Muqattaʿat

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For the Ottoman instrument for financing state expenses, see Muqata'ah.

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The Muqattaʿāt (Arabic: حروف مقطعات ‎‎ ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿāt "disjoined letters" or "disconnected letters";[1] also "mysterious letters") are combinations of between one and five Arabic letters figuring at the beginning of 29 out of the 114 surahs (chapters) of the Quran just after the basmala.[2] The letters are also known as fawātih (فواتح) or "openers" as they form the opening verse of their respective suras .

Four surahs are named for their muqatta'at, Ṭāʾ-Hāʾ, Yāʾ-Sīn , Ṣād and Qāf.

The original significance of the letters is unknown. Tafsir (exegesis) has interpreted them as abbreviations for either names or qualities of God or for the names or content of the respective surahs.

Inventory

Muqatta'at occur in suras 2–3, 7, 10–15, 19–20, 26–32, 36, 38, 40–46, 50 and 68. The letters are written together like a word, but each letter is pronounced separately.

sura muqatta'at
al-Baqarah ʾAlif Lām Mīm ألم
Āl Imrān ʾAlif Lām Mīm ألم
al-Aʿrāf ʾAlif Lām Mīm Ṣād ألمص
Yūnus ʾAlif Lām Rāʾ ألر
Hūd ʾAlif Lām Rāʾ ألر
Yūsuf ʾAlif Lām Rāʾ ألر
Ar-Raʿd ʾAlif Lām Mīm Rāʾ ألمر
Ibrāhīm ʾAlif Lām Rāʾ ألر
al-Ḥijr ʾAlif Lām Rāʾ ألر
Maryam Kāf Hāʾ Yāʾ ʿAin Ṣād كهيعص
Ṭāʾ Hāʾ Ṭāʾ Hāʾ طه
ash-Shuʿārāʾ Ṭāʾ Sīn Mīm طسم
an-Naml Ṭāʾ Sīn طس
al-Qaṣaṣ Ṭāʾ Sīn Mīm طسم
al-ʿAnkabūt ʾAlif Lām Mīm ألم
ar-Rūm ʾAlif Lām Mīm ألم
Luqmān ʾAlif Lām Mīm ألم
as-Sajdah ʾAlif Lām Mīm ألم
Yāʾ Sīn Yāʾ Sīn يس
Ṣād Ṣād ص
Ghāfir Ḥāʾ Mīm حم
Fuṣṣilat Ḥāʾ Mīm حم
ash-Shūrá Ḥāʾ Mīm; ʿAin Sīn Qāf حم عسق
Az-Zukhruf Ḥāʾ Mīm حم
Al Dukhān Ḥāʾ Mīm حم
al-Jāthiya Ḥāʾ Mīm حم
al-Aḥqāf Ḥāʾ Mīm حم
Qāf Qāf
Al-Qalam Nūn

Structural analysis

A tree diagram of the Qur'anic initial letters, labelled with the respective numbers of occurrences. To be read right to left.

There are 14 unique combinations; the most frequent are ʾAlif Lām Mīm and Ḥāʾ Mīm, occurring six times each. Of the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet, exactly one half appear as muqatta'at, either singly or in combinations of two, three, four or five letters. The fourteen letters are: ʾalif أ, hā هـ, ḥā ح, ṭā ط, yā ي, kāf ك, lām ل, mīm م, nūn ن, sīn س, ʿain ع, ṣād ص, qāf ق, rā ر. The six final letters of the Abjadi order ( thakhadh ḍaẓagh) are unused. The letters represented correspond to those letters written without Arabic diacritics plus yāʿ ي.[3] It is possible that the restricted set of letters was supposed to invoke an archaic variant of the Arabic alphabet modeled on the Aramaic alphabet.[4]

Certain co-occurrence restrictions are observable in these letters; for instance, ʾAlif is invariably followed by Lām. The substantial majority of the combinations begin either ʾAlif Lām or Ḥāʾ Mīm.

