Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
The Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) are surveys implemented by countries under the programme developed by the United Nations Children's Fund to provide internationally comparable, statistically rigorous data on the situation of children and women. The first round of surveys (MICS1) was carried out in over 60 countries in mainly 1995 and 1996 in response to the World Summit for Children and measurement of the mid-decade progress. A second round (MICS2) in 2000 increased the depth of the survey, allowing monitoring of a larger number of globally agreed indicators. A third round (MICS3) started in 2006 and aimed at producing data measuring progress also toward the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), A World Fit for Children, and other major relevant international commitments. The fourth round, launched in 2009, aimed at most data collection conducted in 2010, but in reality most MICS4s were implemented in 2011 and even into 2012 and 2013. This represented a scale-up of frequency of MICS from UNICEF, now offering the survey programme on a three-year cycle.
The fifth round, launched in 2012, was aimed at offering countries the tools to do the final MDG data collection. More than 40 countries had conducted more than 50 surveys by 2015. In 2016 the sixth round is expected to be launched with an effort towards collecting baseline data for the new set of global goals and targets - the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).[1]
The MICS is highly comparable to the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and the technical teams developing and supporting the surveys are in close collaboration.[2]
Contents
Survey Tools
At the core of MICS is the list of indicators. In MICS5 this is a compilation of now 166 indicators.[3] The list is not inclusive of all standard tabulations produced in a full survey, but forms those that are central to global monitoring by UNICEF and others. The list is a central message in MICS, as no question is asked in the questionnaires without directly contributing to an indicator algorithm or a background variable. Thus, survey-specific additional questions are always suggested to follow the same guidelines: No question should be asked without a clear plan for tabulation of results.
Questionnaires
The MICS questionnaires[4] are:
- Household, administered to any knowledgeable adult member of the household (in MICS1-MICS3 this was to the head of household).
- Women, administered to all eligible women (age 15-49) of the household.
- Children under age five, administered to their mothers. If the mother is not listed as a member of the household, a primary caregiver is identified as the respondent to this questionnaire.
- As of 2011, a questionnaire for men (age 15-49) has also been developed and is included in the generic set of questionnaires.
In MICS, the generic questionnaires include all modules, such that implementers only should remove non-applicable or non-desired modules and questions, e.g. the ITN module in non-malarious countries.
The full set of generic modules include:
Household Questionnaire
- Household Information Panel
- List of Household Members
- Education
- Child Labour
- Child Discipline
- Household Characteristics
- Insecticide Treated Nets
- Indoor Residual Spraying
- Water and Sanitation
- Handwashing
- Salt Iodisation
Individual Questionnaire for Women
- Woman's Information Panel
- Woman's Background
- Access to Mass Media and Use of ICT
- Fertility (Mortality) with optional Birth History
- Desire for Last Birth
- Maternal and Newborn Health
- Post-Natal Health Checks
- Illness Symptoms
- Contraception
- Unmet Need
- Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting
- Attitudes Toward Domestic Violence
- Marriage/Union
- Sexual Behaviour
- HIV/AIDS
- Maternal Mortality
- Tobacco and Alcohol Use
- Life Satisfaction
Questionnaire for Children Under Five
- Under-five Child Information Panel
- Age
- Birth Registration
- Early Childhood Development
- Breastfeeding and Dietary Intake
- Immunisation
- Care of Illness
- Anthropometry
Individual Questionnaire for Men
- Man's Information Panel
- Man's Background
- Access to Mass Media and Use of ICT
- Fertility
- Attitudes Toward Domestic Violence
- Marriage/Union
- Sexual Behaviour
- HIV/AIDS
- Circumcision
- Tobacco and Alcohol Use
- Life Satisfaction
Other Tools
The MICS package also includes data entry program (in CSPro) catering for paper-based or tablet-based data collection, standard tabulation plan (in Excel) and syntax (in SPSS), workshop training programmes, in-country capacity building and technical assistance, data dissemination templates, as well as various online resources, such as a survey data compiler (MICS Compiler).
The tools are all compiled on the MICS website, which was launched in an modernized format in March, 2015.
Current Status
The 5th round of MICS officially commenced in September 2012 and is scheduled run to 2015, which is the last year of MDG indicators, culminating with the MDG Summit in September 2015.
A Field Test of new or refined questionnaire modules and tools for data collection and processing was conducted in Belize in November/December 2015.[5]
The MICS Programme is participating in methodological development of new data collection tools, such as on water quality testing, child disability, external economic support, and impact of emergencies.[6] A methodological paper series was launched in 2012.[7]
After evaluations of the programme following rounds 1 and 3,[8] a third evaluation was commissioned of round 4.[9]
The 6th round of MICS is planned to launch in 2016. The format and content is expected to change slightly, enabling tools to monitor applicable parts of the Sustainable Development Goals that replaced the MDGs as of September 2015.
