Garden in Munich and in Hayns Park in Hamburg-Eppendorf. Many wells in parks and spa centres have the appearance of a monopteros. Many monopteroi have staffage structures like a porticus, placed in front of the monopteros. These also have only a decorative function, because they are not needed in order to provide an entrance to a temple that is open on all sides.
Many monopteroi are described as rotundas due to their circular floor plan. The tholos also goes by that name. However, many monopteroi have square or polygonal plans, that would not be described as rotundas. An example is the Muses' Temple with the muse, Polyhymnia, in the grounds of Tiefurt House, that has a hexagonal floor plan.
Examples
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Bayreuth-Hofgartenpavillon-2.jpg
The pavilion in the Court Garden of the New Palace, Bayreuth
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Monopteros Englischer Garten Munich.jpg
The monopteros in the English Garden, Munich
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Apollotempel Nymphenburg Muenchen-1.jpg
The Apollo Temple in the Nymphenburg Castle Park, Munich
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Leibniztempel Hannover.jpg
The Leibniz Temple in the Georgengarten, Hanover
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Vilbeltrinkbrunnen retouched.jpg
Well temple in the spa park at Bad Vilbel
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Eutin Monopteros.jpg
Monopteros in the castle park at Eutin Castle (by C.F. Hansen, 1796)
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Wörlitz Venustempel im Winter 2.jpg
Venus Temple in the Wörlitzer Park
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Fruestueckspavillon-Kassel-I.JPG
The Breakfast Pavilion (Frühstückspavillon) in Kassel
References
- ↑ Curl, James Stevens (2006). Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, 2nd ed., OUP, Oxford and New York, p. 500. ISBN 978-0-19-860678-9.
Literature
- Wolfgang Binder: Der Roma-Augustus Monopteros auf der Akropolis in Athen und sein typologischer Ort. Karlsruhe 1969.
- Ingrid Weibezahn: Geschichte und Funktion des Monopteros. Untersuchungen zu einem Gebäudetyp des Spätbarock und des Klassizismus. Hildesheim 1975, ISBN 3-487-05764-6. Online: [1] (Google Books)
External links
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