In all but 3 of the 29 cases, these letters are almost immediately followed by mention of the Qur'anic revelation itself (the exceptions are surat al-‘Ankabūt, ar-Rūm and al-Qalam); and some argue that even these three cases should be included, since mention of the revelation is made later on in the surah. More specifically, one may note that in 8 cases the following verse begins "These are the signs...", and in another 5 it begins "The Revelation..."; another 3 begin "By the Qur'an...", and another 2 "By the Book..." Additionally, all but 3 of these suras are Meccan surat (the exceptions are surat al-Baqarah, Āl ʾImrān and ar-Raʻd.)

Lām and Mīm are conjoined and both are written with prolongation mark. One letter is written in two styles. [Refer 19:01 and 20:01] Letter 20:01 is used only in the beginning and middle of a word and that in 19:01 is not used as such. الم is also the First Ayah of Sura 3, 29, 30, 31 and 32 [total 6].[clarification needed]

Interpretations

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Acrophony

Abd Allah ibn Abbas and Abdullah ibn Masud, as cited by Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati in his Bahr al-Muhit, are said to have favored the view that these letters stand for words or phrases related to God and His Attributes. The Ahmadi author Muhammad Ali, in his 1917 translation The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary, follows this tradition, giving the following interpretations the letters:

Alif (ا): an abbreviation for Anā (أنا, I am)
Hā (ه): as either an abbreviation for al-Hādī (الهادي, the Guide) or an abbreviation for Man (in dialect), and
Ḥā (ح): an abbreviation for al-Ḥamīd (الحميد, the Praised),
Ṭā (ط): as either an abbreviation for the Benignant or an interjection equivalent to O (in dialect),
Yā (ي): an interjection equivalent to O.
Kāf (ك): an abbreviation for al-Kāfī (كافي, the Sufficient),
Lām (ل): an abbreviation for Allāh (الله, using the second letter),
Mīm (م): as either an abbreviation for al-ʿAlīm (العليم, the Knowing, using the ending letter) or for al-Majīd (المجيد, the Glorious),
Nūn (ن) (occurring only as the name of al-Qalam): a word meaning "Ink-stand",
Sīn (س): as either an abbreviation for Man or an abbreviation for As-Samī' (السميع, the Hearing),
ʿAin (ع): an abbreviation for al-ʿAlīm (العليم, the Knowing),
Ṣād (ص): an abbreviation for as-Ṣādiq (الصادق, the Truthful),
Qāf (ق): an abbreviation for al-Qādir (القادر, the Almighty),
Rā (ر): an abbreviation for the Seeing (رائي / رأى / رؤيا / يرى / بصير)

Sura content

Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, a classical commentator of the Qur'an, has noted some twenty opinions regarding these letters, and mentions multiple opinions that these letters present the names of the Surahs as appointed by God. In addition, he mentions that Arabs would name things after such letters (for example, 'eye' as 'ع', clouds as 'غ', and whale as 'ن'). [5][6] Amin Ahsan Islahi[year needed] supported al-Razi's opinion, arguing that since these letters are names for Surahs, they are proper nouns. Hamiduddin Farahi similarly attaches symbolic meanings to the letters, e.g. Nun (ن) symbolizing "fish" identifying the sura dedicated to Jonah, or Ta (ط) representing "serpent" introducing suras that mention the story of Prophet Moses and serpents.[7]

Ahsan ur Rehman (2013) claims that there are phonological, syntactic and semantic links between the prefixed letters and the text of the chapters.[8]

Scribal intrusion or corruption

Massey (1996) proposed new evidence for an older theory that the "Mystery Letters" were the initials or monograms of the scribes who originally transcribed the suras.[9]

The Hebrew Theory[10] assumes that the letters represent an import from Biblical Hebrew. Specifically, the combination Alif-Lam would correspond to Hebrew El "god". Abbreviations from Aramaic or Greek have also been suggested.

