Mudik
Mudik or also known as Pulang Kampung is an Indonesian term for the activity where migrants or migrant workers return to their hometown or village during major holidays. Mudik is identical to the annual homecoming tradition that occurs ahead of major religious holidays, especially Lebaran (Eid al-Fitr).[1]
The motivation of this homecoming tradition is of course to visit one's family, especially their parents. However, people might insist and sought to come to their hometown during this certain period of mudik season, to attend a rare opportunity; to gather with members of extended family, the seldomly seen relatives that normally scattered in other cities, other provinces or even overseas.
Mudik for Eid al-Fitr, or its similar traditions, exists in some developing countries with Muslim majorities, such as Indonesia, Pakistan[2] and Bangladesh.[3] Other similar annual homecoming traditions are also observable in various parts of the world, including Chinese New Year in China, Thai Songkran, and American Thanksgiving, where family members are expected to come home during this specific holidays.
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Etymology
The term mudik in Indonesian came the word mudik which means "to sail or to travel to udik (upstream, inland) by the river".[4] The terms relates to the river system; udik or hulu (upstream) in contrast to hilir (downstream), thus the term "hulu-hilir" and "hilir-mudik" is common to describe the relations between upstream or source and downstream or estuary. The term mudik or udik is also found in local Indonesian languages, including Malay, Minang, Betawi, Sundanese and Javanese languages.
History
The tradition to visit hometown, home village or family's ancestral home is not a new tradition in Indonesian history. Manuscripts dated from Majapahit period describes that the nobles and royalties are often travel from the capital city in Trowulan to their ancestral land, in order to honor and appease the ancestral spirit. In Balinese tradition, Hindu Balinese people came home to their hometown or their home village during Galungan and Kuningan sacred days, as they believed it marks the time when the ancestral spirits visit their descendant in mortal world.[5]
In most parts of Indonesia where Islam is the majority, the homecoming or mudik tradition most often conducted in the month of Ramadhan, between a week to several days prior to Lebaran (Eid al-Fitr). Nevertheless, other ethnics such as Madurese are known to conducted their mudik tradition prior to Eid al-Adha instead. While Indonesian Christians might travel to their hometown prior to Christmas.
The term mudik to coin the specific homecoming activity, start to enter common Indonesians vocabulary since 1970s. It is suggested that in 1970s, during the start of Suharto's centralized New Order regime, the prominence of Jakarta as the center of nation's politics, administrative and economic activities has prompted massive urbanization, where the population of rural Javanese villages flocked and migrated to Jakarta and surrounding areas (Greater Jakarta) seeking jobs and economic opportunities.[6] Majority of the migrants came from rural Javanese areas, nevertheless, Jakarta also attracted migrants from all over Indonesia. These newcomer migrants, that still nurture their links to their hometowns in rural Java or other corners in Indonesia, are those who actively involved in the annual mudik travel.
Outside of Java, Mudik homecoming is also significantly observable in Sumatra, especially in West Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra corridors, where numbers of migrant workers, especially Minang perantauan (migrant) returned to their hometown to celebrate Idul Fitri.
Scale
The government of Indonesia provides additional transportation to handle the massive surge of travellers in several days prior and after the lebaran. In 2013 there are around 30 million people travels to their hometowns during lebaran holiday, brought and spend the total sum of money around 90 trillion rupiah (around US$9 billion)[7] from main urban centers to rural areas, pulsing economic opportunities and business from the city to the villages. The numbers of Indonesians that took mudik or pulang kampung travel is quite tremendous, the numbers is slightly equal with the whole population of Malaysia hit the road altogether, causing massive traffic jams and a sudden rise of demand and volume of intercity transportations.
Impacts
Transportation
The demands for train and airplane tickets usually spiked since a month or two prior to Lebaran holidays, prompting unusually higher cost for tickets in highly sought days of departure. Some airlines might add extra flights or operate larger airplanes to deal with the surge of travel demand. Indonesian train operator, Kereta Api Indonesia, usually might offer additional train trips or introduce longer train with more cars in order to meet the demand. The private operators of intercity and interprovince buses are usually charge higher ticket cost during this mudik travel period.
The heaviest burden faced in mudik is the provision of transportation systems as simultaneously the number of people using public transport or vehicle via the existing road network so that often resulted in passengers/users of the trip to face congestion and travel delays.
The impact is indeed tremendous as millions of buses, cars and motorcycles jam the roads and highways, causing kilometres of traffic jams each year.[8] The annual massive congestion usually occurs along Java's Northern Coast Road.
The mudik travellers took various mode of transportations to reach their hometowns. Some of them might even ride a motorcycle for mudik. Although it might be done for short range of travel, the police and authority has discourage this practice. Citing that motorcycle is not suitable for mid to long range mudik travel, and potentially dangerous.
Business
The sudden exodus of large numbers of migrant workers — most of them are low-skilled labours, domestic helpers, and those who work in service sectors — has created a void in Jakarta and other major cities' daily activities, as numbers of business, services, establishments, warung and restaurants are closed for Lebaran holidays. The sudden loss of occupants after Mudik is also observable on relatively empty Jakarta streets during Lebaran, which normally suffers clogged traffic. Additionally, the wealthier classes — whom do not participate in mudik travel, often go to local hotels or overseas to accommodate the absence of their domestic servants, drivers, and even security guards.
See also
References
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- ↑ (Indonesian) Tradisi Mudik di Bangladesh, Kaskus.
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External links
- (Indonesian) Mudik Tips with Safe and Convenient
- (Indonesian) Mudik Tips using Public Transportation
- (Indonesian) Mudik culture followed by urbanization culture
- (Indonesian) Economic Potential in the Phenomenon of Mudik
