Natural horn

"Corno" redirects here. For the Italian fencer, see Irene Camber-Corno.

Natural horn

Natural horn in the V&A Museum, London
Classification	Brass instrument

The natural horn is a musical instrument that is the ancestor of the modern-day horn, and is differentiated by its lack of valves. It consists of a mouthpiece, some long coiled tubing, and a large flared bell. Pitch changes are made through a few techniques:

• Modulating the lip tension as done with modern brass instruments. This allows for notes in the harmonic series to be played.
• Changing the length of the instrument by switching the crooks. This is a rather slow process. Before the advent of the modern valved horn many ideas were attempted to speed up the process of changing the key of the instrument.
• Changing the position of the hand in the bell; this is called hand-stopping.

This instrument was used extensively until the emergence of the valved horn in the early 19th century.

Handhorn technique

Main article: Hand-stopping

The natural horn has several gaps in its harmonic range. To play chromatically, in addition to crooking the instrument into the right key, two additional techniques are required: bending and hand-stopping. Bending a note is achieved by modifying the embouchure to raise or lower the pitch fractionally, and compensates for the slightly out of pitch "wolf tones" which all brass instruments have. Hand-stopping is a technique whereby the player can modify the pitch of a note by up to a semitone (or sometimes slightly more) by inserting a cupped hand into the bell. Both change the timbre as well as the pitch.

Repertoire

"Cor Solo" (natural horn) - Raoux, Paris, 1797

The List of compositions for horn includes many pieces that were originally written with the natural horn in mind. Until the development of the modern horn in the early to mid 19th century, Western music employed the natural horn and its natural brass brethren. Substantial contributors to the horn repertoire include Handel, Mozart, Beethoven, Telemann, Weber and many others.

The chromatic abilities of recently developed brass instruments, however, opened new possibilities for composers of the Romantic era, and fit with the artistic currents of the time. By the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, almost all music was written for the modern valved horn.

However, the natural horn still found its way into the works of some composers. Brahms did not care for the valved horn and wrote for natural horn. Benjamin Britten's Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings, though written for the modern horn, makes notable use of the F harmonic series and has been recorded at least once on a natural horn.

György Ligeti's Hamburg Concerto makes a great use of the natural horn and of natural sounds on the modern horn in the solo part and requires four natural horns in the orchestra.

Natural horn and the modern horn

Below lists natural horn keys with their corresponding fingering on the modern horn. If a piece of music says the key on the left you can press the key combination on the right on the modern double horn to get the correct tube length. This is useful for simulating natural horn when playing older compositions.

• B♭ alto – T0
• A – T2
• A♭ – T1
• G – T12
• G♭/F♯ – T23
• F – open
• E – 2
• E♭ – 1
• D – 12
• D♭ – 23
• C – 13
• B basso – 123 (generally very sharp; pull tuning slide and/or valve slides out somewhat)
• B♭ basso – not possible on F horn, unless you pull all the valve slides and tuning slide out as far as they will go (without detaching) and then use the 123 fingering. Even then, the intonation may still be sharp, and a greater degree of hand in the horn can be needed.

External links

• The Cyber Horn Museum
• Ericson, John. The Natural Horn.
• Seraphinoff, Richard. Natural Horns.