Nuevo León

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For the Mexico City Metrobús stations, see Nuevo León (Mexico City Metrobús, Line 1) and Nuevo León (Mexico City Metrobús, Line 2).

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Nuevo León
State of Mexico
Free and Sovereign State of Nuevo León
Estado Libre y Soberano de Nuevo León (Spanish)
Coat of arms of Nuevo León
Coat of arms
Motto: Semper Ascendens
(Always Ascending)
Anthem: Himno de Nuevo León
State of Nuevo León within Mexico
State of Nuevo León within Mexico
Country Mexico
Capital Monterrey
Largest City Monterrey
Largest Metropolitan Area Greater Monterrey
Admission May 7, 1824[1]
Order 15th
Founded by Diego de Montemayor
Government
 • Governor 23px Samuel Alejandro García Sepúlveda
 • Senators[2] 23px Luis David Ortíz Salinas
23px Indira Kempis Martínez
PAN Party (Mexico).svg Víctor Oswaldo Fuentes Solís
 • Deputies[3]
Area[4]
 • Total 64,156 km2 (24,771 sq mi)
  Ranked 13th
Highest elevation[5] (Cerro Potosí) 3,710 m (12,208 ft)
Population (2020)[6]
 • Total 5,784,442
 • Rank 8th
 • Density 90/km2 (230/sq mi)
 • Density rank 14th
Demonym(s) Neoleonés
GDP (nominal; 2018)[7]
 • Total $179.6 billion MXN
 • Per capita $35,081 MXN
GDP (PPP; 2018)[8]
 • Total $197 billion
 • Per capita $36,140
Time zone CST (UTC−6)
 • Summer (DST) CDT (UTC−5)
Postal code 64–67
Area code
ISO 3166 code MX-NLE
HDI Increase 0.808 Very High Ranked 3rd of 32
Website Official Web Site

Nuevo León (English: New León) (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈnweβo leˈon] ( listen)) is a state in Mexico. The state was named after the New Kingdom of León, an administrative territory from the Viceroyalty of New Spain, itself was named after the historic Spanish Kingdom of León. With a total land area of 64,555 square kilometers (24,771 square miles), Nuevo León is the 13th largest federal entity in Mexico.[9] The state is located in the northeastern part of Mexico and is bordered by Tamaulipas to the east, Coahuila to the west, and both Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi to the south. To the north, it shares an extremely narrow international border with the U.S. state of Texas. The Laredo-Colombia Solidarity International Bridge is the only vehicular bridge that connects the United States with the state of Nuevo León. It crosses over the Rio Grande (Rio Bravo) between the city of Colombia, Nuevo León, and Laredo, Texas.[10]

Nuevo Léon is the seventh largest state in terms of population with an estimated population of 5.78 million people in 2020.[11] The state's most populous city is Monterrey with 1.42 million people; the Monterrey metropolitan area is the second largest metropolitan area in Mexico with an estimated population of 5.3 million people in 2020.[12] Monterrey is known for being an important industrial, intellectual and financial city in Mexico.[13]

Nuevo León's geography is known for englobing three of the most important physiographic provinces of the northeast region. The south end of the Great Plains is considered to start in the northernmost regions of Nuevo León. The region is characterized by the soft hills that dominates the lands neighboring the banks of the Rio Grande. The south and west of the state consists of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range, which dominates most of the western scenery. Due to the abrupt shape of the mountains, there are vast valleys in between the mountains. Within these valleys is where the city of Monterrey and its metropolitan area is situated. The Northern Gulf Coastal Plains are located to the east and include low altitude lands; it is classified as an "inclined plain" due to the alluvial land.[14]

History

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Main article: History of Nuevo León

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Further information: New Kingdom of León
The original Government Palace (State House) of Nuevo León in Monterrey.

Nuevo León was founded by conqueror Alberto del Canto, although frequent raids by Chichimecas, the natives of the north given the name Indios Bárbaros, prevented the establishment of almost any permanent settlements. Subsequent to the failure of del Canto to populate the area, Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva, at the head of a group of Portuguese and Spanish settlers who were of Jewish descent, requested permission from the Spanish King to attempt to settle the area which would be called the New Kingdom of León and would fail as well. It wasn't until 1596 under the leadership of Diego de Montemayor the colony became permanent. Nuevo Leon eventually became (along with the provinces of Coahuila, Nuevo Santander and Texas) one of the Eastern Internal Provinces in Northern New Spain.[15][16]

The capital of Nuevo León is Monterrey, the second largest city in Mexico with over five million residents. Monterrey is a modern and affluent city, and Nuevo León has long been one of Mexico's most industrialized states.

