Nail Men

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File:Eiserner Hindenburg.jpg
Statue of Hindenburg in front of the Victory Column in Berlin, 1919
File:Nagelbuch Mannheim 1916.jpg
Nail Book recording donations for nails hammered into a cross in Mannheim in 1916

Nail Men or Men of Nails (German: Nagelmänner) were a form of wartime fundraising for members of the armed forces and their dependents in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the German Empire in World War I. They consisted of wooden statues (usually of knights in armour) into which nails were driven, either iron (black), or coloured silver or gold, in exchange for donations of different amounts. Some took different forms, including pillars, shields or local coats of arms and crosses, especially the Iron Cross, and in German there are a variety of alternate names for them, including Wehrmann in Eisen or eiserner Wehrmann (Iron Guardian), Nagelfigur, Nagelbild or Nagelbrett (Nail Figure or Nail Board), Wehrschild (Defence Shield) and Kriegswahrzeichen (War Monument). The most famous were the original Wehrmann in Eisen in Vienna and the 'Iron Hindenburg', a 12 metre (42 foot) statue of Hindenburg adjacent to the Victory Column in Berlin.

Origins and purpose

File:Wehrmann in Eisen 9931.JPG
Close-up of the Vienna Wehrmann im Eisen showing the nails

The idea for the Nail Men came from the Stock im Eisen in Vienna, a tree-trunk which had had nails hammered into it for centuries.[1]:221 The first Nail Man, a medieval knight, was set up in Vienna and was first nailed on 6 March 1915 in a public ceremony attended by many dignitaries, including members of the imperial household and the German and Ottoman ambassadors.[1]:221–222[2] They were promoted as a patriotic fund-raising method in German-speaking parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and also in the German Empire, including by publications such as Gotthold Riegelmann's Der Stock in Eisen: praktische Ratschläge zur Errichtung einfacher Nagelholzmale mit Ideenskizzen und Kostenberechnungen (The Stock im Eisen: practical advice on the erection of simple wooden monuments for nailing with sketched ideas and cost calculations)[3] and Benno Fitzke and Paul Matzdorf's Eiserne Kreuz-Nagelungen zum Besten der Kriegshilfe und zur Schaffung von Kriegswahrzeichen (Iron cross nailings for the best benefit of war aid and for the creation of war monuments).[4] They have been seen as "fit[ting] in much more closely with Protestant celebrations of the Prussian military genius and the grandeur of the Kaiserreich" than with Austrian Catholicism.[5]

Municipalities and charitable organisations, either specially founded associations or the Red Cross, had a statue or other emblem made out of wood (oak was sometimes recommended), sometimes by well known sculptors, such as the medieval knight Wehrmann in Eisen by M. Molitar in Leipzig.[6][7] The nails which the donor could use depending on the level of the donation could be iron, or silver- or gold-plated. The placement of the nail also reflected the level of the donation.[6] For example, in the case of the Iron Cross at Heidelberg, a black (iron) nail cost 1 mark, a silver nail hammered into the border, 3 marks, a nail in the '1914' inscription, 5 marks, in the 'W' for Kaiser Wilhelm, 10 marks, and in the crown at the top of the cross, 20 marks;[8] in the case of the 'Iron Siegfried' at Wiesbaden, iron nails cost 1 mark, silver-coated, 5–20 marks, and gilded up to 300 marks, with further donations possible;[9] in the case of the Hindenburg statue in Berlin, gold nails cost 100 marks, silver and black cost 5 marks, and grey 1 mark; for donations over 500 marks, a small plaque was nailed to the sword.[10] Donations were often recorded in an 'Iron Book', for example at Heidelberg, and the donor often received a lapel pin, a certificate, or some other token of the donation. Medallions, postcards and other associated merchandise were sold as a further source of funds.[6]