Countries
The countries listed below have conducted (or plan to conduct) a MICS survey. Reports and data are available on the MICS website.[10]
X = National Survey S = Sub-national Survey
Note: Only countries from UNICEF's official list are included. It appears that some surveys are based on the MICS tools, but not included in the list, e.g. Botswana 2007-08 Family Health Survey.[11]
The total number of countries having ever conducted a MICS (or plan to do so) is 109. This includes Yugoslavia, which at the time of MICS1 and MICS2 was the territory now split into Kosovo, Montenegro, and Serbia. In MICS5 five countries are new to the programme: Benin, Congo, El Salvador, Mexico, and Paraguay. United Arab Emirates, another new country to MICS, are still developing plans and may conduct a survey with the MICS5 or MICS6 package.
Use of survey data
Survey data are widely used, predominantly in multi-country analyses, but also often for simple trend analyses in single countries. An example of use of MICS data is provided by Monasch et al. (2004).[12]
Due to the near perfect comparability between MICS and DHS, much analysis draws on multiple data sets of both programmes. However, each survey programme have modules specific to their mandates and not often used in both programmes. For example, a recent compilation of evidence on child discipline makes use of surveys that included the Child Discipline Module; these were all MICS. UNICEF (2010).[13]
Most global statistics, such as on the indicators of the MDGs rely heavily on data collected through MICS (and other household surveys), particularly for countries where administrative reporting systems are not entirely adequate. Other global statistics rely on only household survey data, such as the Multidimensional Poverty Index developed by OPHI and reported by UNDP.
Examples of recent publications are listed under external links.
External links
Recent Examples of Use of MICS data
- Takeuchi, LR (2015), "Intra-household inequalities in child rights and wellbeing: a barrier to progress?". ODI Devevelopment Progress, Research Report 02, March 2015
- Arabi, M., Frongillo, E. A., Avula, R. and Mangasaryan, N. (2012), "Infant and Young Child Feeding in Developing Countries". Child Development, 83: 32–45.
- Sipsma et al. (2012), "Female genital cutting: current practices and beliefs in western Africa". Bull World Health Organ 2012;90:120–127F
- Cappa, C. and Khan, SM (2011), "Understanding caregivers’ attitudes towards physical punishment of children: Evidence from 34 low- and middle-income countries". Child Abuse & Neglect. Volume 35, Issue 12, December 2011, Pages 1009–1021
Household Survey Programme websites
- UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS)
- USAID Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS)
- World Bank Living Standard Measurement Study (LSMS)
- WHO Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS)
- Generations & Gender Programme (GGP)
- ILO Statistical Information and Monitoring Programme on Child Labour (SIMPOC)
- Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions (SMART)
- World Values Survey (WVS)
Regional Programmes
- Arab League Pan-Arab Project for Family Health (PAPFAM)
- EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)
Networks
- UNICEF website
- UNICEF statistics
- MICS Compiler
- Global Child Mortality Estimates
- WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation
- The World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE)
- Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative
References
- ↑ The Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) 1995-2015: Monitoring the Situation of Children and Women for 20 Years
- ↑ News: MICS partners with the DHS and LSMS survey programs in a collaborative group
- ↑ http://mics.unicef.org/tools
- ↑ http://mics.unicef.org/tools
- ↑ News: Conclusion of the MICS Field Test in Belize
- ↑ MICS5 Survey Design Workshop standard PowerPoint presentation on "MICS – Past, Present and Future"
- ↑ http://mics.unicef.org/methodological-papers
- ↑ http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/index_52700.html
- ↑ MICS5 Survey Design Workshop standard PowerPoint presentation on "MICS Evaluations and Lessons Learned from MICS4"
- ↑ http://mics.unicef.org/surveys
- ↑ http://www.cso.gov.bw/templates/cso/file/File/bfhs_report.pdf
- ↑ Roeland Monasch, Annette Reinisch, Richard W. Steketee, Eline L. Korenromp, David Alnwick, and Yves Bergevin (2004) "Child Coverage with Mosquito Nets and Malaria Treatment from Population-based Surveys in African Countries: A Baseline for Monitoring Progress in Roll Back Malaria" in: The Intolerable Burden of Malaria II: What’s New, What’s Needed online book, The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
- ↑ UNICEF, Child Disciplinary Practices at Home: Evidence from a Range of Low- and Middle-Income Countries, New York, 2010.