Bellamy (1973) proposed that the letters are the remnants of abbreviations for the Bismillah.[11] Bellamy's suggestion was ciriticized as improbable by Alford T. Welch (1978).[12]

Christoph Luxenberg in The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran (2000) proposed that substantial portions of the text of the Qur'an were directly taken from Syriac liturgy. His explanation of the disjoined letters is that they are remnants of indications for the liturgical recitation for the Syriac hymns that ended up being copied into the Arabic text.[13]

Numerology

There have been attempts to give numerological interpretations. Loth (1888) suggested a connection to Gematria.[14] Rashad Khalifa (1974) claimed to have discovered a mathematical code in the Qur'an based on these initials and the number 19. According to his claims, these initials occur throughout their respective chapters in multiples of nineteen.[15] which is mentioned in Sura 74:30[16]

The Báb used the muqatta'at in his Qayyúmu'l-Asmá'.[17][18] He writes in an early commentary and in his Dalá'il-i-Sab'ih (Seven Proofs) about a hadith from Muhammad al-Baqir (the fifth Shi'i Imam) where it is stated that the first seven surat's muqatta'at have a numerical value of 1267, from which the year 1844 (the year of the Báb's declaration) can be derived.[19][20]

Mystical

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Further information: Hurufism

Sufism has a tradition of attributing mystical significance to the letters. The details differ between schools of Sufism; Sufi tradition generally regards the letters as an extension to the ninety-nine names of God, with some authors offering specific "hidden" meanings for the individual letters.[21]

In 1857-58, Bahá'u'lláh, founder of the Bahá'í Faith, wrote his Commentary on the Isolated Letters (Tafsír-i-Hurúfát-i-Muqatta'ih, also known as Lawh-i-Áyiy-i-Núr, Tablet of the Light Verse).[22][23] In it, he describes how God created the letters. A black teardrop fell down from the Primordial Pen on the "Perspicuous, Snow-white Tablet", by which the Point was created. The Point then turned into an Alif (vertical stroke), which was again transformed, after which the Muqatta'at appeared. These letters were then differentiated, separated and then again gathered and linked together, appearing as the "names and attributes" of creation. Bahá'u'lláh gives various interpretations of the letters "alif, lam, mim", mostly relating to Allah, trusteeship (wilayah) and the prophethood (nubuwwah) of Muhammad. He emphasizes the central role of the alif in all the worlds of God.[22]

References

  1. ↑ مقطعات is the plural of a participle from قطع "to cut, break".
  2. ↑ Massey, Keith. "Mysterious Letters." in Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.) Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. 3 (205), p. 472 (.brillonline.com).
  3. ↑ nun ن and qaf ق have no variant written without dots in modern script; Steward (2012): "the mysterious letters include no letters with dots. There is an apparent exception to this rule, the occurrences of ya in [suras 19 and 36 ...]"
  4. ↑ Devin J. Steward, "The mysterious letters and other formal features of the Qur'an in light of Greek and Babylonian oracular texts", in: New Perspectives on the Qur'an ed. Reynolds, Routledge (2012), 323-348 (p. 341).
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Amatul Rahman Omar and Abdul Mannan Omar, "Derivation of Vocabulary from its Root Alphabets", Exegesis of the Holy Qur'an - Commentary and Reflections, 2015
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Ahsan ur Rehman, "Morpho Phonemic Patterns in the Prefixed Chapters of the Qur'an: A Stylistic Approach" (2013) lasjan.page.tl A stylistic study of the consonant Șād (ﺹ) in three Qur’anic chapters:Șād (38), Maryam (19) and Al A‘rāf (7) (2013)
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Bellamy, James A. (1973) The Mysterious Letters of the Koran: Old Abbreviations of the Basmalah. Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 (3), 267-285. [1]
  12. ↑ A. Welch, "al-Ḳurʾān" in: Encyclopedia of Islam 2nd ed. (1978).
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Otto Loth, "Tabaris Korankommentar" ZDMG 35 (1888), 603f.
  15. ↑ Rashad Khalifa, Quran: Visual Presentation of the Miracle, Islamic Productions International, 1982. ISBN 0-934894-30-2
  16. ↑ Quran 74:30
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ See the following source for more about Bábí letter symbolism: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lambden, Stephen N. A note upon the messianic year 1260 / 1844 and the Bābī-Bahā'ī interpretation of the isolated letters of the Qur'an.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ An example is given by Siddiq Osman Noormuhammad of the Naqshbandi order in Salawaat by Sufi Mashaaikh Nairobi (2004).
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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