An iron cross was a popular choice of form, perhaps the most popular;[11] it was specifically recommended by Fitzke and Matzdorf, who state that it would require 160–200 nails.[12] Other common shapes were shields and coats of arms, but animals, flowers and ships (including U-Boats) were also nailed. The figures in human form typically were knights in armour but sometimes depicted modern soldiers or historical and legendary figures. In addition to Hindenburg, Admiral Tirpitz, Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria and General Otto von Emmich were depicted as Nail Men.[13]

Donations were usually collected to assist the wounded or for widows and orphans of the fallen.[6][14] But in some cases, for example at Schwäbisch Gmünd, they were intended to help supply front soldiers; in the winter of 1916, the need was particularly great.[15] The statues were usually prominently displayed and there was considerable social pressure to show patriotism by buying nails.[16] The first nail was generally ceremonially driven by an important personage at a large patriotic ceremony including hymns and specially written patriotic poems which often evoked the Age of Chivalry; Fitzke and Matzdorf provide a suggested ceremony in 24 parts.[5] Clubs, school classes, and so on performed group nailing; there were even nailings at the front.[17]

Locations

Austria

Vienna

Other locations in modern Austria

File:Berndorf nagelbaer.jpg
The Berndorf Nail Bear in his cage
The Iron Edelweiss of Enns

Former Austro-Hungarian territories

now in Croatia
now in the Czech Republic
Hungary
now in Poland
now in Romania
South Tyrol, now in Italy
now in Ukraine
  • Czernowitz: an imperial eagle, set up in memory of liberation from Russian occupation, and based on the eagle on the town hall roof, which the Russians had removed.[40]
  • Drohobycz: a Wehrmann (knight).[24]
  • Lemberg (Lviv): a Wehrmann (knight).[24]

Germany

Berlin

Other locations in modern Germany

The Iron Roland of Mannheim

Former German territories

now in Denmark
now in Lorraine, France
now in Poland
now in Russia
File:Wehrschild.JPG
Baltimore Wehrschild used to collect money for the German and Austrian Red Cross

Elsewhere

Argentina

Belgium

Bulgaria

now Czech Republic

France

  • Rheims (then occupied by the Germans): an eagle.[25]

Turkey

  • Istanbul: the 'iron cannon of Stamboul', a wooden replica produced by the Škoda Works, placed in front of the War Ministry and inaugurated in April 1916 to commemorate the sinking of three enemy warships off the Dardanelles in March 1915.[76]

United States

German-Americans and Austrian-Americans also collected money by means of Nail Men, until the entry of the US into the war on the Allied side.

  • San Francisco: an iron cross.[23]
  • Baltimore: an eagle with a red cross on its breast, used to collect donations for the German and Austrian Red Cross until 1917.[77]

In York, Pennsylvania, the same fundraising method was used with the opposite meaning: people paid 10 cents to drive a nail into the head of a statue of the kaiser with a red, white and blue handled hammer.[78][79]

