National Partnership for Reinventing Government

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The National Partnership for Reinventing Government (NPR), originally the National Performance Review, was an interagency task force to reform the way the United States federal government works in the Clinton Administration.[1]

The NPR was created on March 3, 1993. It was the eleventh federal reform effort in the 20th century.[1]

In early 1998, the National Performance Review was renamed to the National Partnership for Reinventing Government.[1]

Morley Winograd was appointed as the Senior Policy Advisor to Vice President Al Gore and Director of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government in December 1997.[1]

Other similar commissions

History

The NPR was the Clinton-Gore Administration's interagency task force to reform and streamline the way the United States federal government functions. It was the eleventh federal reform effort in the twentieth century.[2]

The creation of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government was announced during U.S. President Bill Clinton's address on March 3, 1993, to a special joint session of the United States Congress[3] This initiative was a reinvention of an effort formerly known as the National Performance Review, and consisted of a proposed six-month efficiency review of the federal government spearheaded by U.S. Vice President Al Gore. The aim for the initiative was to create a government that “works better, costs less, and gets results Americans care about.” [4] However, Vice President Gore went beyond preparing a report to lead an effort that evolved into the longest-running and, arguably, most successful reform effort in U.S. history to date.[2]

In the address to a joint session of Congress on March 3, 1993, President Clinton provided rationale for implementing the NPR: “The conditions which brought us as a nation to this point are well known. Two decades of low productivity growth and stagnant wages, persistent unemployment and underemployment, years of huge government and declining investment in our future, exploding health care costs, and lack of coverage for millions of Americans, legions of poor children, education and job training opportunities inadequate to the demands of this tough global economy.” [5]

The stated intention of the NPR was to “invent government that puts people first, by: serving its customers, empowering its employees, and fostering excellence.” In order to achieve this, the objectives of the NPR were to “create a clear sense of mission; delegate authority and responsibility; replace regulations with incentives; develop budget-based outcomes; and measure [our] success by customer satisfaction.”[2]

Clinton’s address on March 3 was a call to arms aimed at both branches of government and the political parties. His proposition to establish and implement the NPR consisted of four components, detailing the shift from 1) consumption to investment in both the public and private sectors, 2) changing the rhetoric of public decision making so that it honors work and families, 3) substantially reducing federal debt, and 4) administering government spending and cuts.[5]

Gore presented the report of his National Performance Review to President Clinton and the public on September 7, 1993. Gore cited the long-term goal was to “change the very culture of the federal government,” and designated “optimism” and “effective communication” as the keys to success of the NPR.[6]

In September 1993, the National Performance Review issued its initial report, noting that successful organizations—businesses, city and state governments, and organizations of the federal government—do four things well. These four things became the recipe for reinventing government: 1) Put customers first; 2) Cut red tape; 3) Empower employees to get results; 4) Cut back to basics.[7]

Background

In March 1993 Clinton stated that he planned to “reinvent government” when he declared that “Our goal is to make the entire federal government less expensive and more efficient, and to change the culture of our national bureaucracy away from complacency and entitlement toward initiative and empowerment.”[8] After this, Clinton put the project into Vice President Al Gore’s hands with a six month deadline for a proposal for the plan. The National Performance Review (NPR), which was later renamed the National Partnership for Reinventing Government,[8] released its first report in September of 1993, which contained 384 recommendations for improving bureaucracy’s performance across the entire federal government[9] The report was the product of months’ worth of consultation of various government departments and meetings within Clinton’s bureaucracy, which narrowed down 2,000 pages of proposals to the final report.[8]

NPR promised to save the federal government about $108 billion: $40.4 billion from a ‘smaller bureaucracy,’ $36.4 billion from program changes and $22.5 billion from streamlining contracting processes[9] Each of the recommendations would fall into three categories: whether it required legislative action, presidential action, or internal bureaucratic reform.[8] Major branches of bureaucracy that were targeted were the US Department of Agriculture, the Department of the Interior, the Agency for International Development (AID), Health and Human Services (HHS), the Department of Labor, and Housing and Urban Development (HUD).[9] The first-year status report of the NPR claimed that, pending Congressional action, likely savings would amount to about $12.2 billion in 1994.[9]