Geography

La Huasteca State Park
Trace of petroglyphs engraved on rocks at Boca de Potrerillos.

Nuevo León has an extreme climate, and there is very little rainfall throughout the year. The territory covers 64,220 square kilometres (24,800 sq mi), and can be divided into three regions: a hot, dry region in the north, a temperate region in the mountains, and a semi-arid region in the south. The Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range affects in an important way the lay of the land forming the Galeana and Doctor Arroyo plateaus, the Iguana, Picachos, Papagayos, and Santa Clara mountain ranges, and the Pilón, Ascensión, and Río Blanco valleys. As for hydrography, the San Juan River supplies the El Cuchillo dam, which provides water for Monterrey and the metropolitan area. There are also the Cerro Prieto, La Boca, Vaquerías, Nogalitos, and Agualeguas dams. Laguna de Labradores is a major lake in Nuevo León, and Pozo del Gavilán is a natural well. Both are located in the Galeana municipality. The flora of the region includes brush and pastures in the low regions, and pine and oak trees in the mountains. The fauna includes black bears, mountain lions, javelinas, prairie dogs, foxes, coyotes, and white-tailed deer, along with smaller species.

Climate

Nuevo León has many biomes, which is why it has different climates. Some areas in the mountains are very cold in winter and temperate in summer. In the northern part of the state the climate is arid as a result of the proximity to the Chihuahuan desert. Extreme high temperatures of 47 °C or more occur on the desert areas while winters are short and mild. In Monterrey the climate is hot semi-arid with extreme hot summers and mild winters. There is very little rainfall throughout the year, usually about 500 mm or less. February 2021 North American ice storm sent temperatures in Monterrey below zero celsius.

Monterrey
Climate chart (explanation)
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: MSN Weather UK (2009-01-07), INEGI, 2006 report
Anáhuac
Climate chart (explanation)
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: MSN Weather UK (2009-01-07), INEGI, 2006 report

Flora and fauna

Flora and fauna of Nuevo León
San-joaquin-kit-fox.jpg Schwarzbär-Omega Park.jpg Cardinal.jpg Hooded Skunk side (Gelsenkirchen).jpg Aquila chrysaetos Flickr.jpg
Vulpes macrotis Ursus americanus Cardinalis cardinalis Mephitis macroura Aquila chrysaetos
Stellers jay - natures pics.jpg Javelina.jpg Agkistrodon taylori2.jpg Least Grebe - breeding plumage.jpg Gabelbock fws 1b.jpg
Cyanocitta stelleri Dicotyles tajacu Agkistrodon taylori Tachybaptus dominicus Antilocapra americana
Starr 070205-4086 Carya pecan.jpg Dioon edule03.jpg Redbud against sky.JPG Aztekium ritteri0056.jpg Pinus culminicola.jpg
Carya illinoinensis Dioon edule Cercis canadensis Aztekium ritteri Pinus culminicola
File:Justicia brandegeeana bokeh.jpg
120x120px
File:Spathiphyllum wallisii (Family Araceae) - spadix and spathe I.jpg
120x120px
File:Dahlia coccinea (Asteraceae).jpg
120x120px
File:Zinnia elegans flower (2).jpg
120x120px
File:Commelina coelestis BotGardBln1005.jpg
120x120px
Justicia brandegeeana Spathiphyllum wallisii Dahlia coccinea Zinnia elegans Commelina coelestis[17]

