Nazi chic

Nazi chic is the use of Third Reich-era style, imagery, and paraphernalia in clothing and popular culture, especially when used for taboo-breaking or shock value rather than out of genuine sympathies with National Socialism.

Its use began in the mid-seventies with the emergence of the punk movement in London: the Sex Pistols' first television appearance occurred with a person of their entourage wearing a swastika. Nazi chic was later used in the fashion industry in various occasions.

Popular usage

In the 1970s punk subculture, several items of clothing designed to shock and offend The Establishment became popular. Among these punk fashion items was a T-shirt displaying a Swastika, an upside-down crucifix and the word DESTROY– which was worn by Johnny Rotten of the Sex Pistols, seen in the video for "Pretty Vacant". Rotten wore the swastika another time with a gesture that looked like a Hitler salute. In 1976, Siouxsie Sioux of Siouxsie and the Banshees was also known to wear a Swastika armband with fetish S and M clothing, including fishnets and a whip. These musicians are commonly thought to have worn such clothing for shock value directed towards the British WWII generation rather than being genuinely associated with any National Socialist or fascist ideologies, and those with such interests likely became part of the Nazi punk or white power skinhead subcultures.

In 1984, two T-shirt designs featuring Adolf Hitler were produced in West Germany. The more famous of the two was the "Adolf Hitler European Tour" design, which featured a picture of Hitler against the backdrop of a map of Europe, with conquered territories shaded; and tour dates given as:

• September 1939 Poland
• April 1940 Norway
• May 1940 Luxembourg
• May 1940 Holland
• May 1940 Belgium
• June 1940 France
• September 1940 England Cancelled
• April 1941 Jugoslavia
• May 1941 Greece
• June 1941 Crete
• August 1942 Russia Cancelled
• July 1945 Berlin Bunker.

A less popular T-shirt featured Hitler giving the Roman salute, and a yo-yo hanging from his hand. The text read "European yo-yo champion 1939-1945". Sale of the apparel led to a legal case in Germany, in an attempt to have it banned as "glorifying genocide". Local courts ruled against the shirt makers, although Bavarian state courts later ruled in their favor. In 1988, Ralph Engelstad was criticized for a party he held at his Imperial Palace hotel-casino in Las Vegas featuring bartenders wearing the "European Tour" shirts. In 1990, the ACLU represented a high school student on Long Island who was told to remove the shirt or face suspension by school officials who claimed the shirt was anti-semitic.

In an interview with Welt am Sonntag, Bryan Ferry, the English singer and musician, acknowledged that he calls his studio in west London his "Führerbunker". He was quoted as saying, "My God, the Nazis knew how to put themselves in the limelight and present themselves. ... Leni Riefenstahl's movies and Albert Speer's buildings and the mass parades and the flags - just amazing. Really beautiful." (Later Ferry denied ever making this statement, and the newspapers printed a rectification.) The American glam metal band Mötley Crüe inserted in the booklet of the album Mötley Crüe (1994) an image of Nikki Sixx dressed as a National Socialist. Officially, the photo was related to lyrics about judging by appearances, but in actuality was inserted to mock the media. The discographer decided to cancel that photo and to reprint the whole booklet. In the Mötley Crüe autobiography, The Dirt, the band writes about their "Nazi Wednesdays", in which they used to walk down the street dressed in National Socialist uniforms.

English rock musician Lemmy of the band Motörhead collected Third Reich memorabilia and had an Iron Cross on his bass guitar, but stated that he collected these memorabilia for aesthetic values only, and considered himself an anarchist or libertarian.

In early 2005 a designer using the pseudonym "Helmut Doork" began marketing a parody souvenir T-shirt with the slogans "My grandparents went to Auschwitz and all I got was this lousy t-shirt!" and "Arbeit Macht Frei." In response to a complaint from the Anti-Defamation League, the design was removed from CafePress' website in late 2006.

Prince Harry was criticized for wearing a costume with a swastika armband causing considerable embarrassment to his family. He later issued a public statement apologizing for his actions, but his lack of apology in person angered some groups. Harry's impromptu costume resembled the Afrika Korps, rather than more political units such as the SS.

Alternative hip hop group OFWGKTA uses the swastika symbol and makes references to National Socialism in its lyrics.

Nazi chic in fetish clothing

Nazi chic is a controversial topic in the fetish clothing subculture. The symbolism of fascism, communism, and other ideologies remains popular, and a common compromise is to adopt the main design features of National Socialist-era clothing– such as peaked caps, jackboots and trenchcoats– but not to include any explicit National Socialist symbols. Sometimes substitute symbols are used, with designs that clearly reference the design styles of National Socialist symbols without directly copying them.

Some clubs ban the wearing of the swastika or explicitly National Socialist-style uniforms as part of their dresscode.

Nazi chic in Asia

Nichigeki dancing team musical revue Heil Hitler for Hitlerjugend 1938

Young Japanese ladies in a stage show for visiting Hitlerjugend in 1938

Uniforms and other imagery related to National Socialist Germany are sold in East Asia, where some consider it fashionable. Hong Kong and Japan have each witnessed a growth in the casual wearing of SS uniforms, as well as increased interest in White power music. Sometimes in East Asia, National Socialist uniforms are used as part of cosplay. In South Korea, an area generally isolated from cultural influences during the National Socialist era, Time magazine observed in 2000 "an unthinking fascination with the icons and imagery of the Third Reich." National Socialist-inspired imagery featured in various early releases from Japanese band The 5.6.7.8's.

In some parts of the world, World War II is not taught in schools as a battle of political ideologies, but as a conventional war. This type of education treats Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) as charismatic and powerful leaders of countries during wartime, instead of war criminals as elsewhere. George Burdi, the former head of the neo-Nazi record label Resistance Records, claimed to have sold many CDs to Japan, because some Japanese believe themselves to be the master race of the East. In Turkey, Hitler's book Mein Kampf became a best-seller in early 2005 following price cuts and rising Turkish nationalism.

See also

• Ilsa: She-Wolf of the SS
• Nazi exploitation
  • Stalag fiction, Israeli pornography.
• Uniform fetishism
• Fashion
• Nazi imagery in Thailand
• Ethnic stereotypes in pornography
• List of chics
• Thor Steinar