In 1993, Congress rejected many key provisions of the NPR downsizing when it came to individual departmental cuts, proving that NPR could not sustain its reforms without modest congressional support.[9] As Donald Kettl points out, the NPR’s biggest hurdle was that “although [it] had a strategy leading to the release of its report on September 7, 1993, it had no strategy for September 8 and afterward.” [9] Still, key legislation successfully passed throughout the reform effort was the NPR’s procurement reforms — the Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act of 1994, the Federal Acquisition Reform Act of 1995, and the Clinger-Cohen Act in 1996.[8]

In a September 1996 pamphlet, Gore wrote that the federal government had reduced its workforce by nearly 24,000 as of January 1996, and that thirteen of the fourteen departments had reduced the size of their workforce [10] In addition, thousands of field offices that were considered ‘obsolete’ closed.[10] In September 1997, Gore reported that 2.8 million people left the welfare rolls between 1993 and 1997.[11]

Toward the end of Clinton’s first term, the task of the NPR became less to “review and recommend” and more to “support agencies in their reinventing goals,” reflected in the change of the senior advisor from Elaine Kamarck to Morley Winograd.[8] It was also around this time that the name change occurred to reflect more engagement with relevant public institutions such as student loans, the IRS, and emergency preparedness.[8]

Impact of the National Performance Review

NPR and the Department of Housing and Urban Development

The original 168-page report of the National Performance Review made a total of 255 agency-specific recommendations, 10 of which were directed at the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).[12] The report recommended that HUD eliminate their annual budget reviews and work with congress to change rent rules that would create strong incentives for people to move from public housing as soon as they find jobs.[12]

NPR and defense spending

According to military strategist Isaiah Wilson III, there were two phases to the National Performance Review, the second of which was commenced on January 3, 1995, by Vice President Al Gore.[13] The aim of Phase 2 was to “examine the basic mission of government…to find and eliminate things that don’t need to be done by the government.”[13]

While another focus of the NPR was to cut down on red tape bureaucracy, in regards to the adjustments made to the Defense Department, Wilson argues that a fundamental step towards actual reinvention was skipped. The Arms Export Control Act, which is viewed as the essential piece of legislation regarding the trading of arms and related technologies, has remained essentially untouched since 1976 even after phase 2 of the NPR.[13]

The NPR also aimed to improve general customer satisfaction with all dealings involving the federal government. In terms of foreign military sales, however, there is a dilemma of whether or not the federal government’s main “customer” should be the foreign nations purchasing arms and technologies or the American taxpayer who in part pays for the service provided by the defense department.[13]

NPR and the Government Printing Office

Apart from Defense spending, the NPR also narrowed its sights on government printing, namely the operation of the Government Printing Office (GPO).[14] According to recommendations made by the NPR, the GPO was seen as a monopoly on government printing and was responsible for great spending waste. The three specific recommendations read as follow:

1. Authorize the executive branch to establish a printing policy that will eliminate the current printing monopoly.[14]

2. Ensure public access to federal information.[14]

3. Develop integrated electronic access to government information and services.[14]

NPR and the Executive Branch

One way Vice President Al Gore intended to put his plan into action was by reducing the number of workers in the executive branch. Many agencies saw the downsizing as detrimental to their efficiency because it left them "shorthanded in the delivery of programs and services." [15] However, Gore recognized that a smaller workforce would allow agencies to focus on customer service instead of managing an unnecessary amount of workers. This emphasis on customer service coincides with Gore's determination to focus on what the citizens want from the government.[15] Aside from diminishing the size of executive agencies, the report also suggests “redefin[ing] the role of the institutional presidency” by reducing the management role. This would involve “devolving management authority to the lowest level possible and shift[ing] accountability from the President to agency ‘customers."[16] In this case, lowest level refers to the interagency committees; however, management duties would be assigned to “the politically appointed leadership in the departments and agencies.[16]

NPR and National Service

In addition to its association with executive branch reform, the NPR’s reinvention movement is tightly bound to the idea of national service. In the words of President Bill Clinton, “National Service is nothing less than the American way to change America. It is rooted in the concept of community: the simple idea that every one of us, no matter how many privileges with which we are born, can still be enriched by the contributions of the least of us.[17] Because National Service is so closely tied to the American citizens, Clinton and Gore recognized its role in government reinvention since a main purpose of the NPR is to respond to the needs of the people. In 1993, the Corporation for National Service (CNS) was created to further “develop and expand the President’s reinvention themes."[17] Like the ideals of the National Performance Review, the main goal of the CNS was to yield fast results. Likewise, the CNS was dedicated to producing “well-informed decisions without delay, keep[ing] staffing lean and flexible, multiply[ing] resources, and delegat[ing] authority and responsibility in-house and in the field."[17]