Demography

Largest cities

 
Largest cities or towns in Nuevo León
Source:[18]
Rank Municipality Pop.
Monterrey
Monterrey
Guadalupe
Guadalupe		 1 Monterrey Monterrey 1,135,512 Apodaca
Apodaca
San Nicolás
San Nicolás
2 Guadalupe Guadalupe 673,616
3 Apodaca Apodaca 465,157
4 San Nicolás San Nicolás de los Garza 443,273
5 Escobedo General Escobedo 352,444
6 Santa Catarina Santa Catarina 268,347
7 Ciudad Juárez Juárez 151,893
8 San Pedro San Pedro Garza García 122,627
9 García García 93,641
10 Cadereyta Cadereyta Jiménez 68,111
Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
1895[19] 311,665 —    
1900 327,937 +5.2%
1910 365,150 +11.3%
1921 336,412 −7.9%
1930 417,491 +24.1%
1940 541,147 +29.6%
1950 740,191 +36.8%
1960 1,078,848 +45.8%
1970 1,694,689 +57.1%
1980 2,513,044 +48.3%
1990 3,098,736 +23.3%
1995 3,550,114 +14.6%
2000 3,834,141 +8.0%
2005 4,199,292 +9.5%
2010 4,653,458 +10.8%
2015 5,119,504 +10.0%
2020[6] 5,784,442 +13.0%

Nuevo's León's demographics are overwhelmingly dominated by the metropolitan area of Monterrey. As of 2020, Nuevo León's population was about 5.784 million, and of this over 90% of that population resides within the Monterrey Metropolitan area, making it the second largest metropolitan area in the country. Life expectancy in the state is higher than average for Mexico, being 73 years for men and 79 years for women. People with disabilities are found clustered in the central areas of Monterrey.[20]

Ninety-four percent of the total population occupies urban areas, one million of which are homeowners, and 98% have all utilities (running water, sewer systems and electric power). The remaining 2% are mostly the small indigenous population which is isolated and lives in the mountainous regions.

The majority of the population identifies as being Roman Catholic, similar to the rest of Mexico.

Education

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Biotechnology center of the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey.

The high quality of life that prevails across the state is reflected on statistical rates such as education, as the entity reports an almost perfect record for finished secondary education, and 13 in 100 inhabitants earn a professional degree. In the same line, illiteracy rates for the state are within the lowest in the nation at 2.8%, just behind the Distrito Federal which still leads the country in this regard.

Institutions of higher education include:

File:Parques Ventika.jpg
Wind turbines at the Parques Eólicos Ventika located in General Bravo. The wind-power complex has the capacity to produce 252 megawatts and can meet the electricity demand of some 630,000 homes.[citation needed]

Economy

Highly industrialized, with key industries including computing, electronic and transport equipment, food products, basic metallic industries, and oil derivatives and coal,[21] Nuevo León possesses a standard of living similar to that of countries such as Croatia, Slovakia or Poland. In 2007, the per capita GDP of the state was similar to that of the Asian Tiger of South Korea and even higher than that of some European Union states such as Slovakia and Hungary. At about $27,000, it was the highest GDP per capita (PPP) of any Mexican state (not counting the Federal District, which also has a very high per capita), and was therefore higher than the Mexican national average (2013 GDP per capita (PPP) national average was $15,700).[22][23]

One of its municipalities, San Pedro Garza García, is among the richest in the country in terms of per capita income. It is also home of powerful conglomerates, such as Cemex (one of the largest construction materials firms in the world), Bimbo (bakery and pastry), Maseca (food and grains), Banorte (the only high-street bank in Mexico wholly owned by Mexicans), ALFA (Sigma, Alestra, Nemak, Alpek and Hylsa (recently bought by Ternium), i-service (HelpDesk), Vitro SA (glass), FEMSA (Coca-Cola in Latin America), and Cervecería Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma (brewers of Sol, Tecate, XX, Bohemia, Indio and Nochebuena).

The facilities of the Cervecería Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma brewery in Nuevo Leon are the single largest producer of alcoholic beverages in the world.

Nuevo León also boasts a rich agricultural core, called the "orange belt", which comprises the municipalities of Allende, Montemorelos, Hualahuises, General Terán and Linares. Small but productive investments have been transforming traditional harvests (mainly based on orange and cereals) into agroindustrial developments that are producing increasing revenues for the local economy.

In contrast with the relative wealth of industrial Nuevo León and the orange belt, the Southern part of the state (municipalities of Galeana, Aramberri, Zaragoza, Doctor Arroyo and Mier y Noriega) remains rural and less productive. Most of The South of the state is at the mercy of a very dry weather that represents a major hurdle for agriculture and livestock.