Modern nailing

Florian Dering, a museologist at the Munich Stadtmuseum, describes a nailing game called Nagelbalken, which became popular after World War I in German-speaking countries and is still used to raise money for charity as well as at weddings, for the newlyweds to display their skills to those present.[80]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Alexander Watson. Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I. Basic Books. October 7, 2014. ISBN 9780465018727
  2. Dietlinde Munzel-Everling, Kriegsnagelungen: Wehrmann in Eisen, Nagel-Roland, Eisernes Kreuz, Wiesbaden, August 2008, p. 3. (German) (pdf)
  3. Berlin: Wasmuth, n.d., OCLC 248487978; referenced by Munzel-Everling, p. 5, and dated by her 1915.
  4. Leipzig: Strauch, 1916 OCLC 72645763; referenced with misspellings by Jay Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History, Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1995, repr. 1998, ISBN 978-0-521-63988-0, pp. 8283 and p. 245, notes 22, 23. The book has a subtitle beginning Gebrauchsfertiges Material für vaterländische Volksunterhaltung durch Feiern in Schulen (Material ready for use for patriotic amusement of the populace through celebration in schools).
  5. 5.0 5.1 Winter, p. 84.
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Munzel-Everling, p. 4.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 Allen J. Frantzen, Bloody Good: Chivalry, Sacrifice, and the Great War, Chicago: University of Chicago, 2004, ISBN 978-0-226-26085-3, p. 169.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Folker Reichert, "Heidelberger Hochschullehrer im Ersten Weltkrieg", lecture on the occasion of the 65th birthday of Eike Wolgast, University of Heidelberg, 19 October 2001 (German)
  9. Munzel-Everling, p. 10.
  10. Sherwin Simmons, "Men of nails: Monuments, expressionism, fetishism, Dadaism", RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics 40, Autumn 2001, pp. 211–38, p. 211, note 2 (JSTOR)
  11. Munzel-Everling, p. 5; according to Franzen, p. 167, and Winter, p. 83, the most popular.
  12. Winter pp. 83–84 and p. 245, note 23, referring to Fitzke and Matzdorf p. 10.
  13. Munzel-Everling, pp. 6–8.
  14. Simmons, p. 211 mentions only "[assisting] relatives of soldiers killed in the war."
  15. 15.0 15.1 Klaus Graf, "Hans Rauchbein: ein Gmünder Bürgermeister im 16. Jahrhundert und sein falscher Ruhm", Ostalb-Einhorn 18 (1991) 116–26 (German) (pdf) p. 124.
  16. Frantzen, p. 167 sees them as "promoting the war effort [as well as] raising funds".
  17. 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 17.18 17.19 17.20 17.21 17.22 17.23 17.24 17.25 17.26 17.27 17.28 Munzel-Everling, p. 5.
  18. 18.0 18.1 Munzel-Everling, pp. 3, 7.
  19. Munzel-Everling, p. 32.
  20. 20.0 20.1 20.2 Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 33.
  21. 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 32.
  22. Munzel-Everling, pp. 6, 8, 32.
  23. 23.000 23.001 23.002 23.003 23.004 23.005 23.006 23.007 23.008 23.009 23.010 23.011 23.012 23.013 23.014 23.015 23.016 23.017 23.018 23.019 23.020 23.021 23.022 23.023 23.024 23.025 23.026 23.027 23.028 23.029 23.030 23.031 23.032 23.033 23.034 23.035 23.036 23.037 23.038 23.039 23.040 23.041 23.042 23.043 23.044 23.045 23.046 23.047 23.048 23.049 23.050 23.051 23.052 23.053 23.054 23.055 23.056 23.057 23.058 23.059 23.060 23.061 23.062 23.063 23.064 23.065 23.066 23.067 23.068 23.069 23.070 23.071 23.072 23.073 23.074 23.075 23.076 23.077 23.078 23.079 23.080 23.081 23.082 23.083 23.084 23.085 23.086 23.087 23.088 23.089 23.090 23.091 23.092 23.093 23.094 23.095 23.096 23.097 23.098 23.099 23.100 23.101 23.102 23.103 Munzel-Everling, p. 6.
  24. 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 24.14 24.15 24.16 24.17 24.18 24.19 24.20 24.21 24.22 24.23 24.24 24.25 24.26 24.27 24.28 24.29 24.30 24.31 24.32 24.33 24.34 24.35 24.36 24.37 24.38 24.39 24.40 24.41 24.42 24.43 24.44 24.45 24.46 24.47 24.48 24.49 24.50 24.51 24.52 24.53 24.54 24.55 24.56 24.57 24.58 24.59 24.60 24.61 24.62 24.63 24.64 24.65 24.66 24.67 24.68 24.69 24.70 Munzel-Everling, p. 7.