NPR and streamlining

Many attempts at reducing red tape involved streamlining grant processes and listening to the recommendations of the NPR. The U.S. Department of Commerce "streamlin[ed] the internal grants process" in order to reduce the amount of paperwork involved in applications for financial assistance.[18] The Department of Transportation has transitioned to electronic submission of grant forms.[18] The Alamo Federal Executive Board Reinvention Lab in Texas works to "remove unnecessary regulations… so that intergovernmental employees may work together as partners" and eliminate problems together.[18]

Hammer award

The Hammer Award was created by Vice President Gore to recognize government efficiency as a part of the program. Made simply of a $6 hammer, a striped ribbon and an aluminum-framed note from Gore, the award parodies the Pentagon's infamous bloated hardware costs, including a famous perception of a $436 hammer.[19]

References

  1. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "A Brief History." Brief History of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government. Web. 4 Apr. 2012. <http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/whoweare/history2.html>.
  2. ↑ Winograd, Morley. "Getting Results Americans Care About." Public Manager 27.3 (1998): 17. Academic Search Premier. Web. 19 Mar. 2012.
  3. ↑ Stone, Bob (03/01/1998). "Creating `reinvention university.'". The Public manager (Potomac, Md.) (1061-7639), 27 (1), p. 47.
  4. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Clinton Text: `Our Nation Needs a New Direction." Los Angeles Times (pre-1997 Fulltext): 20. ABI/INFORM Complete; Los Angeles Times; ProQuest Central; ProQuest Criminal Justice. Feb 18 1993. Web. 19 Mar. 2012
  5. ↑ 5. The "Reinventing Government" Exercise: Misinterpreting the Problem, Misjudging the Consequences. Ronald C. Moe. Public Administration Review , Vol. 54, No. 2 (Mar. - Apr., 1994), pp. 111-122. http://www.jstor.org/stable/976519
  6. ↑ 6. Al Gore. National Performance Review: The Vision Takes Hold. Government Publications Department, 1995. Print.
  7. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Federal Government Reform: Lessons from Clinton's "Reinventing Government" and Bush's "Management Agenda" Initiatives, Jonathan D. Breul, John M. Kamensky, Public Administration Review Vol. 68, No. 6 (Nov. - Dec., 2008), pp. 1009-1026 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the American Society for Public Administration Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2514569
  8. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Inside the Reinvention Machine by Donald Kettl and John J. DiIlio, Jr., Brookings Institution Press, 1995.
  9. ↑ 10.0 10.1 The Best Kept Secrets In Government- Digest Version. Vice President Al Gore. National Performance Review, September 1996. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/library/nprrpt/annrpt/vp-rpt96/npr1.pdf
  10. ↑ #4 Federal Welfare-to-Work Commitments: a report to President Bill Clinton by Vice President Al Gore, June 1997. http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/w2w97june.html
  11. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Hetzel, Otto J. (08/01/1994) “Cutting HUD’s red tape: the Gore report’s national performance review.” Journal of Housing
  12. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Wilson, Isaiah. The Problem with Foreign Military Sales Reinvention. World Affairs; 2001.
  13. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Peterson, Eric C. The Impact of the National Performance Review and Other Forces on the Rights of an Informed Citizenry: A Case Study in Reinvention-Reforming Government Publishing. Government Information Quarterly, pp 383-392. 1998.
  14. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Barr, Stephen. “Reinventing Government Is an Idea Whose Time Has Come—Again.” The Washington Post 22 Oct. 2000. LexisNexis. Web. 16 Apr. 2012.
  15. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Moe, Ronald C. “The ‘Reinventing Government’ Exercise: Misinterpreting the Problem, Misjudging the Consequences” Public Administration Review Apr. 1994: 111-122. JSTOR. Web. 17 Apr. 2012.
  16. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Lenkowsky, Leslie and James L. Perry. “Reinventing Government: The Case of National Service” Public Administration Review Aug. 2000: 298-307. JSTOR. Web. 17 Apr. 2012.
  17. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Galston, William A. and Geoffrey L Tibbetts. “Reinventing Federalism: The Clinton/Gore Program for a New Partnership Among the Federal, State, Local, and Tribal Governments.” Publius 1994: 23-48. JSTOR. Web. 16 Apr. 2012.
  18. ↑ http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/library/awards/hammer/whatis.html Explanation of the Hammer Award
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