As of 2010, Nuevo León's economy represents 11.4% of Mexico's total gross domestic product or US$165 billion.[24] Nuevo León's economy has a strong focus on export oriented manufacturing (i.e. maquiladora / INMEX). As of 2005, 431,551 people are employed in the manufacturing sector.[25] Foreign direct investment in Nuevo León was 1,213.1 million USD for 2005.[citation needed] In recent years, the state government has been making efforts in attracting significant investments in aeronautics, biotechnology, mechatronics, information and communication technologies fields with the creation of the Research and Technology Innovation Park PIIT (Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica [es]), a technology park oriented in the development, innovation and research of sciences. The project is one of the key strategies within the Monterrey, City of Knowledge program. The park is located in the municipality of Apodaca, part of Greater Monterrey at the 10 km of the highway to Monterrey's International Airport. It consists of a total surface area of 70 Ha (172 acres), half of it already committed to R&D centers. The other 35 Ha (86 acres) are available for research and development centers, and for businesses that meet the Park's objectives.[26][27]

Government

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Main article: Politics and government of Nuevo León
Nuevo León
Gubernatorial Election 2021[28]
MC 786 808
PRI/PRD 598 052
PAN 392 901
MORENA/PT/PVEM/NA 300 588
Other candidates 27 534
See also: List of political parties in Mexico
Official name
Estado Libre y Soberano de Nuevo León (Free and Sovereign State of Nuevo León).
Official motto
Latin: Semper Ascendens (Always Ascending).
Type of government
Republican and representative according to 30th article of the local constitution.
Executive
In the June 6, 2021 gubernatorial election, Citizens' Movement (Movimiento Ciudadano or MC) – founded as a "national political grouping" in 1997 that describes itself as social-democratic – gained control of the state from Enrique Peña Nieto's Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The new governor, Samuel García Sepúlveda of the MC, was sworn in on 4 October 2021 for a period of six years.
Cabinet
Chosen directly by the Governor except for the General Comptroller and the State General Attorney, which are elected by Congress from a list of names provided by the Governor.
Legislative
The State has a unicameral chamber. The LXXVI Congress of Nuevo León is composed of 42 deputies, 26 of them chosen by first-past-the-post electoral districts and 16 of them by proportional representation on a party-list basis. The parties represented are the National Action Party with 14 deputies (PAN), the PRI with 13 deputies, the MC with 11 deputies, MORENA with 2 deputies, the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico with 1 deputy (PVEM), and 1 independent deputy.
Judiciary
Judicial power rests in the Superior Court of Justice of Nuevo León, led by Minister José Arturo Salinas Garza.
Political parties
Official recognition is given by the State Electoral Commission to those parties getting more than 1.5% of the votes in the last election (Art.40 of the State Electoral Law), which are the ones represented in Congress.
Current Direction of Politics
There has been a shift in the politics of Nuevo Leon. The shift has been from a hegemonic system into a two party system, and it is currently evolving from a two party system into a multiparty system.[29]

Municipalities

Nuevo León is divided into 51 municipalities (municipios). See municipalities of Nuevo León.

Metropolitan Area of Monterrey

The metropolitan area

City City
Population[30][31]		 Metropolitan
Population[30]		 Metropolitan
area type
Monterrey 1,142,994 4,899,119 Municipality
Apodaca 656,464 Part of Greater Monterrey
Guadalupe 643,143
General Escobedo 481,213
Juarez 471,523
San Nicolás de los Garza 412,199
García 397,205
Santa Catarina 306,322
San Pedro Garza García 132,169
Cadereyta 122,337
Salinas Victoria 86,766
Santiago 46,784

Media

Newspapers and news websites of Nuevo León include: ABC Noticias, El Gráfico de Nuevo León, El Norte, El Porvenir, La Última Palabra, Milenio, Publimetro edición Monterrey, Reporte Índigo, Distrito Regio, Solo Ofertas, El Horizonte, Regio.com, Red Crucero, Noticias Nuevo León.[32][33][34]

Twinning and covenants

The state has agreements with other states, provinces, regions and autonomous communities.[35]

See also

Sources

References

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External links

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  15. ↑ Gerhard, Peter. The North Frontier of New Spain. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1982.
  16. ↑ En los albores de la independencia: Las Provincias Internas de Oriente durante la insurrección de don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, 1810–1811. by Isidro Vizcaya Canales
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  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ INEGI, Población total por entidad federativa según sexo, 2000 y 2005 and PIB estatal
  23. ↑ https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090325115719/http://sg.nl.gob.mx/DataNL/files%5CDNL00000431.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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