  25. 25.00 25.01 25.02 25.03 25.04 25.05 25.06 25.07 25.08 25.09 25.10 25.11 25.12 25.13 25.14 25.15 25.16 25.17 25.18 25.19 25.20 25.21 25.22 25.23 25.24 25.25 25.26 25.27 Munzel-Everling, p. 8.
  26. Munzel-Everling, pp. 7, 8, 32.
  27. Munzel-Everling, pp. 6, 7.
  28. Munzel-Everling, pp. 6, 33.
  29. 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 15.
  30. 30.0 30.1 30.2 Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 18.
  31. Munzel-Everling, pp. 7, 22, 23.
  32. Munzel-Everling, pp. 7, 26.
  33. 33.0 33.1 33.2 Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 27.
  34. Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 27–28.
  35. 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 31.
  36. Munzel-Everling, p. 31.
  37. Munzel-Everling, pp. 7, 34.
  38. 38.0 38.1 Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 16.
  39. 39.0 39.1 39.2 Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 30.
  40. Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 16–17.
  41. Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 10, 14.
  42. Simmons, p. 211.
  43. 43.0 43.1 Munzel-Everling, p. 13.
  44. 44.0 44.1 Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 14.
  45. Munzel-Everling, p. 14.
  46. Munzel-Everling, p. 16.
  47. Munzel-Everling, pp. 7, 10.
  48. Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 16, 17.
  49. Munzel-Everling, p. 17.
  50. According to Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 18, a fir-tree.
  51. Roger Chickering, The Great War and Urban Life in Germany: Freiburg, 1914–1918, Studies in the social and cultural history of modern warfare, Cambridge, 2007, ISBN 978-0-521-85256-2, pp. 349–50: a linden.
  52. Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 19, 20.
  53. 53.0 53.1 Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 19.
  54. 54.0 54.1 Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 20.
  55. Munzel-Everling, pp. 7, 8.
  56. Munzel-Everling, pp. 7, 12.
  57. Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 17.
  58. Munzel-Everling, p. 21.
  59. Munzel-Everling, pp. 7, 8, 21.
  60. Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 21.
  61. Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 22.
  62. Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 23.
  63. 63.0 63.1 Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 24.
  64. Munzel-Everling, p. 24.
  65. Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 25.
  66. Munzel-Everling, pp. 7, 8, 26, 27.
  67. Munzel-Everling, pp. 8, 28.
  68. Munzel-Everling, pp. 6, 7, 28.
  69. Munzel-Everling, pp. 6, 8, 28.
  70. Munzel-Everling, pp. 7, 29.
  71. 71.0 71.1 Munzel-Everling, pp. 7, 30.
  72. Munzel-Everling, pp. 6, 8, 30.
  73. Munzel-Everling, pp. 5, 7, 9–10.
  74. Frantzen, pp. 169–70.
  75. Munzel-Everling, pp. 7, 28.
  76. Munzel-Everling, pp. 4, 8, 23.
  77. Munzel-Everling, pp. 4, 8, 14.
  78. James McClure, ed. Kim Strong, Never to Be Forgotten: A Year-by-Year Look at York County's Past, York, Pennsylvania: York Daily Record / York Newspaper Co., 1999, OCLC 41427147, "Residents seeking a shot at the kaiser buy nails at 10 cents a piece and drive them into the kaiser's head".
  79. Jim McClure, "Hammer-wielding Yorkers helped to nail kaiser's noggin", York Blog, York Town Square, 26 December 2007, retrieved 26 August 2011.
  80. Florian Dering, Volksbelustigungen. Eine bildreiche Kulturgeschichte von den Fahr-, Belustigungs- und Geschicklichkeitsgeschäften der Schausteller vom achtzehnten Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart, Dissertation, University of Munich, Nördlingen: Greno, 1986, ISBN 3-8919-0005-8, p. 159 (German)

Sources

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  • Gerhard Schneider. "Über Hannoversche Nagelfiguren im ersten Weltkrieg". Hannoversche Geschichtsblätter new series 50 (1996) 216–58. (German)
  • Gerhard Schneider. "Zur Mobilisierung der 'Heimatfront': Das Nageln sogenannter Kriegswahrzeichen im ersten Weltkrieg", Zeitschrift für Volkskunde 95 (1999) 32–62. (German)
  • Gerhard Schneider. "Nageln in Niedersachsen im Ersten Weltkrieg". Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte 76 (2004) 245–84. (German)
  • Karl-Robert Schütze. Der eiserne Hindenburg. Berlin: Karl-Robert Schütze, 2007. ISBN 9783928589215 (German)